A/HRC/30/39
Contents
Page
I.
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................
3
II.
Costs associated with water, sanitation and hygiene ........................................................................
5
A.
Different types of costs ............................................................................................................
5
B.
Costs of corruption ..................................................................................................................
6
C.
The cost of poor governance ....................................................................................................
7
D.
The price of inaction ................................................................................................................
7
Understanding affordability .............................................................................................................
8
A.
Defining affordability and setting standards ............................................................................
8
B.
Reconciling affordability with environmental and economic sustainability ............................
9
C.
Disconnections as a result of unaffordable services ................................................................
10
Mechanisms for ensuring affordability in practice ...........................................................................
10
A.
Public finance for water, sanitation and hygiene: who benefits and who does not? ................
11
B.
Ensuring that public financing benefits the most disadvantaged .............................................
13
C.
Challenges in targeting ............................................................................................................
14
D.
Subsidies based on income, geographic location and types of access .....................................
15
E.
Social protection floors ............................................................................................................
16
F.
Ensuring affordability through tariff schemes .........................................................................
16
G.
Participation .............................................................................................................................
18
Regulation and Monitoring ..............................................................................................................
19
A.
Regulating service provision for affordability .........................................................................
19
B.
Monitoring affordability ..........................................................................................................
20
Conclusion and recommendations ....................................................................................................
21
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
2