A/70/287 achieve positive greenhouse gas mitigation outcomes, climate -mitigation strategies deprive some of the poorest people on the planet of food security. 56 Bioenergy 63. Biomass energy can be derived from (usually woody) feedstock by means of processes that run the gamut from simple combustion in a cookstove to biochemical conversion. Bioenergy may be able to displace fossil fuels. However, a critical approach is required to combining biomass energy with carbon capture and storage. This technology involves growing crops that absorb carbon dioxide, burning them to produce energy and capturing and storing the carbon that results from the combustion. The main challenges facing the bioenergy industry is avoiding negative impacts on food production or ecosystem services. Water diversion for climate-friendly energy production 64. Other examples of reallocation of resources for the benefit of clean energy at the expense of food security are cleaning coal and constructing dams for the generation of hydroelectric power. Cleaning coal requires large amounts of water that could otherwise be used for irrigating arable land, while the construction of dams for hydroelectricity may affect water supply for agricultural activities downstream and also flood land that could otherwise be used for food production. 57 Indeed, any mitigation and adaptation policies that affect water resources must carefully consider competing water uses and the various implications for food security. Measures that mitigate one type of adverse impact could exacerbate another. 58 65. Hydropower is presented as a climate-friendly option and a way to increase water storage infrastructure. However, hydropower can also create conflicts between water for energy and water for agriculture. 59 For example, indigenous communities have raised serious objections to the hydroelectric plant in the Alta Verapaz region in Guatemala owing to violations of environmental and human rights no rms. The affected people allege that they were never consulted, as required by Guatemalan law and the rules of the clean development mechanism registration process. 60 Another example is the Barro Blanco Hydroelectric Power Plant Project in Panama. It has significantly affected the Ngabe Bugle people who live alongside the Tabasara River. Construction commenced despite evidence that it would impact cultural and religious sites and access to medicinal plants highly valued by the Ngabe people. 61 __________________ 56 57 58 59 60 61 15-10041 T. Searchinger and others, “Do biofuel policies seek to cut emissions by cutting food?”, Science, vol. 347, No. 6229 (27 March 2015). Caesens and Padilla Rodríguez, Climate Change and the Right to Food, chap. VI, note 51. High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition, “Water for f ood security and nutrition”, chap. II, note 16. Ibid., para. 1.5.2. Adriana Herrera Garibay and Fabrice Edouard, Tenure of Indigenous Peoples Territories and REDD+ as a Forestry Management Incentive: The Case of Mesoamerican Countries (Rome, FAO, 2012). UN-REDD is the United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in developing countries. Carbon Market Watch, “Local realities of CDM projects: a compilation of case studies”, November 2013. Available from http://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp -content/uploads/2013/11/casestudies-06-mail-2-dec-2013_final_light.pdf. CDM refers to the clean development mechanism. 17/25