Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 33
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Social pensions are also important for addressing the particular vulnerabilities of women. Contributory systems tend to exacerbate gender inequalities: in many countries coverage rates for elderly men are twice those for their female counterparts. Even in countries with broader protection in contributory systems, older women are more likely to receive a lower pension due to a lower level of contributions (see sect. II C).
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Non-negotiated soft law
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Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights