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Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur wishes to draw the attention of the General Assembly to the dangers of these policies, not only for migrants, but also for the migrants' societies of transit and destination. Research studies have already demonstrated that many enforcement mechanisms designed to prevent irregular or unauthorized migration, including harsh policies of interception, carrier sanctions and immigration control activities, may themselves be responsible for violence and abuse and may have the side effect of encouraging the expansion of smuggling and trafficking networks.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Regional study: management of the European Union external border and the impact on the human rights of migrants 2013, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- However, the Special Rapporteur notes that this focus on migrants who undertake irregular border crossings has significant relevance, as this is where the most egregious human rights abuses appear to take place. Of the utmost concern are the deaths of irregular migrants attempting to cross into the European Union. Other concerns are the mistreatment of migrants at the border, including practices which infringe their liberty and security, and detention regimes on both sides of the border that fail to adequately respect minimum human rights standards. Furthermore, even before crossing the border to the European Union, whether by sea or by land, migrants are often exposed to serious risks of abuse and exploitation en route, including by smugglers. This is particularly true for women and girls who wait in transit countries and who may be exposed to sexually based violence.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Human rights of migrants in the post-2015 development agenda 2014, para. 89e
- Paragraph text
- [Indicators should include:] Proportion of migrants who are victims of crime, including bias-driven violence;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
The impact of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements on the human rights of migrants 2016, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- Trade unions have been critical partners in the prevention of human trafficking and forced labour. The International Trade Union Confederation and the International Union of Food Workers, for example, have played a critical role in curtailing forced labour in the cocoa industry in Côte d'Ivoire by advocating implementation of the Protocol for the Growing and Processing of Cocoa Beans and Their Derivative Products in a Manner that Complies with ILO Convention No. 182 concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour. A partnership between the confederation of workers Rerum Novarum, of Costa Rica, and the Sandinista Workers' Centre and the Confederación de Unificación Sindical, of Nicaragua, led to the creation of the Trade Union Centre for Migrants, which offers free legal and administrative assistance to all migrant workers seeking regularization and aims to combat trafficking in children by partnering with the local taxi drivers' union.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
The impact of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements on the human rights of migrants 2016, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- Migrant children have unique concerns in the context of trade, as they comprise a significant proportion of child labourers in informal sectors, as well as in the commercial sex industry. In 2010, in the context of the trade agreement between Panama and the United States, the National Bureau against Child Labour and for the Protection of Adolescent Workers was established within the Panamanian labour department. The partnership agreement between the members of the African, Caribbean and Pacific States and the European Union, also known as the Cotonou Agreement, provided for the creation of cooperative education programmes towards the elimination of child labour.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Labour exploitation of migrants 2014, para. 106
- Paragraph text
- Empower migrants, whatever their status, to defend their own human rights without fear of retribution, provide them with appropriate normative, institutional and programmatic tools in that regard, and support them in their fight against abuse and exploitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- Immigration legislation and regulations often restrict considerably the access of migrants to effective recourse and remedies, thus limiting their access to justice. Perpetrators of abuse, exploitation, violations of rights and violence against migrants too often benefit from practical immunity. Effective and accessible justice systems can be tools to overcome exclusion, discrimination and marginalization, through the development of progressive case law on economic and social rights, the enforcement of the human and labour rights of migrants and the systematic enforcement of laws prohibiting their exploitation by private or public actors.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Banking on mobility over a generation: follow-up to the regional study on the management of the external borders of the European Union and its impact on the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- Commonly, boats carrying migrants to the European Union leave from: Egypt and Libya when using central and eastern Mediterranean channels; Morocco and Tunisia when using the western Mediterranean; and Turkey when using the Aegean Sea route. Many migrants have come an extremely long way, including from sub-Saharan countries and countries in the Middle East, to make these journeys. Migrants travelling through the Sahara are subjected to horrific treatment, including rape and other forms of violence.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Labour exploitation of migrants 2014, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- A high proportion of child labourers in agriculture, domestic and different types of informal work, as well as in commercial sexual exploitation, are migrants. Frequent restrictions in access to educational services often leave migrant children with no choice but to work. Child labour in the informal economy includes petty trading, begging, portering, etc. Protection against exploitation is frequently lacking due to insufficient regulation and monitoring, as activities in the informal economy are not always categorized as work. During one of his country visits, the Special Rapporteur was informed of seasonal movements of children to neighbouring countries for begging and other forms of forced labour. He heard about children as young as seven leaving their country on short-term migration to beg, collect cans and pick tomatoes, and perform other types of agricultural work abroad. Migrant children who are domestic workers are at particular risk of abuse due to their young age and isolation from their families, and dependence on their employers. Migrant children who work as domestic workers or who live and work in factories and sweatshops are sometimes confined to the premises of the employer where they face further physical, psychological and sexual abuse.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Labour exploitation of migrants 2014, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- Migrant domestic workers, in particular, are frequently very isolated. Those who never leave their employers' households often cannot communicate with others. When they can, they often do not know how to complain, or who to complain to, and they may fear reprisals, including false accusations of theft, losing their job, indefinite detention and being left on the streets. Reprisals are often a problem when trying to reveal cases of labour exploitation of migrants. As an example, the Special Rapporteur has received information concerning criminal charges of broadcasting false statements against a human rights defender who did research for a report which detailed serious human rights violations by a company with regard to working conditions and labour rights of migrants employed by that company.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Labour exploitation of migrants 2014, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- Employers who violate the human rights of migrants rarely face consequences. The Special Rapporteur has met with numerous migrants, particularly irregular migrants working in informal sectors, who were being exploited by unscrupulous employers. Said employers appeared to enjoy total impunity. Fighting labour exploitation of migrants by sanctioning exploitative employers often seems to be a yet-unfulfilled State obligation, although it would contribute greatly in reducing the pull factor of irregular migration and thereby diminish the power of exploitative smugglers over migrants, by reducing the attractiveness of irregular employment and thus reduce the size of the underground labour markets that are a key pull factor of irregular migration. The EU's Employers Sanctions Directive is a promising initiative in this respect, intended to facilitate access to justice by victims of abusive or exploitative labour conditions, including irregular migrants, but it has yet to be effectively and extensively implemented.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Recruitment practices and the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- Additionally, businesses can support a transition to a total ban on recruitment fees. Increased media coverage of supply chain issues and labour market abuses, pressure from trade unions, and activism within civil society now join to make companies more aware of the reputational and legal risks associated with exploitative labour practices. Institutional investors are also increasingly using a range of ethical practices including labour supply, when screening company risk with a view to both reputational and operational efficiency. There are a number of actions that businesses can take to mitigate these risks and support wholesale transition to an ethical system, including conducting thorough audits of their supply chains to ensure that their contractors and subcontractors do not work with recruiters who charge migrant workers fees. This should include a commitment to ensuring no recruitment fees are paid by migrant workers within high-level policy commitments, refunding any fees paid by migrants, and collaborating with other business stakeholders to mobilize resources to protect workers.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Recruitment practices and the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- Unfortunately, the abuses of migrants' rights go far beyond the significant economic exploitation that is commonly experienced. Unethical recruitment practices can facilitate a broad spectrum of interrelated and mutually reinforcing human rights abuses.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Labour exploitation of migrants 2014, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- While many migrants find decent work, enabling them to improve their social and economic situation, others end up as victims of labour exploitation. The following is a collection of some of the worst practices migrants face in different regions of the world, irrespective of their migration status.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Regional study: management of the European Union external border and the impact on the human rights of migrants 2013, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- Recognize the fact that sealing the external borders of the European Union is impossible, that migrants will continue arriving despite all efforts to stop them, and that, at some point, repression of irregular migration is counterproductive, as it drives migrants further underground, thereby empowering smuggling rings, and creating conditions of alienation and marginalization that foster human rights violations, such as discrimination and violence against migrants.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Developing the Global Compact on Migration 2016, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- Globally, in sectors where regulation is inadequate, such as domestic work, care, construction, agriculture, the garment industry, food processing and packaging, fisheries, extraction and hospitality, migrants unable to get work permits arrive irregularly and are vulnerable to economic exploitation, abuse and violence. States are well aware of this fact, but can do little to reduce the levels of exploitation, and employers take advantage of the fact that migrants rarely complain, mobilize or contest, owing to their lack of status, political capital or access to justice.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. Indicator (d)
- Paragraph text
- [Provide effective access to justice for all migrants] Increased number of prosecutions for human trafficking, labour exploitation and forced labour targeting migrants;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur regrets that States have adopted increasingly aggressive anti-smuggling and anti-trafficking laws and policies, with a criminalization and law enforcement focus, without regard to other key elements such as the fundamental human rights obligations of States. He expresses concern about legislation in some States, which effectively allows victims of trafficking to be treated as criminals rather than victims of crime. Trafficked or smuggled, irregular migrants are in many instances prosecuted or detained because of their irregular migration or labour status as well as for using forged documentation, having left or entered a country without authorization, begging or for having worked in the sex industry. In this regard, he wishes to stress that victims of trafficking must be treated as victims of crime and protected against criminalization, including by adopting laws that protect trafficked persons from prosecution or punishment for trafficking-related offences such as holding false passports or working without authorization.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur observes that large-scale regularization programmes are usually part of a multi-pronged strategy. They are aimed at incorporating workers in the informal "underground" economy into the formal economy, and in that way, to increase their contributions to national tax and social security revenues, limit workers exploitation and abuse and discourage migrant smuggling and human trafficking. He also observes that these programmes usually specify requirements of potential beneficiaries, including length of residence, proof of work and, in some instances, proof of social welfare contributions, age range and nationality (when the regularization programmes target migrants from countries with cultural and historical connections with the host country).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur also recalls the linkage between violence against women and the right to adequate housing. Many migrant women are vulnerable to various forms of violence, including domestic violence, sexual abuse and harassment, physical violence and forced evictions. Such violence is a serious concern for migrant domestic workers, whose options are effectively reduced to either enduring violence or reporting it to the authorities, thereby risking homelessness and eventual loss of employment and deportation. Further, migrant women at risk of homelessness are made even more vulnerable to further violence, such as sexual exploitation and trafficking.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- Further, concern is expressed in particular with respect to independent, unaccompanied migrant children. Unaccompanied children are particularly vulnerable to social exclusion and often have limited access to housing, due to the absence of adults' assistance either via social networks or housing markets. Thus, independent and unaccompanied migrant children are more likely to be homeless or to live in collective dwelling or temporary homes of lower quality, such as shacks and rooms, compared to national children or migrant children with parents or guardians. A study conducted by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) shows that the vast majority of independent migrant children in developing countries often sleep on the streets and in markets, shop fronts and kiosks, which exposes them to inadequate sleep, sexual harassment, robbery and assault. Even where unaccompanied children are provided with housing by the State, they are often accommodated in hostels or bed and breakfast accommodation, which may not be a suitable environment for children.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Labour exploitation of migrants 2014, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur has been made aware of cases of migrants who are recruited by means of deception, for the purpose of economic and sexual exploitation. When the work is exacted (including through deception or false promises on the type of work, and confiscation of passports) from a person under the menace of a penalty (such as the threat of deportation for leaving one's employer), this can amount to forced labour and in some cases servitude. Furthermore, debt, usually due to recruitment loans taken out with a very high interest rate, is sometimes used to coerce migrants to accept work to which they did not originally agree, and thus constitutes a component of forced labour.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Recruitment practices and the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- Unfortunately, the economic exploitation of migrants is not limited to paying recruitment fees. There are reports of agents facilitating severe mistreatment of migrants within the labour market in countries of destination. It is not uncommon for migrants to have no control over the countries that they go to, let alone the specific sector or employer. Contract substitution, whereby migrants arrive in countries of origin and are faced with jobs and working conditions dramatically different from those agreed upon in the country of origin, is also commonplace. Additionally, migrants have reported non-payment of wages, unspecified deductions from wages, and irregular wage patterns. Working conditions can also often be dangerous and dehumanising for migrants. Recruitment agents and subagents can also continue to play an exploitative and abusive role towards migrants in countries of destination, as discussed above.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- Underground labour markets act as a magnet for undocumented migration at the request of exploitative employers and constitute a major pull factor for exploited migrant workers and a key trigger of the smuggling market. It is, however, difficult to reduce those markets significantly owing to the favourable impact of lower labour costs on certain economic sectors, in particular the construction, agriculture, caregiving, hospitality, fisheries and extraction industries, the acquiescence of consumers, the indifference of politicians and the absence of complaints by migrants owing to their fear of detection, detention and deportation. Nevertheless, action needs to be taken to achieve mobility without distortions to the labour market, which would entail considerably reinforcing labour inspection mechanisms, vigorously targeting exploitative employers and empowering migrants to defend their rights.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The human rights of migrants on a 2035 agenda for facilitating human mobility 2017, para. Indicator (d)
- Paragraph text
- [Protect all migrants from all forms of discrimination and violence, including racism, xenophobia, sexual and gender-based violence and hate speech] Significant investment is made in mechanisms for providing information and education on a culture of diversity, the focus of which is to create awareness of the cultural, social and economic contributions of migrants, support the reintegration of migrants and their families into their countries of origin, empower marginalized groups, including migrants, in the social, political and economic fields, and empower migrants to combat all forms of discrimination, labour exploitation, abuse, xenophobia, violence and related intolerance.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Labour exploitation of migrants 2014, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- In its General Comment No. 1 (2011) on migrant domestic workers, the Committee on Migrant Workers identified practices that increase the risk of abuse and exploitation in the workplace for migrant domestic workers, including "dependence on the job and employer because of migration-related debt, legal status, practices of employers restricting their freedom to leave the workplace, the simple fact that the migrants' workplace may also be their only shelter". These risks and vulnerabilities are further aggravated for migrant domestic workers who are in an irregular situation, as they often risk deportation if they contact State authorities to seek protection from an abusive employer. The Special Rapporteur has met with domestic workers who had run away from their employers after severe physical, psychological and sexual abuse. They also reported poor working and living conditions, including excessive working hours, sometimes without meal or rest breaks, no weekly days off, not being given sufficient food, not being paid for several months, and having their passports confiscated. They also suffer threats and intimidation, including that their employer will not renew their visa, have them deported, make false allegations to the police about them stealing from the household, or being thrown out into the streets. One case brought to the Special Rapporteur's attention concerned a migrant domestic worker who was repeatedly physically and sexually abused by her employer. She ran away, ended up in a detention centre and later on, while in a psychiatric hospital, committed suicide.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Labour exploitation of migrants 2014, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- Migrants are often deceived by their recruiters about their salaries, working hours, days off and the nature of the work, and experience exploitative working conditions and non-payment of salaries. Such deception and exploitation can amount to trafficking for labour exploitation. Information available to the Special Rapporteur indicates that recruitment agents are sometimes involved in trafficking of migrants for forced labour. They deliberately deceive prospective migrants about the conditions of work and withhold their passports, knowing they will be exploited.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
The impact of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements on the human rights of migrants 2016, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- Women, particularly those in the care sector, are especially vulnerable to exploitation and abuse, as they work in physical and social isolation. Men too may experience abuse and exploitation, in sectors such as construction and agriculture. The Special Rapporteur believes in the importance of trade agreements providing all migrants with the opportunity to seek redress for human rights and labour standards violations, without fear of detection, detention and deportation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Men
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Regional study: management of the European Union external border and the impact on the human rights of migrants 2013, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- Moreover, measures must be taken in order to effectively sanction employers who abuse the vulnerability of migrants, and in particular irregular migrants, by paying them low or exploitative wages and forcing them to work in dirty, difficult or dangerous conditions. In this connection, Employer Sanctions Directive (ESD) and the Victims of Crime Directive can play an important role protecting migrants in an irregular situation from exploitation. The first question of course is the full and proper implementation of these Directives in national law, and the Commission has assured the Special Rapporteur it will not hesitate to use its powers as guardian of the treaties to ensure correct and effective implementation of ESD. However, it is also imperative that the European Union invest more energy to ensure that migrants are able to access the mechanisms envisaged for their protection, without fear of systematic deportation. For example, while article 6 of ESD contains a number of provisions enabling irregular migrants to lodge complaints, these are not used in practice.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Recruitment practices and the human rights of migrants 2015, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- Violence and intimidation are also perpetrated against migrants by both unscrupulous recruiters and employers. Such violence can be used as a method of control over migrants who challenge their treatment during the migration process, in the workplace in countries of destination, and in pre-departure training centres and accommodation. It has been reported that supervisors within companies or domestic households employing migrants, will exert violence if migrants do not perform their work functions as expected. Sexual harassment and sexual violence are particular risks faced by female migrants working in different sectors. Private agencies recruit many female migrants to work within domestic households, which operate outside the formal economy and in many countries are excluded from labour law protections. Female migrant workers are therefore left in an extremely precarious situation, working behind closed doors, heavily dependent upon their employer, and without any formal protection mechanism. Female migrant workers in such situations have reported incidences of violence, including sexual violence.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph