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Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- The amount of compensation awarded runs into millions of dollars and is an additional blow to developing States, especially those undergoing or recovering from crisis. For example, in Al-Kharafi v. Libya, the claimant was awarded more than $935 million. The enormous size of such awards can have a negative effect on the State's ability to implement health policies. For example, in CME v. Czech Republic, the compensation awarded to the investor was equal to the entire health budget of the State. States may also have to bear not only legal costs incurred by them during arbitration but also those incurred by the successful claimant. Even where States are successful, they may have to pay a heavy fee for the arbitrators.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Health financing in the context of the right to health 2012, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Single payer systems with a single risk pool or multiple payer systems with multiple risk pools reduce financial barriers to accessing health facilities, goods and services, as required under the right to health approach. In single payer systems, one organization collects and pools funds and purchases services for the entire population. In most cases, all pool members within the system are provided access to the same health goods and services. Owing to its ability to generate and raise funds, through mechanisms such as taxation, and compulsorily enrol large numbers of people, the Government, in most cases, administers the pool and purchases health goods and services in a single payer system. Single risk pools promote equitable access to health facilities, goods and services in accordance with the right to health approach by allowing for greater cross-subsidization than systems with smaller, fragmented pools. Single payer systems are thus effective in promoting universal access to health facilities, goods and services, reducing out-of-pocket payments, and insulating users from catastrophic health expenditures.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- In recent years, a number of United Nations human rights bodies have acknowledged the negative impacts of corruption on the enjoyment of human rights. By its decision 2002/106, the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights appointed a Special Rapporteur on the impact of corruption on human rights, in particular economic, social and cultural rights. In her reports, the Special Rapporteur established that the enjoyment of both civil and political and economic, social and cultural rights are seriously undermined by corruption. In a report published in 2015, the Advisory Committee to the Human Rights Council explained that a human rights perspective on the impact of corruption can move the victims to the centre of the fight against corruption by highlighting the negative impacts of corruption on the individuals and groups concerned. The human rights perspective also reveals that the State bears the ultimate responsibility for such acts. Establishing the links between corruption and human rights can promote access to human rights mechanisms to combat corruption, thus creating new opportunities for monitoring and litigation (see A/HRC/28/73, paras. 27-28 and 32).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Sports and healthy lifestyles as contributing factors to the right to health 2016, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- The incorporation of physical activity and healthy lifestyles into existing national health plans, or the development of such a plan, should be a foremost priority of States under the right to health, as a core obligation that is not subject to the principle of progressive realization, alongside non-discrimination. The Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health encourages States to build on existing national strategies and action plans concerning aspects of diet, nutrition and physical activity, and to create a national coordinating mechanism that addresses diet and physical activity within a comprehensive plan for preventing non-communicable diseases and promoting health. However, in many countries, there is alarmingly little planning: WHO has noted a paucity of national physical activity guidelines in low- and middle-income countries, and has confirmed that the public health significance of physical activity warrants the development of such guidelines. Such guidelines must be developed in reference to prevailing evidence and good practices in the region concerned.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- The number of arbitration cases filed against States is likely to rise in times of financial crisis. For example, since its financial crisis in 2001 and the introduction of economic reforms, Argentina has faced more than 50 arbitration cases. Similarly, Spain and Greece saw a sharp increase in arbitration cases against them after their financial crises and more than 10 arbitration cases were registered against Egypt after the Arab Spring. In such crises, States may need to realign their economic and social policies within the changed climate. Although such changed policies may be in the public interest, the altered policies might threaten investments and prevent States from fulfilling their obligations under the international investment agreement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- International investment agreements benefit transnational corporations as investors because such corporations are granted rights protective of their investments in the host State, such as the right to fair and equitable treatment. Transnational corporations also have the right to initiate disputes before international commercial arbitration tribunals for alleged violations by the host State and for State infringement on the corporation's profit-making activities or potential profits. States, on the other hand, may be unable to initiate disputes against investors because transnational corporations, as non-signatories, have no obligations under international investment agreements. Such agreements perpetuate and exacerbate an asymmetrical relationship between investors and States.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- The Special Representative submitted, in his final report in 2011, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations "Protect, Respect and Remedy" Framework (A/HRC/17/31, annex). The first pillar, protect, reflects the existence in international human rights law of a binding obligation on States to protect individuals from actions of third parties. The pillar requires States to take measures such as instituting laws to hold transnational corporations accountable for their transgressions (principle 1). It could be argued, however, that the State obligation to protect, which is already an important obligation of States under international human rights law, has been ineffective against transnational corporations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- Previous efforts made in international forums to confer obligations on transnational corporations have resulted only in voluntary guidelines. In 2003, the Subcommission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights approved norms on the responsibilities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises with regard to human rights (E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/12/Rev.2), which sought to confer non-voluntary direct obligations on transnational corporations and business enterprises. The Commission on Human Rights did not adopt the norms, owing in part to strong opposition from States and business entities. In 2005, the Commission, in resolution 2005/69, requested the Secretary-General to appoint a special representative on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- The right to health imposes overlapping obligations of immediate effect on States. They include the immediate obligations of non-discrimination and to take steps towards the progressive realization of rights, the core obligation to ensure the minimum essential levels of the right and the obligations to respect and protect. Immediate obligations are outside the ambit of article 2 (1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Core obligations are the minimum essential level of a right and are not progressively realized. Duties to respect and protect are akin to obligations under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to respect and ensure - because the duty to ensure includes the duty to protect - which indisputably are justiciable.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Access to medicines in the context of the right-to-health framework 2013, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- Regulators in some of the developing countries surveyed by the Special Rapporteur reported the use of outdated methods and processes for enforcement, largely due to the lack of technical capacity, financial and human resources. For example, one such State regretted having sufficient inspectors to guard only 3 out of 41 ports of entry. Inspection of foreign production sites is an even greater challenge for resource-constrained importing countries. Regulatory bodies in many countries are generally funded by user fees, collected through licensing fees and inspection activities. However, these funds are insufficient to sustain effective regulation, given the scale and volume of production and import in most countries. States should therefore substantially increase budgetary support for their regulatory authorities to sustain the quality control activities and increase recruitment and training of staff. Regulatory bodies of importing developing countries could cooperate with their counterparts in the exporting countries to build regulatory capacities, share local inspection information of companies under their jurisdiction, and conduct joint inspections through cost-effective use of resources.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Access to medicines in the context of the right-to-health framework 2013, para. 6
- Paragraph text
- While States have the primary responsibility for enhancing access to medicines, it is a shared responsibility in which numerous national and international actors have a role to play. In its general comment No. 3 (1990) on the nature of States parties' obligations, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights also stressed the obligation of States to take steps, individually and through international assistance and cooperation, especially economic and technical, towards the full realization of the rights recognized in the Covenant, including the right to health. Moreover, in the spirit of Articles 55 and 56 of the Charter of the United Nations, articles 2(1) and 23 of the Covenant, as well as the Alma-Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care, States should recognize the essential role of international cooperation and comply with their commitment to take joint and separate action to achieve the full realization of the right to health. According to the Human Rights Guidelines for Pharmaceutical Companies in relation to Access to Medicines, pharmaceutical companies should integrate human rights, including the right to health, into their strategies, policies, programmes, projects and activities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Occupational health 2012, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- Under the right to health, States have a dual obligation to monitor and evaluate occupational health. As a prerequisite to the obligation to formulate and implement a national occupational health policy, States must conduct disease and epidemiological surveillance, including the collection of disaggregated data, in order to understand workers' health risks in all sectors, as well as human rights, health impact assessments and risk surveillance, in order to assess the impact of occupational health laws and policies prior to implementation. Additionally, States are required to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of their national occupational health policies as part of their core obligation to periodically review these policies. This requirement includes the obligation to regularly inspect worksites and production facilities in order to assess employer compliance with occupational health laws and policies. Periodic review is necessary in order to ensure the continual refinement of occupational health laws and policies to account for evolving health risks and new technologies. In both instances, monitoring and evaluation must be informed by international standards, including those developed by WHO and ILO.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Health financing in the context of the right to health 2012, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- Social health insurance is a pooling mechanism funded by compulsory prepayments collected through individual and organizational contributions supplemented by taxation. Social health insurance programmes are generally administered by the State, which uses funds raised through compulsory contributions and tax revenues to purchase health goods and services for the insured. In contrast to pooling mechanisms that comprise smaller, fragmented pools, social health insurance programmes establish sufficiently large pools, through compulsory contributions, to facilitate effective cross-subsidization of financial and health risks across large populations. Social health insurance thus increases utilization of and promotes equity in access to health facilities, goods and services and affords higher levels of financial protection for the poor. Social health insurance programmes may take the form of single payer systems, which tend to encourage efficient health spending and lower administrative costs, or multiple payer systems, which encourage competition and allow other entities to purchase health services. Social health insurance programmes are therefore one example of a pooling mechanism that promotes the realization of the right to health.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Health financing in the context of the right to health 2012, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- In order to shift the global paradigm of international assistance for health from a donor-based charity regime towards an obligatory system based on the principle of solidarity, global pooling mechanisms should be founded upon international or regional treaties under which States incur legal obligations to contribute to the pool according to their ability to pay and through which funds are allocated based upon need. Such a shift is necessary in order to ensure the availability of sustainable international funding as required by the right to health. In order to promote ownership and accountability within the regime, each State would contribute to the fund regardless of its income level and all funding and programmatic processes must be transparent and include the active and informed participation of civil society and affected communities. In order to realize the right to health globally, States should therefore take all necessary steps towards the development of treaty-based global pooling mechanisms, comprising compulsory progressive contributions allocated based upon need and driven by transparent, participatory processes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Health financing in the context of the right to health 2012, para. 7
- Paragraph text
- In order to make use of maximum available resources, States must therefore take all necessary steps to raise adequate revenue and mobilize resources for health and ensure that health financing is correspondingly prioritized in national and subnational budgets. Budget prioritization requires States to set aside a significant portion of general government expenditures towards spending on health and prioritize health alongside other core funding commitments, such as spending on education, social security and defence. States have a positive obligation in this regard to facilitate the active and informed participation of affected individuals and communities in the formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of health budgets. States should also ensure transparency in the formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of budgets for health. In order to ensure accountability for the implementation of national and subnational health budgets and related laws and policies, States should also develop and implement mechanisms that allow or provide for independent auditing and oversight of those instruments.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to health and international drug control, compulsory treatment for drug dependence and access to controlled medicines 2010, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- Formulation of international guidelines concerning implementation of the international drug control treaties would address in detail the relationship between drug control efforts and human rights, and allow States to determine whether their efforts are consistent with a right-to-health approach. Such guidelines should seek to highlight the vulnerability of marginalized groups, such as people who use drugs and people living with HIV, who are most at risk of human rights violations as a result of drug control regimes. These guidelines must be developed in an inclusive, participatory and transparent consultation process with affected communities. International guidelines used to direct policy and programmes at a national level have already been developed for HIV and counter-terrorism, which outline how human rights standards apply in each context and list practical measures that should be undertaken by States in responding to those issues in accordance with a rights-based approach.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur observes that pharmaceutical companies have a vested interest in finding a new indication (namely, a new disorder) for their drugs when a patent expires since this allows the drug manufacturer to obtain an additional three years of exclusivity for the drug in question. Pharmaceutical companies have used “exclusivity” as an informal mechanism to effectively extend patent protection for that time period.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- Because of its global reach, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has been referred to as the “bible” of psychiatric diagnosis and is used worldwide in psychiatric research. However, over the last decade there have been increasing concerns that the interconnected needs of the pharmaceutical industry and the psychiatric community may have played a role in the development or expansion of questionable diagnostic categories.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- Mental health policies and services illustrate how lack of transparency and accountability in the relationships between the pharmaceutical industry and academic medicine can lead to institutional corruption and have a detrimental effect on mental health policies and services, not only on a national or regional scale but also at the global level.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- Organizations administering health insurance schemes and insurance regulators have a responsibility to prevent embezzlement, theft and illicit enrichment from the health insurance budget and bias in favour of certain procedures, medical professionals or products due to conflicts of interests. They should avoid adverse selection practices leading to patients being refused on the basis of their health status, age, financial capacity or other factors.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- To take the example of water, around 10 per cent of water sector investment is lost to corruption. Corruption can make water inaccessible and unaffordable and affect the quality of water. In some low-income countries, corruption can add an estimated 30-45 per cent to the price of connection to a water network. The increasing role played by private sector actors in water services requires the State to adopt an appropriate regulatory framework.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- Mindful that the nature of corruption means that it is often difficult to distinguish intentional malfeasance from inefficiencies, errors, and differences in judgments and in priorities, the Special Rapporteur underlines that enhancing transparency is particularly important not only to address clearly corrupt practices but also to address these harmful phenomena, which obstruct the enjoyment of the right to health.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 9e
- Paragraph text
- [All in all, corruption is a multidisciplinary phenomenon demanding a response from many fields of study. From a legal perspective, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (General Assembly resolution 58/4, annex) lists five acts of corruption, which can be translated as follows to the health context:] Illicit enrichment.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 9d
- Paragraph text
- [All in all, corruption is a multidisciplinary phenomenon demanding a response from many fields of study. From a legal perspective, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (General Assembly resolution 58/4, annex) lists five acts of corruption, which can be translated as follows to the health context:] Abuse of functions;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 9c
- Paragraph text
- [All in all, corruption is a multidisciplinary phenomenon demanding a response from many fields of study. From a legal perspective, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (General Assembly resolution 58/4, annex) lists five acts of corruption, which can be translated as follows to the health context:] Trading in influence;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 9b
- Paragraph text
- [All in all, corruption is a multidisciplinary phenomenon demanding a response from many fields of study. From a legal perspective, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (General Assembly resolution 58/4, annex) lists five acts of corruption, which can be translated as follows to the health context:] Embezzlement, misappropriation or other diversion of funds from the health budget by a public official;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 9a
- Paragraph text
- [All in all, corruption is a multidisciplinary phenomenon demanding a response from many fields of study. From a legal perspective, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (General Assembly resolution 58/4, annex) lists five acts of corruption, which can be translated as follows to the health context:] The bribery of national and foreign public officials in exchange for an undue advantage;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 6
- Paragraph text
- Corruption is generally defined as “the misuse of public or entrusted power for private gain”. In relation to health, in many countries varying degrees of responsibility for public roles is entrusted to private actors, including private health professionals, pharmaceutical companies and health insurance companies. Corruption occurs in both the public and private sectors.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- The present report is the result of extensive consultations among a wide range of stakeholders, including representatives of relevant United Nations agencies, civil society and academic experts. In May 2017, the Special Rapporteur convened an expert consultation in Bangkok and is very grateful to those who participated and provided valuable inputs for the present report.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to mental health 2017, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- Asymmetries have been furthered by the financial power of, and alliances with, the pharmaceutical industry. Where financial resources for research and innovation are absent, the industry fills the gap with little transparency in drug approval processes or in doubtful relationships with health-care professionals and providers. That context illustrates how overreliance in policy on the biomedical model has gone too far and is now so resistant to change.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph