A/70/334 November 2013, the Special Rapporteur called on the authorities to explore different means to prevent intercommunal violence, including local peace committees, effective policing, grass-roots reconciliation initiatives, awarenessraising and re-establishment of pastoral governance systems and a system of game rangers to deal effectively with cattle raiding (A/HRC/26/33/Add.3). 2. Disaster risk reduction and management systems 48. Disaster risk reduction is defined as “the conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development”. 9 It has a direct link with prevention of internal displacement due to both sudden and slow-onset disasters. As underlined in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, adopted at the Third United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, held in Sendai, Japan, in March 2015 and endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 69/283, “each State has the primary responsibility to prevent and reduce disaster risk” and “disaster risk reduction requires that responsibilities be shared by central Governments and relevant national authorities, sectors and stakeholders, as appropriate to their national circumstances and systems of governance”. At the national and local levels, States should “promote regular disaster preparedness, response and recovery exercises … with a view to ensuring rapid and effective response to disasters and related displacement ....” 49. Authorities at all levels can take a number of measures to establish adequate disaster risk reduction and management systems. Some countries have established specific legal and policy frameworks on disaster risk reduction and management with a strong focus on displacement risk. Where disaster risk reduction systems already exist, they should be reviewed to ensure that they adequately integrate displacement issues. Disaster risk reduction and management strategies should also be mainstreamed across government bodies and forums established at the national and local levels to build awareness about disaster risk and disseminate specific information. 50. The Special Rapporteur noted in his report on climate change and internal displacement, “early warning mechanisms can be instrumental in minimizing damage and loss of life, as well as displacement” (A/66/285, para. 49). However, taking the example of the famine in Somalia in 2011 that resulted in waves of displacement and for which an early warning was issued some months before, he noted systemic difficulties for some States and the international community in responding proactively to early warnings to prevent a disaster, even a slow -onset disaster, and minimize its adverse impacts on populations. He reiterates that technical mechanisms such as early warning systems must be combined with strong political will and responsive governance systems that implement preparedness, disaster risk reduction and other adaptation measures in a timely manner. __________________ 9 14/26 United Nations Inter-Agency Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Living with Risk: A Global Review of Disaster Reduction Initiatives, 2004 version , vol. I, United Nations publication, Sales No. GV.E.03.0.2. 15-12504