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Occupational health 2012, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- Many in the formal workforce find themselves in a situation similar to those in the informal workforce. There is a growing trend toward contractualization and informalization of formal work, a process by which workers become their own employers and thereby may lose occupational health protections otherwise afforded to them as employees. At the same time, many developed economies are systematically moving away from standard work-full-time, year-round, permanent wage employment with a single employer with adequate statutory benefits and entitlements -, leading to an increase in part-time, casual, temporary, self-employed or contingent workers. While such workers are not technically part of the informal economy because their work and workplaces are likely to be still regulated, they may face difficulties similar to those faced by informal workers. For example, in many developed economies, employers are not required to provide health benefits to part-time and temporary employees. Both contractualization and the trend towards replacing standard work with atypical work often represent attempts by employers to evade their responsibility under existing occupational health regimes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- The number of arbitration cases filed against States is likely to rise in times of financial crisis. For example, since its financial crisis in 2001 and the introduction of economic reforms, Argentina has faced more than 50 arbitration cases. Similarly, Spain and Greece saw a sharp increase in arbitration cases against them after their financial crises and more than 10 arbitration cases were registered against Egypt after the Arab Spring. In such crises, States may need to realign their economic and social policies within the changed climate. Although such changed policies may be in the public interest, the altered policies might threaten investments and prevent States from fulfilling their obligations under the international investment agreement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- International investment agreements benefit transnational corporations as investors because such corporations are granted rights protective of their investments in the host State, such as the right to fair and equitable treatment. Transnational corporations also have the right to initiate disputes before international commercial arbitration tribunals for alleged violations by the host State and for State infringement on the corporation's profit-making activities or potential profits. States, on the other hand, may be unable to initiate disputes against investors because transnational corporations, as non-signatories, have no obligations under international investment agreements. Such agreements perpetuate and exacerbate an asymmetrical relationship between investors and States.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Occupational health 2012, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- The ILO recognizes both the right to a safe and healthy working environment and the protection of the worker against sickness, disease and injury arising out of his employment to be fundamental human rights. The ILO defines its Decent Work agenda to require safe and healthy work that does not expose workers to health hazards. The ILO has adopted numerous instruments ratified by varying numbers of member States that directly address occupational health. These include the Convention on Occupational Safety and Health, the Occupational Health Services Convention, the Working Environment (Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration) Convention, as well as the Protection of Workers' Health Recommendations. The ILO defines "health" broadly in the context of work to indicate not merely the absence of disease or infirmity but also the physical and mental elements affecting health, which are directly related to safety and hygiene at work. "Industrial hygiene" (or occupational hygiene) encompasses all efforts to protect workers' health through control of the work environment, including the recognition and evaluation of those factors that may cause illness, lack of well-being or discomfort among workers or the community.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- States should review the current system of investment treaties to create a level playing field. During negotiation, review or renegotiation, international investment agreements should ensure that States have the right to change laws and policies in furtherance of human rights, regardless of the impact of such change on investor rights. Some 40 States have already begun renegotiating bilateral investment treaties to minimize their vulnerability to disputes and to limit investor rights. In 2011, Australia amended its trade policy to exclude provisions in trade agreements that could "limit its capacity to put health warnings or plain packaging requirements on tobacco products or its ability to continue the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme". Until international law can hold transnational corporations directly accountable for their violations of human rights, States should incorporate provisions in international investment agreements that enable States to hold transnational corporations liable for such violations under the domestic law of either the home or the host State. States should also ensure that their ability to implement human-rights-friendly laws is not in any way hindered by the agreement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Access to medicines in the context of the right-to-health framework 2013, para. 71d
- Paragraph text
- [With regard to ensuring affordability of medicines, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Resist trade policies that undermine the ability of States to reimburse the price of essential medicines to local pharmaceutical companies;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Access to medicines in the context of the right-to-health framework 2013, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- Pricing policies of pharmaceutical industries greatly impact the affordability of medicines. Under the right to health, pharmaceutical companies have a shared responsibility to ensure that the prices of their medicines do not put them out of the reach of a majority of the population. Earlier tiered pricing of essential medicines was the norm, whereby essential medicines were sold systematically at a lower price in developing countries as compared to developed countries. Later many multinationals however opted for universal tiered prices. Tiered pricing policies have now re-emerged. Some multinational companies now engage in tiered pricing between and within countries, based on income levels (equity based pricing), which can be profitable for companies due to increases in volume and attractive to developing countries due to reductions in prices. In practice, however, tiered pricing has been limited to certain medicines such as ARVs, vaccines and contraceptives. Moreover, given the lack of guarantee of low prices and the diminished role for government decision-making in such pricing policies, alternatives such as promoting robust market competition have been recommended as good practices with a view to lowering the prices of medicines.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Health
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Access to medicines in the context of the right-to-health framework 2013, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- Lack of data on the price difference between locally produced and imported medicines is also a drawback in promoting local production. To help determine the affordability of locally produced medicines in the long term, States should also collect disaggregated data on the prices of imported medicines in comparison to locally produced medicines.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Migrant worker’s right to health 2013, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- Women make up a significant proportion of the estimated 52.6 million migrant domestic workers worldwide. Domestic work provides economic and social independence for migrant women, accounting for 7.5 per cent of women's wage employment globally. It is, however, largely undervalued and confined to the hidden informal economy of the home, reinforcing gender disparities in accessing underlying determinants of health, including decent work conditions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Access to medicines in the context of the right-to-health framework 2013, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur was informed that pharmaceutical companies adopt various methods to reduce price transparency in order to work around any loss incurred from ERP. They introduce their products in high-price markets first, to be used as reference countries, thus maximizing the price. Additionally, transparency is reduced when companies list high prices in a country while granting discounts and rebates on the condition of confidentiality.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Migrant worker’s right to health 2013, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- The International Labour Organization (ILO), through various conventions and recommendations places obligations on States and certain duties to recruitment agencies, requiring them to take steps to prevent abuse and exploitation of migrant workers. It focuses on occupational health and safety of migrant workers and recommends measures to promote reunification of families, which can have a positive effect on mental health as it provides social support to migrant workers.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- The second pillar reflects the obligation of transnational corporations to respect human rights (principle 11). Pursuant to the responsibility to respect, transnational corporations have a responsibility to conduct due diligence to identify and address adverse human rights impacts caused by their activities; such due diligence should involve the participation of affected communities (principle 18, commentary). However, because the framework and Guiding Principles reflect existing international law standards and reflect the responsibility to respect only as based on "a global standard of expected conduct" for corporations rather than specific obligations enshrined in binding treaty provisions (principle 11, commentary), it has been argued that there is no legally binding obligation requiring transnational corporations to conduct this due diligence. The rationale appears to be that non-binding responsibilities make good market sense, which itself should provide incentives for transnational corporations to comply with their pledges. For example, the Guiding Principles mention that compliance with responsibilities may be ensured where a transnational corporation institutes policies and procedures that set financial and other performance incentives for personnel. However, providing incentives for compliance makes respect for rights a means to attain an end (the promised incentive), but does not foster respect for rights in and of themselves.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Access to medicines in the context of the right-to-health framework 2013, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- As part of their obligation to ensure affordability of medicines, States employ competition laws to take action against companies that abuse a dominant position in the market. This would include measures against such practices as charging excessive prices, restricting other companies from accessing the market, collusive tender practices, and restrictive agreements. For example, in 2002, one country's competition commission found that charging excessively high prices for ARVs was an illegal abuse of market dominance.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Occupational health 2012, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- For example, free trade agreements often remove or weaken occupational health and safety regulations in order to facilitate trade and foreign direct investment. The right to health, however, requires that States prioritize occupational health protections over trade-related concerns. Therefore, in order to facilitate prospective accountability and ensure that free trade agreements do not violate the right to occupational health, States must conduct human rights impacts assessments prior to signing any free trade agreement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- There are several intersecting groups in society that suffer from corruption on other grounds. There is, for example, evidence that corruption does not affect rural areas in the same way as it affects urban areas. Women can often be particularly affected by health sector corruption. In many countries, they are more likely to use health care than men, a pattern partly explained by their increased use of services during their reproductive years. They may thus be disproportionately affected by the effects of health sector corruption, for example when they lack the money to afford informal payments necessary for assistance around childbirth. Women may also be more vulnerable to informal payments where they lack economic means, for example where they do not participate equally in the paid labour force or do not have equal access to or control of financial resources within the household. Furthermore, women constitute a large proportion of health-care personnel, and can thus be disproportionately affected when health sector corruption negatively affects the timely payment of proper wages.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Men
- Women
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- In terms of affordability, health-care providers can make health-care services more expensive by demanding payments (informal or under-the-table payments), which can put treatment out of reach and be a matter of life or death, contribute to morbidity or impoverish patients and their families. The payment of bribes by patients for privileged care is common in many countries and results in discriminatory access to care, with wealthier patients likely to access care more easily than those that are too poor to pay bribes. As a result of bribery in procurement processes, medicines may be more expensive.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- The lesser form of corruption, namely, petty corruption, is quite common in the health sector and includes informal payments from patient to health-care provider, absenteeism of health personnel and preferential treatment. These forms of corruption are also sometimes called “survival corruption”, as they are exacerbated by a lack of resources in health-care settings, poor working conditions, low pay, and hierarchical structures, which drive people to engage in such acts. There is evidence that this “microform” of corruption has a particularly negative effect on the poor in society, as they are often unable to pay the bribes necessary for a certain service.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Health financing in the context of the right to health 2012, para. 56d
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur urges States to take the following steps in order to ensure adequate funds are available for health:] Ensure tax liberalization policies resulting from international tax competition, including tax abatements for foreign investors and low or non-existent trade and capital gains taxes, do not result in reduced public funding for health;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Unhealthy foods, non-communicable diseases and the right to health 2014, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- Rise in levels of FDI in the processed foods sector is one such factor that allows for greater exposure to unhealthy foods in low- and middle-income countries. FDI is one of the mechanisms by which TNCs enter developing countries. FDI enables companies to purchase or invest in food-processing companies in other countries, which then produce processed foods for the domestic market. This circumvents import tariffs on processed foods and reduces the cost of transportation. FDI has been more crucial than trade in increasing sales of processed foods in developing countries. For example, in some emerging markets, the processed food industry is amongst the top sectors attracting FDI. Most of the sales for popular soft drink and fast food brands also come from developing countries.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Unhealthy foods, non-communicable diseases and the right to health 2014, para. 7
- Paragraph text
- The 1980s "structural adjustment programmes" of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank compelled developing countries to open up their markets, including the food sector, to foreign trade as a part of loan fulfilling conditions. Agreements negotiated at the World Trade Organization sought further market integration by reducing tariffs and non-tariff barriers to trade, curtailing export subsidies and removing protections of domestic industry to promote the freer flow of goods and services. These policies were implemented as a means of increasing the efficiency of the food system in producing the foods that people needed and wanted, but they had significant effects on the types of available foods and their costs. As a result, there has been a drastic increase in production of certain products relative to others. For example, there was a substantial increase in the global production of vegetable oils such as partially hydrogenated soybean oil, a source of trans-fats, and palm oil, a source of saturated fats. Similarly, grains such as corn are produced in larger quantities to cater to the food processing industry to produce sweeteners like high-fructose corn syrup, substantially increasing global calorie consumption from such sweeteners (A/HRC/19/59, pp. 13-14). Studies show that countries adopting market deregulation policies experience a faster increase in unhealthy food consumption and mean body mass index, an indicator of obesity. In furthering the goals of market expansion and profits, critical focus areas of health such as diets and nutrition have not been given due consideration.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- International investment agreements include an arbitration clause for investor-State dispute settlements that can be invoked only by transnational corporations against host States for alleged violations of the corporation's rights. The arbitration clause determines the place of arbitration, the applicable law and the procedure for appointing arbitrators. As at 2013, there were 568 known cases of arbitration under international investment agreements. Most were brought against developing States. A total of 85 per cent of the cases were brought by investors from developed countries. The system is riddled with problems.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- The right to access information has been denied to affected communities on the grounds that disclosure of such information may harm the State's economic interest and should therefore be kept confidential. Disturbingly, the practice of withholding information from stakeholders such as civil society groups has been held to be non-discriminatory, even where the same information was provided to corporations with the justification that corporations have expertise in matters relating to free trade agreements. Such inequity in access to information can enable corporations to influence the content of an international investment agreement in their favour.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Access to medicines in the context of the right-to-health framework 2013, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- At the same time, for 92 per cent of all States, tariffs contribute less than 0.1 per cent of their gross domestic product and hence hold little economic value. However to promote local production States may consider the strategic value of tariffs on particular medicines. For instance, tariffs on imported finished products that are already manufactured locally have a stronger economic and social basis in promoting local production. The Special Rapporteur therefore encourages States to revise tariff policies in light of the lack of evidence of their economic value to State revenues, whilst allowing for tariffs that incentivize local production.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Access to medicines in the context of the right-to-health framework 2013, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- States also exercise other forms of direct regulation through cost-based pricing, which is based on actual costs of production, a profit margin and a percentage, fixed or regressive, towards distributors' mark-ups. Determining actual costs of production, however, requires reliable and documented evidence of actual local costs of production, which is difficult to obtain given the global dimension of pharmaceutical production. Alternative methods to determine costs of production have included proxies, for example tax paid on manufacturing costs through excise returns and customs duties on landed costs of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Transparency in providing costs of production is important to ensuring fair pricing of medicines, while allowing for a profit margin that sustains the industry. However, accounting manipulations, use of transfer pricing by companies, and corruption in government agencies pose additional challenges to ensuring a transparent system of cost-based pricing.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Access to medicines in the context of the right-to-health framework 2013, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- States which responded to the Special Rapporteur's survey reported on the use of price control mechanisms to promote affordability of medicines, particularly essential medicines. Accordingly, external reference pricing (ERP), therapeutic reference pricing (TRP), as well as the regulation of manufacturers' selling price and distributor's mark-ups, have been applied as the most common methods for setting a ceiling price for medicines. States also reported the use of competition law as the preferred indirect price control mechanism. Tax incentives to manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers and government subsidies to manufactures were indicated as other methods of indirect control used by States to control prices of medicines.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Migrant worker’s right to health 2013, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- Difficulties commonly experienced by migrant workers in accessing health care are exacerbated for farm workers because of high mobility driven by seasonal work and rural or remote settings. The migrant and community health centre is a successful model for providing physically and economically accessible health care for migrant farm workers. Programmes and services are tailored to a mobile multicultural population by way of outreach clinics, community health workers, patient navigation systems, out-of-hours services and low-literacy education. Participation has been key to the success of such centres, with a requirement that 51 per cent of governing board members be from the community.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Migrant worker’s right to health 2013, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- As with other 3D jobs, informal arrangements and lack of coverage under labour and occupational health and safety laws are common, leaving little room for migrant farm workers to negotiate working and living conditions necessary to facilitate the realization of their right to health. Inadequate and unhygienic living conditions, food insecurity, underpayment of wages and excessive hours among migrant farm workers increase the risk of illness and work-related injuries, while decreasing their capacity to access health care. High vulnerability to HIV has been recorded among migrant farm workers in some regions, due to lack of access to information and knowledge about HIV, availability and use of condoms, voluntary testing and health care.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Migrant worker’s right to health 2013, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- States should ensure relief and remedies for migrant workers injured due to violation of their right to occupational health. However, a lack of coverage under workers' health insurance or compensation schemes has often afflicted migrant workers, particularly irregular migrant workers. Additionally, the preponderance of sub-contracting arrangements in the construction industry denies coverage, which is otherwise available. For severely injured workers, compulsory or voluntary repatriation may mean access to a lower standard of health care and inability to hold duty bearers in receiving States accountable.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Right to health in conflict situations 2013, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- Women are also often primary caretakers in conflict situations and may struggle to provide for their families, neglecting their own needs. Unequal access to resources such as land, employment and financial loans may leave many women and their families destitute and vulnerable. Faced with limited choices, women may turn to employment in low-skilled jobs and in the informal sector, which yields lower benefits and exposes them to danger and exploitation. Women who depend on armed groups and aid agencies may also engage in sex work in exchange for money, shelter, food or other basic necessities. This may further expose women to increased risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Right to health in conflict situations 2013, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- Moreover, displaced persons are particularly vulnerable when their legal status prevents them from accessing health facilities, goods and services and availing themselves of economic opportunities. Many may be forced to work in poor or unsafe working conditions, further exposing them to poor health. Competing demands for access to health care and the underlying determinants of health may lead to rising tensions at the expense of both host and displaced communities. Displaced communities may consequently face discrimination in accessing health facilities, goods and services and underlying determinants.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph