A/78/310 significant risks can be expected to occur. […]. For instance, health care, transport, energy and parts of the public sector […]; (b) Second, the [artificial intelligence] application in the sector in question is, in addition, used in such a manner that significant risks are likely to arise. […]. The assessment of the level of risk of a given use could be based on the impact on the affected parties. For instance, uses of [artific ial intelligence] applications that produce legal or similarly significant effects for the rights of an individual or company; that pose risk of injury, death or significant material or immaterial damage; that produce effects that cannot reasonably be avoi ded by individuals or legal entities. 16 18. Artificial intelligence involves different types of risk. The contingencies that should be considered include the inherent risks of operating with algorithms (human bias, technical flaws, security vulnerabilities and failures in their implementation) and their faulty design. Certain issues affect the management and performance of algorithms, as shown in the following graphic: 17 19. As explained in the literature: Data input is affected mainly by two variables: bias (incorporation of partial, insufficient, manipulated or outdated data) and pertinence (relevance, inconsistency or completeness of the data). On the other hand, the development of algorithms can be affected by patterns (programming logic bias, including unforeseen functions and inherent failures of the functions used for their codification), and errors (operating conditions that reflect a method of operation that differs from the one planned and goes against the premise of the proposed design). Lastly, risks in output decisions are related to the pertinence and __________________ 16 17 23-15851 See https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/?qid=1603192201335 &uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0065. See https://www.redipd.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/guia-recomendaciones-generalestratamiento-datos-ia.pdf, p. 18. 7/20