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Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur wishes to draw the attention of the General Assembly to the dangers of these policies, not only for migrants, but also for the migrants' societies of transit and destination. Research studies have already demonstrated that many enforcement mechanisms designed to prevent irregular or unauthorized migration, including harsh policies of interception, carrier sanctions and immigration control activities, may themselves be responsible for violence and abuse and may have the side effect of encouraging the expansion of smuggling and trafficking networks.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur welcomes the positive impact that recent large-scale regularization exercises have had on the lives, working conditions and realization of the human rights of former irregular migrants. The Special Rapporteur wishes to mention an illustrative number of examples of these programmes, which have been implemented in some countries in the Latin American region. Between 2002 and 2006, Mexico implemented a large-scale regularization programme, which included 15,000 non-documented migrants, mostly from countries in Central America. In 2008, Mexico adopted a new regularization programme for undocumented migrants who entered its territory before 2008, to be implemented between November 2008 and May 2011. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela implemented "Mission Identidad" (Identity Mission) between 1998 and 2006, which benefited approximately 415,000 irregular migrants who had lived undocumented in the country for many years.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur wishes to draw special attention to the large-scale regularization programmes in Argentina, which have been implemented in the context of the economic and financial crisis and have been used by the Government as a strategy and an effective tool to successfully overcome the crisis. In 2004, Argentina adopted its "Patria Grande" programme, including Decree No. 1169, which included a comprehensive approach to address irregular migration under the framework of the Migratory Law (Act 25875). The latter framework establishes that nationals of States Members MERCOSUR (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay) or associate States (Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)) with no criminal background can obtain legal residence in Argentina. This programme has benefited 800,000 irregular migrants and contributed to a decrease in both the number of undocumented migrants and the unemployment rate.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur has received information on some promising legal provisions aimed at replacing immigration detention. Information received indicates that alternatives to immigration detention may vary from cost-effective options already available in several legal systems such as release on bail, bond and surety, conditional release, return to custody for specified hours following release for employment, schooling or other defined purposes, to more innovative schemes such as open and semi-open centres, directed residence and restrictions to a specified district. Information received by the Special Rapporteur indicates that examples of legal presumption against immigration detention are found, inter alia, in the legislation of Austria, Brazil, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Lithuania, New Zealand and Switzerland.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur welcomes the interest and activities undertaken by international organizations and civil society to explore, together with Member States and other stakeholders, alternative measures to immigration detention as a way to help States improve their compliance with their human rights obligations in relation to the treatment of migrants. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur praises the pilot project on alternatives to detention for families with children who are awaiting return that has been carried out in Belgium since October 2008 as a practical and positive example of greater cooperation between Governments and civil society in monitoring and evaluation of alternative measures to detention.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- The enjoyment of human rights by migrants, regardless of immigration status, is a crucial means to ensure equitable human development and social development and justice for migrants. Migrants can play an active role in the social and economic development of host countries and contribute to the development of countries of origin and transit, particularly when their human rights are fulfilled in a manner that ensures equal opportunities and gender equality. Human rights, together with gender and age-sensitive strategies, should therefore feature prominently and systematically as an integral part of the overall strategy to achieve development in the context of migration.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 67
- Paragraph text
- Migration governance should be clearly human-centred, and grounded in human rights law, and it should therefore recognize the inherent dignity of every human being, promote equality and the prohibition of discrimination and fully incorporate the principle of equal opportunities and choices for all so that everyone, regardless of immigration status, can develop their own unique potential and have a chance to contribute to development and social progress. Ensuring that all migrants, regardless of their immigration status, enjoy their internationally recognized human rights at all stages of the migratory processes in countries of origin, transit and destination should be the guiding principle of migration governance.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 68
- Paragraph text
- In the Special Rapporteur's view, the international community has created an important momentum for enhanced international cooperation in addressing the multifaceted issues raised by the international movement of people, as advocated by the Secretary-General in his report on international migration and development in 2005. In his view, it is imperative that human rights are fully incorporated in all migration-related processes and that a rights-based approach to migration features prominently at the policy and decision-making levels on migration governance-related issues. In light of the foregoing, the Special Rapporteur wishes to put forth a number of general recommendations for further consideration and action.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- Efforts directed to adopt a human rights-based approach to migration governance should be redoubled. States and other stakeholders should systematically be guided by, and further the realization of, human rights standards contained in and principles derived from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments, including the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, in all migration initiatives, including those implying multi-stakeholders cooperation and technical assistance and in all phases of the migration process.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- In particular, the Special Rapporteur wishes to take this opportunity to draw the attention of Member States to a number of reports he received on violations of migrants' rights to health and adequate housing. He emphasizes that the enjoyment of these rights by all individuals in society regardless of their citizenship, nationality and immigration status is not only an end in itself as a matter of entitlement, but also a crucial means to ensure equitable human development and social integration of migrants in host societies. Migrants can play an active role in the social and economic development of host countries, particularly when their fundamental rights, such as the rights to health and adequate housing, are fulfilled in a manner that ensures equal opportunities and gender equity.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- Various treaty bodies have expressed concerns that migrants and their families are often subject to discrimination in practice in the areas of employment, housing, health care and education. In the wake of the global economic crisis, discrimination and xenophobia have increased, as has the corresponding negative impact on the enjoyment of human rights by migrants. Increasingly, States have enacted restrictive measures which adversely affect the enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing, arguably as a means of deterring irregular migrants and promoting "voluntary" returns to countries of origin. Such laws discriminating against migrants or programmes and policies which fail to address the specific needs and vulnerabilities of migrants often make it difficult for migrants to obtain access to basic services or permit access only at levels that do not meet international human rights standards.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- Further, the criminalization of irregular migration as well other related measures of immigration control may indirectly preclude the enjoyment of human rights by irregular migrants. Laws imposing requirements for public servants, health professionals, judiciary and other stakeholders to report irregular migrants to the police or immigration authorities effectively deny such migrants access to health care and housing, as well as access to justice, as they become reluctant to seek public services or legal remedies, fearing negative consequences flowing from the detection of their irregular status.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur is also concerned about a general lack of comprehensive policies and measures aimed at protecting and promoting the rights to health and adequate housing for migrants. The absence of such policies and measures may give rise to violations of the States' obligation to take steps towards the full realization of these rights. For instance, newly-arrived migrants may face a variety of challenges in accessing health care or housing, given their limited command of the language of the host State and their lack of knowledge of the laws and systems in the host countries. The enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants would be effectively hampered in the absence of necessary support, such as the provision of language training or free information on relevant laws and regulations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- Entitlements and access to health care for migrants and the level of such care vary enormously, depending on the State in focus as well as on immigration status. It may range from emergency care to expansive health coverage for all, including migrants in irregular situations. On one end of the spectrum, regular migrants satisfying certain conditions may have entitlements comparable to citizens of host States, although there may be differences between long-term and short-term migrants with regard to entitlements and access. On the other end, non-nationals may not be able to access life-saving medication, because facilities deny treatment on the basis of "being foreign" or not having a national identity document. What may exist between the two extremes is the payment for preventative and primary health care, including urgent or emergency care and free medical service on certain restricted grounds. Most countries, however, link access to non-emergency health care to migrants' immigration status.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- While States have developed different criteria for what constitutes emergency health care, this regrettably does not address the fundamental issue of not conditioning health care to a person's immigration status. In this regard, mere commitment to emergency care is unjustified not only from a human rights perspective, but also from a public health standpoint, as a failure to receive any type of preventive and primary care can create health risks for both migrants and their host community. Experts have suggested that given the relatively small proportion of migrants in irregular situations and their underutilization of services, providing them with access to preventive and primary care rather than with delayed emergency intervention may actually lower the costs of the health system. In this context, the Special Rapporteur stresses the critical importance of providing migrants with essential primary health care, given that migrants may often have to self-medicate and use health services at a later stage in the progression of their ailments than members of the host community.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Article 12 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women guarantees the right to access health-care services, including family planning services, on a basis of equality of men and women. This provision is particularly pertinent, as migrant women and girls face specific challenges in the field of health. They may be subject to sex- and gender-based discrimination, such as mandatory HIV/AIDS, pregnancy or other testing without their consent, as well as sexual and physical abuse by agents and escorts during transit. In host States, many female migrants are employed in relatively low-skilled jobs within the manufacturing, domestic service or entertainment sectors, often without legal status and little access to health services. They are often subject to exploitation and/or physical and sexual violence by their employers or clients. They may be particularly vulnerable to HIV and have few alternative employment opportunities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 89
- Paragraph text
- States should ensure that evictions are carried out only in exceptional circumstances and in accordance with international human rights law. Affected individuals should be fully consulted and informed in advance of any planned evictions in languages they understand, and should be provided with alternative accommodation and compensation, and due process rights. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur encourages States to refer to the Basic Principles and Guidelines on Development-Based Evictions and Displacement formulated by the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing (A/HRC/4/18, annex).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur commends efforts undertaken by Governments to ensure migrants' access to economic and social rights, regardless of immigration status. For example, the Migration Law (Law 25.871 of 2004) of Argentina recognizes the State obligation to ensure equal access to, inter alia, shelter, social services, public goods, and health for migrants and their families, regardless of immigration status. In Spain, all migrants, regardless of immigration status, are also entitled to register in the local government's register, which is a requirement for, inter alia, having access to education and health care. It is worth noting that the content of the registration information is not shared with immigration authorities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- A number of initiatives have been also undertaken at the regional level. For example, the Migration Policy Framework for Africa, adopted by the African Union in 2006, aims at developing a coordinated migration policy based on common priorities, including the interlinkages among migration, poverty and conflict as well as between migration and health. In 2008, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights also developed the Guidelines for the Preparation of Progress Indicators in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in which it recommends that States consider groups and sectors enduring situations of severe inequality which limit their enjoyment of social rights, including migrants in irregular situations. In the Asia-Pacific region, there are initiatives, such as the Joint United Nations Initiative on Mobility and HIV/AIDS in South-East Asia, which seek to develop and strengthen policies, legislation, plans and mechanisms to ensure universal access by migrants to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support services throughout the migration cycle.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur notes with concern that the criminalization of irregular migration has particularly negative implications for the protection of human rights of specific groups. He further notices that the reasons that may prompt persons to flee their countries of origin do not always coincide with the reasons internationally recognized as grounds for seeking and recognizing the status of refugees, but which nevertheless can leave such persons in a vulnerable situation and in need of protection of their human rights.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur wishes to draw the attention of the General Assembly to the millions of people who have not been formally denied or deprived of nationality but who lack the ability to prove their nationality, or, despite documentation, are denied access to the many human rights that other persons under the jurisdiction of States enjoy. He also wishes to draw attention to allegations about deportations of persons with mental disabilities without judicial guarantees, including the right to be assisted by a lawyer.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Persons with disabilities
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur wishes to recall that persons who are in need of international protection are often unable to travel out of their country, or into a safe country, where they can seek asylum. With the increasing use of mandatory visa requirements, asylum-seekers who may not be able to get passports in their country of origin without putting their lives in danger have no option than to resort to irregular means to travel and enter safer territories.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur wishes to draw the General Assembly's attention to the impact and consequences that immigration-related detention of adults may have on their children, particularly in connection with their rights to development, family life and mental health. In his view, adopting a child-rights approach, which considers the child's best interests, will require alternative policies to address the migration status of their parents, including measures that facilitate regularization, access to social rights and family unity, rather than resorting to the criminal justice system.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- The attention of the Special Rapporteur has been also drawn to initiatives undertaken by trade unions, such as the operation of a seasonal work centre for migrant workers by the trade union confederations Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail and Force Ouvrière of France, in partnership with employers and local government representatives. The centre provides information to migrant workers on, inter alia, their rights as well as on housing and operates a building to house hotel workers during the hotel season.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- As a matter of fundamental principle, States should fulfil the "minimum core obligation" to ensure the satisfaction of minimum essential levels of primary health care as well as basic shelter and housing for all individuals within their jurisdiction, regardless of their citizenship, nationality or immigration status, including migrants, migrants in irregular situations, migrant children and women. In times of severe resource constraints, the vulnerable members of society must be protected by the adoption of relatively low-cost targeted programmes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- In discharging his mandate, the Special Rapporteur has come across a number of initiatives, activities and policies implemented by Governments, intergovernmental and civil society organizations and the private sector that reflect commitment to the realization of human rights while managing irregular migration. The Special Rapporteur wishes to highlight a number of those practices, policies and programmes and, while emphasizing that the list is not exhaustive, to encourage all parties to submit to him information on other pertinent practices, policies and programmes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 75b
- Paragraph text
- [States should consider that irregular migrants are generally in a very vulnerable condition and that irregularity is due to several factors (including restrictive migration policies, social exclusion and marginalization as well as demand for labour in countries of destination). States should accordingly:] Design and implement programmes, plans and policies to address irregular migration in a comprehensive and holistic way, without resorting to its criminalization;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 79
- Paragraph text
- States should provide appropriate training to civil servants working in the area of migration and health and sensitize them on the issues of discrimination against migrants, particularly with respect to migrant women and girls and children. States must ensure that migrants are not denied access to health care due to uncertainty among public service providers, such as nurses and doctors, about what the law allows them to do for migrants.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- Migrants in detention are sometimes confined in overcrowded locations without adequate health care, food, sanitation or safe drinking water. Some are also subjected to prolonged or indefinite administrative detention, in conditions which have been denounced by the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants and the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- Breaches of immigration law are considered as criminal offences by a number of countries. Such breaches include: situations of irregular entry; lack of residence authorization; overstay using an expired residence authorization or tourist visa; and unauthorized re-entry after a deportation and re-entry prohibition decision. Some countries also criminalize third party assistance to irregular or non-documented migrants, or oblige third parties to report migrants (or suspected) migrants in irregular situations, a measure that is increasingly being used to discourage migration in general and to deter irregular immigration in particular.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph