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Due diligence and trafficking in persons 2015, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- Due diligence on preventing trafficking also requires action to address the wider, more systemic processes or root causes that contribute to trafficking in persons, such as inequality, restrictive immigration policies, and unfair labour conditions, particularly for migrant workers. As such, the present mandate holder has previously emphasized that international law "requires that States act with due diligence to prevent trafficking and the human rights violations with which it is associated," including to address demand, such that due diligence "on the part of States should require action on these wider processes, all of which foster demand for, and vulnerability to, trafficking." Additionally, Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia, has clarified that as part of the positive obligation to address trafficking "a State's immigration rules must address relevant concerns relating to encouragement, facilitation or tolerance of trafficking." Often, however, States adopt immigration policies in the name of preventing trafficking that in practice deter movement; instead of being preventative, these policies make transborder movement more perilous and foster situations that lead to trafficking.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Agenda setting of the work of the Special Rapporteur 2015, para. 80
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur intends to work in collaboration with other special procedures mechanisms which examine issues relating to trafficking, including but not limited to: the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants; the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences; the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography; and the Working Group on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises. The Special Rapporteur will continue to strengthen the work of the trafficking mandate while delineating its intersections with related mandates. In this regard, she will try to identify possible joint initiatives that can complement each other's work, such as joint communications on allegations of human rights violations and the issuance of joint press statements.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- The private sector is another actor that could play a positive role in preventing trafficking in persons for labour exploitation and other labour abuses of persons fleeing conflict. In this regard, private sector initiatives have developed guidance to help companies that operate in areas with presence of refugees to understand and identify indicators of risk with regard to labour exploitation and to assist them in implementing due diligence measures to prevent and mitigate labour abuses within their supply chains. One such initiative is the recently published guidance on "Syrian refugees working in Turkey" issued by the Business Social Compliance Initiative and the Foreign Trade Association.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Regional and subregional cooperation in promoting a human rights-based approach to combatting trafficking in persons 2010, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- OAS has developed "Guidelines for the Repatriation of Trafficking Victims" and a toolkit which includes a manual, a video and an interactive CD-Rom, for developing specific model training for diplomats and consular officers. On victim protection, in 2009 ECOWAS adopted a regional Policy for Protection and Assistance to Victims of Trafficking in Persons in West Africa. Similarly, regional guiding principles on victim protection and labour recruitment have been adopted by COMMIT in the Mekong region.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Integration of a human rights-based approach in measures to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, and which leads to human trafficking 2013, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- In particular, as highlighted by both the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, States have a responsibility to listen to and take into account the views of children who may be affected by policy measures that are planned, in particular paying attention to ensuring that marginalized and disadvantaged children, such as exploited children, street children or refugee children, are not excluded from consultative processes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Integration of a human rights-based approach in measures to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, and which leads to human trafficking 2013, para. 82
- Paragraph text
- In addition, a disproportionate focus on tighter migration controls also risks exacerbating the situation further along the trafficking cycle. Studies have noted that traffickers often exploit victims' fear of possible deportation, their illegal residence or labour status to prevent victims from escaping. Such observations provide further support for avoiding measures which focus disproportionately on human trafficking as a migration issue.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Due diligence and trafficking in persons 2015, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- Additionally, due diligence obligations have been identified in a number of areas that are of direct relevance - and in some cases directly apply - to trafficking, including violence against women, migrant workers, and sex-based discrimination. In addition to due diligence requirements in international human rights law, due diligence standards in areas such as "environmental protection, consumer protection and anti-corruption," are also relevant to addressing trafficking in persons.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 61a
- Paragraph text
