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Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 94
- Paragraph text
- Governments can support learners in various ways, such as by mandating that employers provide educational leave for employees or paid training to upgrade skills and by encouraging more people to avail themselves of unpaid educational or training leave. During his recent visit to Fiji, the Special Rapporteur was informed that the Ministry of Education provided qualified teachers up to one year 's paid leave to upgrade their qualifications. The Special Rapporteur also notes that the Government of Austria pays an allowance at the same rate as unemployment benefits to compensate for the income that has been forgone, and trainees receive a further training allowance (Weiterbildungsgeld) from the Employment Service equivalent to the level of unemployment benefit to which they are entitled. In Finland, participants can also avail themselves of a grant equal to the unemployment benefit.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Education
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- UNESCO has been the progenitor of the vision and the concept of "lifelong learning", and the Special Rapporteur recognizes the importance of drawing upon its work. In the 1970s, reflections by the international community under UNESCO auspices led to a shift in focus from education to learning. This was epitomized by the International Commission on the Development of Education, which in 1971 put forward a vision of "the learning society" and recommended as the guiding principle for educational policies that "every individual must be in a position to keep learning throughout his [or her] life". Recognizing that "the idea of lifelong education is the keystone of the learning society", the Commission took the view that lifelong education was not an educational system but the principle on which the overall organization of a system was founded, and which should accordingly underlie the development of each of its component parts.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 87
- Paragraph text
- It is incumbent upon States to "create an economic environment and incentives, to encourage enterprises to invest in education and training". In this respect, corporate social responsibility has a special significance. In addition, employers have a direct responsibility to provide training financing in a lifelong learning perspective. In the Blueprint on Enculturation of Lifelong Learning for Malaysia (2011-2020), under the Lifelong Learning Award of Excellence initiative, it is proposed that relevant acts and regulations be amended "to make it compulsory for employers to fund their employees' lifelong learning activities".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Issues and challenges to the right to education in the digital age 2016, para. 90
- Paragraph text
- Massive open online courses and other distance education formats can promote privatization, reduce public funding and increase managerial control over academic staff. "Market-leading" universities could capture the higher education market as a whole, since customers will choose the most prestigious courses in elite universities associated with "star" professors. This phenomenon has been termed "an emerging brand of academic capitalism" that is associated with entrepreneurship, as it seeks to raise significant income from the private sector.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Education
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Issues and challenges to the right to education in the digital age 2016, para. 92
- Paragraph text
- Recalling the report he submitted to the General Assembly at its seventieth session, in which he expressed concern regarding the risks of public-private partnerships and the right to education, the Special Rapporteur calls upon Governments to be vigilant against commercial pressures that promote the sale of technology without due concern for the actual benefits of students or teachers, educational establishments and the education system at large. Governments should seek evidence of the value of any investment into digital technologies before diverting resources from the education sector. This is critically important as growing interest is being manifested today in seeking partnerships with multiple stakeholders. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that Governments and, through them, all providers of education, whether operating independently or jointly with Governments, remain accountable given that States bear responsibility for ensuring respect for the right to education in all partnerships.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Issues and challenges to the right to education in the digital age 2016, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- Massive open online courses provide an alternative path to higher education. Many universities worldwide are now offering online courses, either alone or in conjunction with a massive open online course provider. Many enthusiastic promoters of knowledge societies, networking and lifelong learning can dream today of a world converted into a giant classroom in which there are a few powerful global teachers and millions of assimilators of information and knowledge packages through the Internet. Similarly, open educational resources can harness the new possibility afforded by digital technology to address common educational challenges. As a result, the landscape of higher education is undergoing rapid transformations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Issues and challenges to the right to education in the digital age 2016, para. 123
- Paragraph text
- States should implement the recommendations contained in the 2012 Paris Open Educational Resources Declaration, recognizing their importance for strengthening the use of such resources while at the same time reducing the cost of education for the Government. High-quality textbooks, learning materials and online courses are important in education and, by sharing their development costs and promoting high-quality open resources, the savings can be invested in teacher training, school improvements and technology purchases.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Issues and challenges to the right to education in the digital age 2016, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- In order to create a standardized and widely recognized open licensing framework, the non-profit organization Creative Commons developed a series of standardized copyright licenses. Creative Commons encourages copyright owners to license the use of their material through open content licences. These will allow for better identification, negotiation and use of their content for the purposes of creativity, education and innovation. By minimizing copyright licensing efforts and complexity, authors can ensure their work is rapidly and easily used.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Issues and challenges to the right to education in the digital age 2016, para. 86
- Paragraph text
- First discussed at the UNESCO Forum on the Impact of Open Courseware for Higher Education in Developing Countries, held in Paris from 1 to 3 July 2000, open educational resources are understood to be all teaching, learning and research materials in any medium, digital or otherwise, that reside in the public domain or have been released under an open licence that permits no-cost access, use, adaptation and redistribution by others with no or limited restrictions. Open licensing is built within the existing framework of intellectual property rights as defined by relevant international conventions and respects the authorship of the work.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Issues and challenges to the right to education in the digital age 2016, para. 103
- Paragraph text
- A regulatory framework is necessary since an unregulated free market in higher education may lead to investments in the sector by low-quality providers. Governments must regulate fraudulent practices and ensure that fake degrees are not awarded. A regulatory framework is thus of critical importance in setting out responsibilities and accountability requirements. Regulations must reflect a broad humanistic notion of education and ensure that the digitization of education is subservient to public interest.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Issues and challenges to the right to education in the digital age 2016, para. 127
- Paragraph text
- In the context of its ongoing work on the development of a global convention on the recognition of higher education qualifications, UNESCO could address the issue of the awarding of fake degrees and certificates and consider becoming a repository of all nationally recognized degrees and diplomas. UNESCO should also advise States to implement a national-level system of legal action against the awarding of fake degrees and diplomas and against fraudulent practices.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 111
- Paragraph text
- The United Nations treaty bodies and States involved in the universal periodic review should enquire into how lifelong learning is being implemented, keeping in view the international normative framework for education, learning and training. They should also ensure that Governments abide by their responsibility undertaken under Sustainable Development Goal 4 on education in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, as well as pursuant to their commitments under the Education 2030 agenda.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Issues and challenges to the right to education in the digital age 2016, para. 99
- Paragraph text
- Gaining the resources for digital technologies will inevitably involve private providers such as network operators, content providers and other stakeholders. Massive open online courses can involve creating partnerships between educational institutions in developed and developing countries, Governments, development agencies and the private sector. It is when Governments establish fundamental principles and a clear policy framework that the private sector can be involved in the provision of relevant products and services.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Issues and challenges to the right to education in the digital age 2016, para. 102
- Paragraph text
- An area that poses stupendous challenges is that of controlling online or correspondence providers, many of which operate from locations with no controls at all and offer their own awards, free from regulation. Public authorities must find ways of preventing underqualified or fraudulent providers from acting as universities and from issuing worthless qualifications, including in situations where providers are based overseas and operate through the Internet.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- Qualification systems for connecting skills development and lifelong learning are especially important. During his recent visit to Chile, the Special Rapporteur was apprised of the national qualifications framework for technical and vocational training being developed in the country, which aimed to organize learning process es as a continuum that included standardizing the qualifications of students in the education system and promoting lifelong learning through the certification of skills and recognition of prior learning. The Ministry of Labour in Chile was increasing training in cooperation with the private sector to create opportunities and certify skills for employment, entrepreneurship and the emerging needs for lifelong learning.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur notes the initiatives being taken in some African countries to establish national qualifications frameworks. The national qualifications framework in South Africa provides a mechanism for awarding qualifications on the basis of the achievement of specified learning outcomes prescribed by industry. It allows for the accumulation of credits and recognition of prior learning, which fosters lifelong learning. The national vocational qualifications framework in Nigeria furnishes another example in addressing the assessment of vocational qualifications. Certification of skills relevant to the labour market acquired through technical and vocational education and training is indeed important in the process of lifelong learning.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- Developing countries, especially the least developed countries, cannot meet the changing needs of learners in terms of knowledge, skills and competencies. Providing citizens with possibilities for engaging in lifelong learning is a challenging task. International cooperation for lifelong learning is thus critically important. The Special Rapporteur commends the concern expressed in this regard in the normative framework of ILO: "increase technical and financial assistance for developing countries and promote, at the level of the international financial institutions and funding agencies, coherent policies and programmes which place education, training and lifelong learning at the centre of development policies ".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 97
- Paragraph text
- The concept of education and learning as a continuum, no longer limited by age, is now globally recognized. As the Special Rapporteur has highlighted in the present report, education and learning are perceived as a continuing process, along with training as its valuable component. Those conceptual developments have led to the emergence of the right to learning, integrally linked with the right to education and training. The normative bases of adult or continuing education laid down in international human rights conventions have been expanded by instruments elaborated by UNESCO and ILO to endow lifelong education, learning and training with a legal framework. That evolution has also been followed in some countries, which have adopted education laws, policies and strategies on lifelong learning.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur commends the report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century entitled Learning: The Treasure Within ("Delors report"), which brought to the fore the need to rethink and broaden the notion of lifelong education as a continuous process and its importance in providing everyone the opportunity as "an ongoing process of improving knowledge and skills". Learning throughout life was perceived as "the heartbeat of society" and was underpinned by a conception of education in which the formal system was linked to the informal system, in which age was not a barrier to the pursuit of education, and which was centred on four key pillars: learning to know, learning to do, learning to live together and learning to be.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Issues and challenges to the right to education in the digital age 2016, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- Digital technologies are ubiquitous only in principle; in real life, their presence is fractured by the digital divide.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Issues and challenges to the right to education in the digital age 2016, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- The emerging trend of giving qualifications through massive open online courses for distance learning is concerning, as many of the usual modalities of university instruction and assessment are lacking. Often, students enrolled in massive open online courses are not assessed, or are inadequately assessed, and are not given certificates. Although institutions have started to award credits for massive open online courses and novel forms of certifications such as badges are being introduced, these are still seen as an inferior form of educational outcome and an inadequate indication of the quality of learning. Such criticisms may be more relevant to universities in the global North.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Issues and challenges to the right to education in the digital age 2016, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- The signatories to the declaration adopted at the International Conference on Information and Communications Technologies and Post-2015 Education, held in Qingdao, China, affirmed their collective understanding of how to unleash the full potential of information and communications technologies for education and for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. They also reaffirmed their commitment to the Incheon Declaration and the Education 2030 framework for action and to the use of technology to strengthen access to and inclusion in education.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Issues and challenges to the right to education in the digital age 2016, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- In the light of the rise of online and web-based learning, the Special Rapporteur considers it important to recognize the limits of the pedagogical value of technology-based and distance education, putting a premium on face-to-face learning and human interactions in education. All forms of online education may help increase access to higher education, but only if they are a supplement to, and not a replacement for, proven pedagogical practices. Very high enrollment rates for massive open online courses are offset by their extremely low completion rates, which traditional face-to-face teaching does not suffer from.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur notes that lifelong learning is also reflected in education laws. For example, the General Education Act No. 18.437 (2008) of Uruguay enshrines education as a fundamental human right in its article 1 and provides that the State shall guarantee and promote quality education for all its inhabitants, all throughout life, facilitating continuing education. In Finland, the Government instituted a decree in 2009, creating the Council for Lifelong Learning, an expert body operating within the Ministry of Education to foster cooperation between the world of education and work and to further improve the conditions for lifelong learning and adult education.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Issues and challenges to the right to education in the digital age 2016, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- In spite of progress made, there are still inequalities in higher education, particularly in developing and least developed countries.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Issues and challenges to the right to education in the digital age 2016, para. 108
- Paragraph text
- Digital technologies are revolutionizing the provision of education. Multiple learning pathways, such as e-learning, massive open online courses and open educational resources, are contributing to the diversification of learning approaches. Disparities in access to digital technologies persist, however, and countries need to bridge the digital divide. Marginalization and exclusion compromise the principles of social justice and equity, which are key pillars of the United Nations system's work on peace and development.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Issues and challenges to the right to education in the digital age 2016, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur recognizes the importance of the ongoing work of UNESCO in preparing a global convention on the recognition of higher education qualifications. He hopes that it will address the issue of fake degrees by online providers of education and that it will contain provisions as regards qualifications and certificates issued upon completion of online courses. Moreover, it is important to look into the range of issues arising from the awarding of degrees and diplomas by virtual universities, which lack face-to-face teaching and learning.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Issues and challenges to the right to education in the digital age 2016, para. 124
- Paragraph text
- Within the scope of their respective mandates, when considering the right to education in their dialogue with States, the United Nations human rights treaty bodies should look into the use of information and communications technologies and its repercussions on the right to education. They should especially consider whether the downside of using such technologies is kept in view and policies are in line with human rights law and the internationally established framework for safeguarding the right to education while addressing the digital divide.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Issues and challenges to the right to education in the digital age 2016, para. 128
- Paragraph text
- States should work towards creating an exception to copyright law, nationally and internationally, that permits developing countries to make use of any information or material for non-profit education purposes. Such an exemption would better balance the public interest in promoting and improving education in developing countries within the framework of a modernized international copyright framework. To this end, UNESCO, in collaboration with the World Intellectual Property Organization, should explore the possibility of creating an international open licensing framework for education resources, in consultation with stakeholders.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 89
- Paragraph text
- In stipulating that "for the individual learner, lack of funds should not be an obstacle to participation in adult learning and education programmes", the UNESCO Recommendation on Adult Learning and Education expresses the moral obligation of all providers of adult learning. Member States may consider offering co-financing and setting incentives to facilitate learning. For example, individual learning accounts, subsidies (vouchers and allowances) and support for training leave for workers might be considered.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
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