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Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 9
- Paragraph text
- Despite some positive developments, the human rights issues raised in the Special Rapporteur's 2013 report persist. The continued ineffectiveness and paradoxes of European Union border management policies and the lack of a coherent, human rights-based approach to migration have been vividly and visibly demonstrated by the deaths of migrants in the Mediterranean Sea. These tragic events have propelled the issue of the human rights of migrants who use sea-based migratory routes into the spotlight. Suffering that is less frequently discussed is also being seen at all stages of migration, including within the European Union.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- Given the European Union's share of global resources and wealth of substantive normative standards, recent deaths at sea and other human rights issues have to be seen as the result of collective political will and policy choices. The suffering of so many and the tendency of migration to take place clandestinely is a symptom of systemic failings within the European Union border management system and a clear sign that the region is losing control of migration despite sustained investment in securing borders. These failings also cut deeper and speak to how the European Union responds to difference and diversity.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- The costs associated with attempting to sustain the status quo are huge. The human costs continue to rise as migrants die at sea and suffer on a large scale at borders, within the European Union, as well as in neighbouring countries. Furthermore, the resources lost through investing into an ineffective system and not maximizing the opportunities to benefit from organized migration are significant.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- To remedy this, the European Union needs to take a whole-system view of migration and review how its related policies and underlying concepts can be shifted to develop a human rights-based approach. Taking a long-term view and banking on mobility over the next 25 years will better place the Union to respond to the significant economic, social and demographic changes that lie ahead.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- A sustained increase in overall migration from third countries has not been seen over the past five years. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) estimates that, in 2012, the European Union experienced a 12per cent decline in migration involving non-European Union nationals. The overall decrease in flows to the European Union is reflective of the fact that the region has broadly deemed migration from third-country nationals to be undesirable and dramatically reduced regular migration opportunities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- The direct secondary effects of this approach can be seen in irregular migration trends. While regular migration to the European Union is decreasing, a clear trend since the 2013 report is an increase in irregular migration and asylum claims. The European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union (FRONTEX) reported that, in the fourth quarter of 2014, irregular migration was at the highest level (100,000 irregular crossings) since 2007, when data started to be shared within the context of the FRONTEX Risk Analysis Network (FRAN).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- Asylum claims have also significantly increased. Having peaked in 1992 (670,000) and again in 2001 (424,200), the number of asylum applications within the European Union fell to just below 200,000 in 2006. From that relative low point, there was a gradual increase in the number of applications until 2012, after which the rate of change quickened considerably as the number of asylum seekers rose to almost 450,000 in 2013.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- Within the global context, the proportion of those displaced by humanitarian emergencies seeking refuge in Europe is still small. As reported by UNHCR, the world is currently experiencing the highest levels of displacement since the end of World War II and, at the beginning of 2015, 1.3 million refugees were registered in Lebanon and 1.9 million in Turkey. In comparison, the European Union assessed around 620,000 asylum applications in 2014.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- Trends in regular migration to the European Union are not affecting all European Union member States evenly. Countries such as Germany, Finland and France have seen increasing flows in 2012, while Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland have experienced a decrease in permanent inward migration.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- Trends in asylum claims too show divergence, with Eurostat figures for 2014 ranging from 126,705 in Germany to 55 in Liechtenstein. Also according to Eurostat, the proportion of applications being processed by Germany, Sweden and Italy went from 37per cent in 2010 to 60 per cent in 2014.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- While a number of precarious, sea-based routes to the European Union exist, by far the most commonly used since 2013 has been the central Mediterranean route. The dramatic increase in the use of that route has tragically resulted in large-scale loss of life. UNHCR estimates that 3,000 people died or went missing at sea in 2014. Events in the first four months of 2015 suggest that the use of this route and the associated avoidable deaths of migrants continue at an alarming pace.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- While the majority of sea-based migration passes through the central Mediterranean Sea, the European Union is aware that, as a result of efforts to secure the border with Turkey, more refugees and migrants have begun taking the route across the Aegean Sea to the Greek islands. FRONTEX reported that during the period from July to September record numbers of migrants used those channels. In October 2014, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees warned that the situation was reaching crisis point.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- Against a backdrop of a poor economic climate, the rise in nationalist populist parties within the European Union and the tragic terrorist attacks in Paris at the beginning of 2015, xenophobia and hate speech have increased. This rise in xenophobia against migrants since the Special Rapporteur's 2013 report is a significant trend relating to how migrants are perceived in Europe, as well as a stumbling block in the development of more progressive policies.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 22a
- Paragraph text
- [A number of positive developments have taken place in relation to the human rights of migrants within the European Union. These include:] (a) Judgements of the European Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Justice, which have challenged externalization practices, "the Dublin logic", immigration detention and access to social protection issues;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 22b
- Paragraph text
- [A number of positive developments have taken place in relation to the human rights of migrants within the European Union. These include:] (b) The work of FRONTEX Fundamental Rights Officer Inmaculada Arnaez Fernandez and her staff, which includes the establishment of a code of conduct for joint return operations, the Vega Children Handbook and the establishment of a mechanism for monitoring fundamental rights.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 22c
- Paragraph text