- [Participants identified several other actions and interventions, listed below, which have also helped the Special Rapporteur define areas for further engagement and work under the mandate in strengthening the strategies implemented by multi-stakeholder initiatives and industry coalitions to detect and tackle trafficking in persons:] Corporate codes and policies must be strengthened to address risks of trafficking and forced labour in recruitment and labour supply chains, and must set out specific protections for migrant and other vulnerable workers;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The issue of human trafficking in supply chains 2012, para. 9
- Paragraph text
- Businesses may be linked to human trafficking in various ways. They may be directly implicated in the crime of trafficking when they recruit, transport, harbour or receive persons for the purpose of exploitation during the course of their business. This may occur with or without the knowledge of the management or if the company has recruited the persons itself or through a third party, such as a private recruitment agency. For example, the construction industry has been linked to trafficking in this manner, exploiting internal or international migrants supplied through informal and clandestine recruitment systems.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Stocktaking exercise on the work of the mandate on its tenth Anniversary 2014, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- Strengthening the accountability of non-State actors and the involvement of civil society in combating and preventing trafficking in persons, including lessening the tensions between civil society groups working on trafficking and Governments, is another challenge. Furthermore, while the Special Rapporteur recognizes the power of the media in raising community awareness of trafficking in all its forms and informing vulnerable groups about certain risks, she notes repeated examples of media sensationalism, manifested for example through a prurient and overly narrow focus on sexual exploitation. Failure to protect the privacy of victims adequately; the stigmatization of victims; and fostering confusion between trafficking and other phenomena, such as irregular migration and migrant smuggling, represent further difficulties.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
The first decade of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children 2014, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- No prosecution or punishment. The acceptance that victims of trafficking should not be punished - or indeed prosecuted - for offences that have been committed in the course of their trafficking, such as immigration and work offences has grown. The Special Rapporteur has regularly upheld the importance of this principle and endorses the now widespread position that States should not prosecute or punish victims "for unlawful acts committed by them as a direct consequence of their situation as trafficked persons or where they were compelled to commit such unlawful acts" (CTOC/COP/WG.4/2009/2, para. 12(b)). A number of States, international organizations and civil society groups responding to the questionnaire pointed to the work of the Special Rapporteur on this issue as a major achievement, helping to establish non-prosecution and non-punishment as an accepted standard.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
The first decade of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children 2014, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Country visits and reports. Country visits help to ground the mandate holders' understanding of the problem of trafficking in national realities and forging relationships with those on the front line, while also providing involved States and their partners with an opportunity to access information, expertise and insight. Respondents to the questionnaire, including several States, noted that official missions had influenced shifts in policy and practice around trafficking, for example leading to changes in migration policies, amendments to the national trafficking law and improved cooperation with civil society organizations. Several international organizations noted that the official missions had provided valuable opportunities for stakeholders to convey their views and insights to the higher levels of Government and that the reports were an excellent source of useful, high-quality information.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Due diligence and trafficking in persons 2015, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- The due diligence obligation to protect individuals from traffickers also often intersects and overlaps with other areas of State obligations (e.g., in relation to activities of public institutions). For example, State failures to respect and fulfil human rights in non-discrimination, labour, migration, and education create the conditions conducive to trafficking by third parties. By requiring a human rights-based approach, due diligence enables States to apply all their international obligations in ways that encourage less compartmentalization and more holistic approaches to trafficking to ensure the realization of human rights.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Agenda setting of the work of the Special Rapporteur 2015, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- Trafficking in persons, especially women and children, is a multifaceted issue that is often interlinked with so-called mixed migration flows, encompassing various categories of persons on the move, including refugees, asylum seekers, economic migrants and other migrants travelling, mostly in an irregular manner, along similar routes, using similar means of travel, but for different reasons. Trafficking victims do not necessarily immediately enter the mixed migration flow process as trafficked persons, but might become trafficked during their journey or when they reach a transit or destination country. Their migration might often have started out through smuggling, but then have turned into trafficking at a later stage. Initial consent to a migration project, be it regular or irregular, does not imply that a case has necessarily to be qualified as smuggling. Rather, when migrants are placed in abusive and exploitative situations during their journey or at their destination, and when their rights are drastically limited or completely denied, the case in question has to be qualified as trafficking in persons.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Due diligence and trafficking in persons 2015, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- Good practices in prevention should also address all types of trafficking. For example, good practices to combat trafficking in persons for the purpose of domestic servitude in diplomatic households include that undertaken in Austria, where authorities request that foreigners who seek to work for a diplomatic household have a written contract that complies with Austrian labour law. Workers must also apply in person for a diplomatic legitimation card, giving Austrian authorities, "an opportunity to interview the applicants, examine their work contracts, and inform them of their rights and obligations while in Austria and of the contact details of NGOs which could be of assistance." Good practices to prevent labour trafficking include States regulating the supply of workers to sectors by controlling the licensing of employment agencies working in these fields. For example, in the United Kingdom, the Gangmasters Licensing Authority regulates the supply of workers in certain labour-intensive industries (e.g., agriculture, horticulture, forestry, fishing, food processing).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Agenda setting of the work of the Special Rapporteur 2015, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- In addition, she wishes to explore further the link between mixed migration flows and trafficking, in order to recommend effective measures, aimed at preventing exploitation or further exploitation of socially vulnerable people fleeing death, torture or other forms of violence such as domestic violence, or unemployment, destitution and extreme poverty. That includes exploring ways to increase opportunities for regular migration and family reunification, and for non-exploitative employment, with the aim of preventing trafficking by ensuring full respect of migrants' rights, in line with the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 69c
- Paragraph text
- All States, particularly those hosting potential victims of trafficking among persons fleeing conflict, should:Ensure free-of-charge birth and marriage registration of nationals and non-nationals fleeing conflict, including in internally displaced person and refugee camps, in cooperation with United Nations agencies and programmes and international organizations, in order to prevent or address potential trafficking in children for sexual and other forms of exploitation and the exploitation of the labour of individuals, particularly underage children and women;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- While forcible recruitment of children often involves abduction or coercion, recruiters also appeal to notions of martyrdom or social and economic factors or employ trickery or indoctrination to enlist children. There are instances where the Internet, particularly social media, has been used by extremist groups to exploit the vulnerability of young educated children from middle class families in Western countries to recruit them using deception. Moreover, children are especially vulnerable to being trafficked into military service if they are separated from their families, are displaced from their homes, live in combat areas or have limited access to education.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Youth
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- Prohibition on trafficking and migration-related exploitation. International law requires States to criminalize and penalize a range of conduct related to trafficking. The obligation to criminalize trafficking when committed intentionally is set out in article 5 of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Most States (168, as at October 2015) are party to the Protocol and thereby bound by this obligation. Many States are also bound by one or more of the regional trafficking treaties, such as the Council of Europe Convention and the European Union Directive cited above, which impose identical obligations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- Forced displacement can increase the risk of trafficking by weakening or destroying family support structures, community bonds and self-protection mechanisms that might otherwise serve as a buffer against human trafficking. Because internally displaced persons often lack documentation and have limited access to education, resources and self-reliance opportunities, they may be particularly vulnerable to traffickers who appear to offer life-saving access to employment and other opportunities. Internally displaced persons who fear for their lives and wish to seek protection abroad can also fall prey to traffickers who claim to offer a route to safety. Traffickers specifically target impoverished communities, including the internally displaced, in order to exploit their vulnerability. Poor and displaced families may entrust the care of their children to traffickers who promise to provide them with education or skills training, but ultimately exploit them for the purposes of prostitution, forced labour or irregular adoption. Internally displaced women and girls are often disproportionately affected by the loss of livelihoods during displacement (see A/HRC/23/44, para. 46).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- Conflict-related violence, such as sexual violence, can itself be a driver of forced internal displacement, which in turn increases vulnerability to further exploitation, including through trafficking. For instance, sexual violence by armed groups has forced ethnic minority women and girls in remote rural areas away from their communities and placed them at greater risk of trafficking within the country as well as overseas. Additionally, worsening security situations and overcrowded camps with inadequate basic services cause some internally displaced persons to risk crossing borders in an irregular manner in search of employment, putting themselves at high risk of exploitation because of their lack of legal status. Military attacks on camps further worsens displacement and causes undocumented internally displaced persons, including women and unaccompanied children, to flee their camps, exposing them to the risk of being exploited or trafficked.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- For the millions of people who are forced to flee their country because of armed conflict, the journey of escape has become increasingly expensive and hazardous, with a tangible risk of trafficking-related exploitation. Sometimes these dangers relate to the available paths of escape. Throughout their journey and at their destination, migrants, including refugees and asylum seekers, are highly vulnerable to physical violence, sexual assault, extortion and trafficking, as well as detention by national authorities. The journey of female migrants and unaccompanied children travelling through the Horn of Africa is particularly hazardous. Thousands have disappeared, presumably abducted for purposes of exploitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
A human rights-based approach to the administration of criminal justice in cases of trafficking in persons 2012, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- Some States have introduced reflection and recovery periods in order to provide immediate support and protection to victims not conditional on cooperation with criminal justice processes. During these periods, trafficking victims receive assistance, including shelter, health care and legal advice to enable them to make informed decisions about whether to participate in the criminal justice process. Such periods of reflection have the added advantage of giving investigators and prosecutors time to gather evidence.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Integration of a human rights-based approach in measures to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, and which leads to human trafficking 2013, para. 80
- Paragraph text
- Indeed, issues relating to migration and freedom of movement are perhaps the most problematic of human rights concerns surrounding anti-trafficking measures. Measures which restrict legal migration channels risk exacerbating both human trafficking and human smuggling, as well as the human rights violations which surround them. Trafficking is an outcome of global political and economic realities, particularly massive disparities of wealth and standard of living. This must be taken into consideration in the formulation of any response to the demand for human trafficking.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- Throughout their journey and at their destination, migrants, including refugees and asylum seekers forced to flee their country because of armed conflict, are highly vulnerable to physical violence, sexual assault, extortion and trafficking, as well as detention by national authorities. Incidence of trafficking and exploitation, primarily among Afghan, Syrian and Iraqi men and boys with low educational levels and travelling alone, is identified among irregular migrants arriving in Europe along the western Balkan routes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Boys
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Migrant workers in conflict zones have a heightened risk of exposure to human trafficking. Recruitment agents and their intermediaries in countries of origin deceive workers about their country of final destination, the nature of the work and their working and living conditions and, unknowingly, such workers find themselves forced into employment in conflict-affected countries. For instance, a man from the Philippines was allegedly promised employment in Turkey, but was instead trafficked for labour exploitation to the Kurdistan region of Iraq.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- Moreover, migrant workers can also be trafficked into conflict zones by private contractors employed by States and their military forces to support large-scale military operations. While not all situations of contracting and subcontracting involve trafficking for labour exploitation, there have been cases where large firms that hold the prime contract with States and their militaries hire migrant workers through smaller subcontractors or local employment agencies to perform certain tasks, including cleaning, construction, cooking and serving and haircutting.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 67
- Paragraph text
- Demand for exploitative labour and services, particularly demand by employers and third parties involved in trafficking, should be addressed as a root cause of trafficking. To that end, States should develop or strengthen immigration policies informed by the evidence-based recognition of the demand for migrant labour, including low- and semi-skilled labour.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- Regarding lessons learned and challenges in detecting cases of forced labour and trafficking in persons, representatives of the auditing community were asked to consider the strengths and weaknesses of current audit strategies, including how auditors addressed recruitment and migration practices, how they gathered information from workers, and challenges and constraints related to client expectations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- In the light of such concerns, the report analyses various aspects of prevention measures, such as addressing the root causes of trafficking in persons, reducing demand for exploitative labour and services, promoting safe migration and raising awareness of risks associated with trafficking.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph