A/HRC/49/49
Contents
Page
I.
II.
Annex
2
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................
3
A.
What is corruption?...............................................................................................................
3
B.
Human rights defenders working against corruption ............................................................
4
C.
Data and methodology ..........................................................................................................
5
D.
Applicable legal framework..................................................................................................
6
E.
Trends ...................................................................................................................................
8
F.
Attacks faced by human rights defenders working against corruption .................................
10
G.
Journalists .............................................................................................................................
11
H.
Whistle-blowers ....................................................................................................................
13
I.
Lawyers working against corruption ....................................................................................
13
J.
Attacks on academics exposing corruption ...........................................................................
14
K.
Gender-based attacks ............................................................................................................
15
L.
Local anti-corruption defenders ............................................................................................
16
M.
Attacks on human rights defenders working against corruption in the context of the
coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic .........................................................................
17
N.
Reprisals ...............................................................................................................................
18
O.
Criminal charges and legal action against human rights defenders fighting corruption .......
19
Conclusions and recommendations ...............................................................................................
20
A.
Recommendations to States ..................................................................................................
20
B.
Recommendations to relevant international organizations and civil society ........................
21
.......................................................................................................................................................
23