- [A number of positive developments have taken place in relation to the human rights of migrants within the European Union. These include:] (c) The search and rescue operations provided by both the Government of Italy and FRONTEX through the Mare Nostrum and Triton operations. The Special Rapporteur notes, however, that Triton's operations have been limited, as discussed below;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 22d
- Paragraph text
- [A number of positive developments have taken place in relation to the human rights of migrants within the European Union. These include:] (d) Regular migration initiatives, including the Blue Card system, the seasonal workers directive and the draft student and researchers directive;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 22e
- Paragraph text
- [A number of positive developments have taken place in relation to the human rights of migrants within the European Union. These include:] (e) Efforts by the European Parliament and the European Commission to respond to the current crisis in the Mediterranean Sea;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 22f
- Paragraph text
- [A number of positive developments have taken place in relation to the human rights of migrants within the European Union. These include:] (f) The attention of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights on the human rights of migrants, including at the Agency's 2014 annual conference.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- Despite these positive elements, a continued focus on security continues to structure the way in which the European Union handles border management. A wholesale, coherent integration of the human rights of migrants in policies is missing. The system continues to be characterized by complexity, a lack of harmonization between relevant policies and regional and international human rights standards, limited responsibility sharing and the absence of the political will needed to initiate the required changes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- The current European Union border management system is buckling under the pressure of increased irregular migration, despite the relatively small proportion of those displaced by crisis seeking refuge in the Union.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- As migrants continue to die at sea, and large-scale suffering is experienced at each stage of migration, it is clear that the European Union does not control migration. This lack of control manifests itself in a number of different ways, raising a wide range of human rights concerns, many of which have persisted since 2013 and have gained increasing impetus and urgency over the past two years.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- The use of precarious routes into the European Union, particularly through the central Mediterranean Sea, has increased dramatically since 2013 and resulted in large-scale violations of the right to life, as well as significant human rights abuses at all stages of the migratory process. This form of migration is driven largely by conflict and poverty (push factors), as well as by unmet needs within European labour markets (pull factor). Many of these migrants are being forced to use precarious routes because of their desperate situation and a lack of regular migration opportunities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- Organized smuggling rings are profiting from this lack of regular migration channels, staying ahead of border control initiatives and facilitating crossings through precarious routes in exchange for large payments. Smugglers have displayed a remarkable disregard for the dignity, life and rights of migrants and have systematically exploited those desperate to reach safer soil.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- Commonly, boats carrying migrants to the European Union leave from: Egypt and Libya when using central and eastern Mediterranean channels; Morocco and Tunisia when using the western Mediterranean; and Turkey when using the Aegean Sea route. Many migrants have come an extremely long way, including from sub-Saharan countries and countries in the Middle East, to make these journeys. Migrants travelling through the Sahara are subjected to horrific treatment, including rape and other forms of violence.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- When migrants reach their intended country of departure, they often suffer further violations of their rights. The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights has published reports of makeshift camps with extremely poor conditions that are run by migrants in Morocco, as well as of migrants locked in small huts by smugglers in Turkey. Smugglers typically charge several thousand United States dollars per person for boat journeys to the European Union. Families with multiple members can pay in excess of US$ 10,000 to make the trip.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- The boat trips themselves are perilous, involving very basic vessels that have limited navigation systems, are not seaworthy and often have insufficient amounts of food, water, fuel, first aid kits and life jackets. Boats are usually extremely overcrowded and sometimes contain more than double the recommended capacity. Once migrants have paid for the journeys, they are often forced to go ahead with their plans despite sometimes having second thoughts when seeing the vessels. Migrants have reported incidents of boats not having captains, with inexperienced migrants being required to navigate, as smugglers do not want to risk being caught by the authorities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- The search and rescue services provided unilaterally by Italy and FRONTEX are a response to these alarming trends (see appendix). In a report to the Special Rapporteur, the European Commission said that Operation Mare Nostrum had rescued over 160,000 persons at sea in 2014 and that Operation Triton was estimated to have rescued approximately 22,300 people between November 2014 and early 2015. In addition, some private and military vessels have saved migrants' lives. However, as underlined by the International Maritime Organization, the support provided to search and rescue operations by merchant vessels should remain exceptional, and States should shoulder the main responsibility for such operations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- While positive efforts to protect migrants' right to life have been made, they remain insufficient. Key challenges include Operation Triton's limited mandate for effective search and rescue operations compared with the mandate of Operation Mare Nostrum, incoherence in search and rescue zone management, tensions between unilateral and regional interventions, disincentives for private and military vessels to provide assistance to migrants, limited resource commitments from member States and difficulties in establishing disembarkation protocols.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- While search and rescue services are a vital part of addressing the human rights challenges faced by migrants trying to reach the European Union by precarious routes, the root causes of the use of these channels must be examined. A key driver is the lack of regular migration channels that reflect the European Union's genuine labour needs and the humanitarian and protection needs of those fleeing humanitarian situations. The European Union's collective response to the Syrian crisis exposes a remarkably intransigent refusal to offer Syrians any significant migration opportunities. Most European Union member States have preferred to look the other way, unsurprisingly pushing migrants to turn to smugglers.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph