A/HRC/23/40
Contents
Page
I.
Introduction .............................................................................................................
1−6
3
II.
Activities of the Special Rapporteur .......................................................................
7−10
4
III.
The evolution of technology of surveillance ...........................................................
11−18
4
IV.
International human rights framework ....................................................................
19−32
6
Interrelations between the rights to privacy to freedom of opinion
and expression ................................................................................................
24−27
7
B.
Permissible limitations to privacy and freedom of expression .......................
28−29
8
C.
Recent considerations by international mechanisms for the protection
of human rights ...............................................................................................
30−32
9
Modalities of communications surveillance ...........................................................
33−49
10
A.
Targeted communications surveillance ...........................................................
34−37
10
B.
Mass communications surveillance ................................................................
38−40
11
C.
Access to communications data ......................................................................
41−43
11
D.
Internet filtering and censorship .....................................................................
44−46
12
E.
Restrictions on anonymity ..............................................................................
47−49
13
Concerns on national legal standards ......................................................................
50−71
13
A.
Lack of judicial oversight ...............................................................................
54−57
14
B.
National security exceptions ...........................................................................
58−60
15
C.
Unregulated access to communications data ..................................................
61
16
D.
Extra-legal surveillance ..................................................................................
62−63
16
E.
Extra-territorial application of surveillance laws ............................................
64
17
F.
Mandatory data retention ................................................................................
65−67
17
G.
Identity disclosure laws ..................................................................................
68−70
18
H.
Restrictions on encryption and key disclosure laws ......................................
71
19
VII.
The roles and responsibilities of the private sector .................................................
72−77
19
VIII.
Conclusions and recommendations .........................................................................
78−99
20
A.
Updating and strengthening laws and legal standards ....................................
81−87
21
B.
Facilitating private, secure and anonymous communications .........................
88−90
22
C.
Increasing public access to information, understanding and awareness
of threats to privacy ........................................................................................
91–94
22
D.
Regulating the commercialization of surveillance technology ......................
95−97
22
E.
Furthering the assessment of relevant international human rights obligations
98−99
23
A.
V.
VI.
2
Paragraphs