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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 16
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- Important initiatives include Bolsa Familia and Brasil Sem Miséria in Brazil, Oportunidades in Mexico, Asignación Universal por Hijo para protección social in Argentina, a social transfer scheme in Zambia, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India, the Productive Safety Nets programme in Ethiopia, a universal pension scheme in Namibia and the provision of universal access to basic health services in Thailand. The programme in Brazil has grown from covering 3.6 million families in 2003 to 13.8 million in 2012, while a solidarity-based pension system in Chile went from 560,000 beneficiaries in 2008 to 1.1 million in 2012. In China, the Di bao reforms aim to create social insurance and assistance programmes to protect the entire population against economic insecurity and physical infirmity. Overall, there has, as the World Bank observes, been "an exponential growth in social safety nets, especially cash-based programs".
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Families
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- 2014
Párrafo
Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 79g
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- [States must realize the full potential of tax collection as a tool to generate revenue for the fulfilment of human rights obligations and to redress discrimination and inequality. Human rights principles regarding participation, transparency, accountability and non-discrimination should be followed throughout the whole revenue-raising cycle. For this purpose, States should:] Ensure that people have access to all relevant data and information on fiscal policy and government revenues, including from the corporate sector, and include such information under right to information laws;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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- Special Procedures' report
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 79m
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- [States must realize the full potential of tax collection as a tool to generate revenue for the fulfilment of human rights obligations and to redress discrimination and inequality. Human rights principles regarding participation, transparency, accountability and non-discrimination should be followed throughout the whole revenue-raising cycle. For this purpose, States should:] Proactively disclose information on contracts, concessions and licensing agreements in the extractive sector and related information, including expected tax revenues and export royalty rates;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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- Special Procedures' report
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 17
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- Revenue collection is a critical tool for States in tackling and redressing systemic discrimination and ensuring equal access to economic, social and cultural rights. In order to redress structural inequalities, including gender inequalities, States should evaluate the differential impact of existing and proposed fiscal policies on different groups, in particular those who suffer from structural discrimination. For example, certain tax arrangements that directly or indirectly disincentivize women's participation in the labour force or promote the male bread-winner family model could threaten women's enjoyment of human rights. Meanwhile, a State with a very narrow tax base or that fails to tackle tax evasion may result in its inability to fund social protection or adequate and accessible public services, a situation that is likely to create or entrench inequalities.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 12
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- Although a report as brief as this can only skim the historical surface, at least five factors ensured that social protection in general, and the right to social security in particular, were of marginal importance for most of the twentieth century. First, the artificial and in some respects arbitrary division of the concept of human rights into two different categories of rights governed by very different assumptions, condemned economic and social rights to second-class status for much of this period. Second, the often proclaimed interdependence and indivisibility of the two sets of rights resolutely failed to address in practice the fact that individuals living in extreme poverty were unable to realize effectively many of their civil and political rights. Third, the mistaken notion that civil and political rights are largely costless, while economic and social rights are inevitably extremely costly, was used to legitimize the assumption that social security was a quintessentially costly right and thus only really of relevance to rich countries. Fourth, where it was officially accepted, social security was largely conceptualized as a tool for protecting workers in the public sector and in the formal sector more generally. Thus only minimal efforts were made to develop a more inclusive notion that built upon both formal and informal structures and processes to ensure that all persons were covered by some type of security arrangement. Fifth, many of those problems were exacerbated by the impact of the cold war on the human rights framework. A sixth factor was the extent to which individual United Nations agencies claimed different issues as their own and sought to develop forms of exclusive jurisdictional competence. Under that scheme, social security "belonged" to ILO. The rest of the United Nations system thus more or less kept away from the issue, except in the most general terms. That also meant that, some official rhetoric notwithstanding, the United Nations human rights system developed in relative isolation from what should have been the closely related work of a number of the specialized agencies.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
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- 2014
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 53
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- International civil society groups should mobilize effectively and in coalition with groups in other sectors to advocate and promote the Social Protection Floor Initiative. While the Center for Economic and Social Rights joined with a range of other groups, including Amnesty International, to call for a commitment to social protection floors in the sustainable development goals, the great majority of international human rights groups have said little and done less on the issue. It is essential to acknowledge that extreme poverty, which continues to afflict hundreds of millions of people, is a negation of all human rights. International civil society groups in the human rights field fight valiantly to eliminate torture, to reduce and expose extrajudicial executions, to reduce violence against women, to outlaw discrimination and the oppression of minorities and so on, but if the elimination of extreme poverty is not a central part of the collective human rights vision, it is a highly selective battle that is being fought.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Women
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- 2014
Párrafo
The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 64
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- International support, especially for low-income countries, seeking to develop social protection floors is essential. In 2012, two special rapporteurs put forward an important proposal for the creation of a global fund for social protection. That is a sophisticated and carefully calibrated proposal, which has garnered significant attention at the international level. It seems clear, however, that further reflection is required in order to ensure that the focus and the proposed modalities of the fund are optimal and acceptable to key actors. The Social Protection Inter-Agency Cooperation Board should consider establishing an expert group to review the proposal and to recommend an initiative designed to achieve the objectives identified.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Governance & Rule of Law
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- 2014
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 79j
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- [States must realize the full potential of tax collection as a tool to generate revenue for the fulfilment of human rights obligations and to redress discrimination and inequality. Human rights principles regarding participation, transparency, accountability and non-discrimination should be followed throughout the whole revenue-raising cycle. For this purpose, States should:] Institute fully transparent public oversight over the granting and monitoring of tax incentives, and conduct periodic assessments of social benefits and human rights compliance, informed by broad public participation, especially by individuals who will be most affected; and refrain from granting fixed-term tax holidays and tax stability agreements that may undermine accountability for evolving impact on human rights;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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- Special Procedures' report
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 79f
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- [States must realize the full potential of tax collection as a tool to generate revenue for the fulfilment of human rights obligations and to redress discrimination and inequality. Human rights principles regarding participation, transparency, accountability and non-discrimination should be followed throughout the whole revenue-raising cycle. For this purpose, States should:] Review tax structures, codes and instruments for explicit and implicit gender bias and ensure they do not reinforce existing gender inequalities, including through their impact on unpaid care work;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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- Special Procedures' report
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- 2014
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 33
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- When acting as a member of an international organization, a State remains responsible for its own conduct in relation to its human rights obligations within and outside its territory. This includes identifying the possible human rights impact of measures agreed at the international level, including the impact on persons living in poverty. Therefore, when a State makes decisions about loans as a member of an international financial institution, careful consideration of human rights obligations would mitigate against imposing conditions regarding fiscal policies that may jeopardize the human rights of the borrower State's population or undermine that State's ability to use maximum available resources to realize economic, social and cultural rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Economic Rights
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- 2014
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 27
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- Moreover, States parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights have an immediate core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of all economic, social and cultural rights. These minimum essential levels are entitlements that are crucial to securing an adequate standard of living through basic subsistence, essential primary health care, basic shelter and housing and basic forms of education for all members of society. Even during times of severe resource constraints, States must demonstrate that every effort has been made to use all resources that are at its disposal, including resources that could potentially be collected through taxation, or tackling tax evasion and other illicit financial flows, in an effort to satisfy, as a matter of priority, minimum essential levels.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
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- 2014
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 34
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- In the past, it has been difficult to reach international agreement on tax cooperation owing to the powerful entrenched interests at play and the reluctance of States to cede any sovereignty on tax affairs. In the current status quo, however, certain States - in particular low-income States and States with high debt levels or loans from international financial institutions - have very limited sovereignty over their tax affairs. Indeed, their actions in this sphere are frequently constrained by wealthy countries, international financial institutions and business interests. Tax sovereignty is also undermined by competition for foreign investment between developing countries, creating a "race to the bottom" in terms of both corporate tax rates and incentives.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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- Special Procedures' report
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 53
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- Income distribution and its management through taxation also have a crucial relationship with democracy. Growing income disparities can serve to polarize and fragment societies, which can ultimately lead to alienation and social unrest.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 29
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- States have a duty to provide international assistance and cooperation commensurate with their capacities, resources and influence, as established in Articles 55 and 56 of the Charter of the United Nations and in several international human rights treaties. Particularly important are the obligations of international assistance and cooperation enshrined in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (arts. 2, para. 1 and 1, para. 1), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (art. 4) and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (art. 32), on the basis of the recognition that some countries will not be able to achieve the full realization of economic, social and cultural rights if other countries in a position to assist do not do so.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
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- Personas afectadas
- Persons with disabilities
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- 2014
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 38
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- Taxation policies also have the potential to reduce income and wealth inequalities, depending on their level and progressiveness. This is a crucial goal, because inequalities have been shown to slow the pace of poverty reduction, create intergenerational poverty traps through uneven access to health and education, and increase the vulnerability of societies to economic crises. Some research has shown that improvement in income distribution is the key channel for poverty reduction. In most economies, the redistribution achieved through income taxes is even higher than for means-tested social transfers.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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- Special Procedures' report
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- N.A.
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- Economic Rights
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- 2014
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 49
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- Tax structures also affect other types of inequality; for instance, tax structures frequently discriminate against women directly or indirectly, for example by assuming women's income to be supplemental to their household. This actively disincentivizes wage-earning and therefore could reduce participation in the labour market by women, potentially threatening their right to work. Policymakers should be aware of the extent to which tax policies, such as the treatment of income derived from jointly-owned assets of married couples, strengthen or break down gender inequalities, or discriminate against different types of households.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Personas afectadas
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- 2014
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 47
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- Overall, high tax rates for goods and services and low rates for income, wealth and property bring about inequitable and discriminatory outcomes; indeed, it has been shown that the negative effect of indirect taxes on the income of people living in or on the verge of poverty can be greater than the positive effect of cash transfers. Such regressive tax structures also restrict the redistributive aspect of social programmes, resulting in them effectively being funded by the very persons whom they seek to benefit. Thus, although each country's situation is different, the higher the prevalence of regressive taxes in the mix of revenue-raising sources, the more likely it is that a State will run afoul of the principles of equality and non-discrimination and that the minimum essential enjoyment of rights by the poorest will be threatened.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
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- 2014
Párrafo
Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 52
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- In the same vein, the more a State can rely on domestic rather than external resource mobilization for its financing, the more it will be able to deploy sustainable development strategies and policies that are responsive to the needs of its people and accountable to them. Therefore, a sustainable base of domestic revenue becomes an enabling factor to exercise the right to self-determination and the right of all persons to take part in the conduct of public affairs. In this regard, it will also be crucial to build public confidence that these resources are being well used by, for example, increasing public participation and oversight of budgeting and expenditure.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
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- 2014
Párrafo
The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 34
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- The fact that none of these instruments refers per se to a "right to social protection" raises the question as to whether it should be considered an existing human right, or a new one. In the past, States have understandably been very sensitive about claims that new rights have emerged without requiring specific endorsement by the international community. In this instance, the standard approach of commentators is best summed up in the formulation that: "Social protection is a human right, enshrined in multiple sources of international law." In other words, no claims are needed for novelty, nor is it necessary to argue that the whole is more than the sum of the parts. The right to social protection is thus no more than a combination of the right to social security and the right to an adequate standard of living. Nevertheless, the packaging of those two rights into a single concept is important, both because it highlights the synergy between them and facilitates the development of a package of measures to achieve their shared objectives.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Equality & Inclusion
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 23e
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- [At the international level, definitional issues continue to be controversial, especially in terms of whether social protection floors should be seen as a matter of human rights and whether they should be universal and unconditional. Before examining those dimensions, it is appropriate to take note of the approach reflected in ILO recommendation No. 202. As the culmination of many initiatives, both within and well beyond the ILO context, it has become the principal benchmark against which social protection floors should be designed, implemented and evaluated. The main elements of recommendation No. 202 are as follows:] The basic guarantees should be established by law;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 23g
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- [At the international level, definitional issues continue to be controversial, especially in terms of whether social protection floors should be seen as a matter of human rights and whether they should be universal and unconditional. Before examining those dimensions, it is appropriate to take note of the approach reflected in ILO recommendation No. 202. As the culmination of many initiatives, both within and well beyond the ILO context, it has become the principal benchmark against which social protection floors should be designed, implemented and evaluated. The main elements of recommendation No. 202 are as follows:] While social protection floors should be financed by national resources, international support should be available when needed.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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- Special Procedures' report
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- 2014
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 51
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- Second, an indispensable step is to insist on explicit recognition by key actors that there is a human right to social protection. At present, the right to social security and the right to an adequate standard of living, proclaimed so proudly in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequently often reaffirmed in binding treaty obligations, are ignored or even challenged by the policies advocated by many of the key actors involved in addressing the plight of the hundreds of millions of persons living in extreme poverty. Many leading international organizations and financial institutions still avoid recognizing those rights in their policies and programmes.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Governance & Rule of Law
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- 2014
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 60
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- It is understandable that some of those who have expended great energy on the post-2015 process should consider that only a token reference to human rights and a weak endorsement of social protection are better than nothing and that they will somehow be able over time to put a positive gloss on determinedly lacklustre goals. This is surely not enough. Civil society groups should make clear that a 1960s approach is no longer acceptable in the twenty-first century. Human rights in general should be recognized as both a central goal of sustainable development and a crucial part of the relevant process and a specific right to social protection, as defined in the Social Protection Floor Initiative and ILO recommendation No. 202, should be recognized.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Equality & Inclusion
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- 2014
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 23c
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- [At the international level, definitional issues continue to be controversial, especially in terms of whether social protection floors should be seen as a matter of human rights and whether they should be universal and unconditional. Before examining those dimensions, it is appropriate to take note of the approach reflected in ILO recommendation No. 202. As the culmination of many initiatives, both within and well beyond the ILO context, it has become the principal benchmark against which social protection floors should be designed, implemented and evaluated. The main elements of recommendation No. 202 are as follows:] Protection is to be universal, rather than selective and is to be aimed at "preventing or alleviating poverty, vulnerability and social exclusion";
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
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- 2014
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 24
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- The health-care guarantees of social protection floors have been greatly reinforced by a separate but closely linked initiative emerging from WHO to promote universal health coverage. That concept has been defined in a way that makes it directly compatible with and complementary to the Social Protection Floor Initiative and was endorsed by the General Assembly in resolution 67/81. In elaborating on this concept, the World Health Assembly has consistently made reference to the right to health, underlined the centrality of universal health care in the post-2015 agenda and emphasized the "the importance of accountability through regular assessment of progress".
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Equality & Inclusion
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 33
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- The Social Protection Floor Initiative is not merely relevant to human rights; it is firmly rooted within the rights framework. In its report, the Social Protection Floor Advisory Group described the basic concept as being anchored in shared principles of social justice and in the human rights to social security and to an adequate standard of living. In terms of legal foundations, it added that: "The right of individuals to provision by way of social protection is articulated specifically in a number of international instruments, notably the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Cultural and Social Rights." ILO recommendation No. 202 is very specific in "reaffirming that the right to social security is a human right" and in underscoring the relevance of articles 22 and 25 of the Declaration and articles 9, 11, and 12 of the Covenant.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 38
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- Third, the Initiative, as reflected in ILO recommendation No. 202 closely mirrors the view expressed by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in its general comment No. 3 (1990) on the nature of States parties' obligations that "a minimum core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of each of the rights is incumbent upon every State party." While the minimum core concept has been developed primarily at the national level in the context of judicial approaches, the original intention of the Committee was that a minimum core would be set at the national level by the political authorities and its adequacy would subsequently be subjected to political contestation through the exercise of civil and political rights by those affected.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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- Equality & Inclusion
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 52
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- Third, technocratic solutions, no matter how innovative and data-driven, will not work unless they are genuinely empowering of those whom they purport to help. In that regard, extreme poverty is a classic case study in the centrality of human dignity as a guiding principle of human rights. The poor, we have too often been told by our politicians and others, are usually to blame for their own plight, whether because of laziness, incompetence, mendacity, or whatever. Those unjustified stereotypes provide yet another justification for preferring technocratic approaches through which we measure the poor and work out how we are going to make minimal provision for them, at least in the long term. As Keynes reminded us, in the long term we are all dead. Those living in extreme poverty will be dead even more quickly, so that long-term solutions may be little more than an illusion. Short-term empowerment and respect are what is needed. We need to reassert a common humanity, shared responsibilities and the centrality of human dignity.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 61
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- One of the most prominent proponents of social protection floors and a principal drafter of ILO recommendation No. 202 has called for the drafting of a "United Nations convention on national floors for social protection," on the grounds that this would "create a much more durable instrument than development goals that have to be revised every few decades". While appealing on the face of it, the proposal will certainly fall foul of the clearly demonstrated leeriness of States about creating new human rights treaties. More importantly, it takes insufficient account of the role currently and potentially played by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the treaty body monitoring its implementation. An alternative therefore would be to propose the drafting of an optional protocol to the Covenant. However, aside from the cost and time involved in such an initiative, there is a strong general argument that new instruments should not risk making optional what is already mandatory - in this case the right to social protection under the Covenant.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 79h
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- [States must realize the full potential of tax collection as a tool to generate revenue for the fulfilment of human rights obligations and to redress discrimination and inequality. Human rights principles regarding participation, transparency, accountability and non-discrimination should be followed throughout the whole revenue-raising cycle. For this purpose, States should:] Take measures to build the capacity of all people to understand fiscal policy options, and establish inclusive mechanisms to ensure that they are actively engaged in devising the most appropriate policy options;
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 79e
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- [States must realize the full potential of tax collection as a tool to generate revenue for the fulfilment of human rights obligations and to redress discrimination and inequality. Human rights principles regarding participation, transparency, accountability and non-discrimination should be followed throughout the whole revenue-raising cycle. For this purpose, States should:] Conduct human rights assessments of fiscal policy periodically and with broad public participation, including analysis of the distributional consequences and tax burden borne by different income sectors and disadvantaged groups;
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 79k
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- [States must realize the full potential of tax collection as a tool to generate revenue for the fulfilment of human rights obligations and to redress discrimination and inequality. Human rights principles regarding participation, transparency, accountability and non-discrimination should be followed throughout the whole revenue-raising cycle. For this purpose, States should:] Ensure accessible channels for accountability and remedy for any negative human rights impact of fiscal policy, including by strengthening the capacity of the judicial system and national human rights institutions to address fiscal policy;
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 12
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- States have an obligation to guarantee that human rights are exercised without discrimination of any kind. This is a fundamental pillar of international human rights law and an immediate obligation of all States.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 22
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- Decision-making processes regarding tax and public revenues must therefore be based on full transparency and the broadest possible national dialogue, with effective and meaningful participation of civil society and those who will be directly affected by such policies, including people living in poverty. Fiscal policies should be subjected to the scrutiny of the population during design, implementation and evaluation stages, with the various interests transparently identified. This will require capacity-building and fostering fiscal literacy in the population. The population should have access to all relevant information in an accessible and understandable format, and inclusive mechanisms should be put in place to ensure that they are actively engaged in devising the most appropriate policy options. Owing to the asymmetries of power, expertise and interests in this debate, specific measures should be taken to ensure equal access and opportunities to participate, particularly for people living in poverty.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 79l
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- [States must realize the full potential of tax collection as a tool to generate revenue for the fulfilment of human rights obligations and to redress discrimination and inequality. Human rights principles regarding participation, transparency, accountability and non-discrimination should be followed throughout the whole revenue-raising cycle. For this purpose, States should:] Ensure that extractive industries are subject to appropriate tax rates and export duties, and that the human rights of affected communities and future generations are protected in the exploitation of natural resources;
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 16
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- In revenue collection, compliance with these rights may require States to set up a progressive tax system with real redistributive capacity that preserves, and progressively increases, the income of poorer households. It also implies that affirmative action measures aimed at assisting the most disadvantaged individuals and groups that have suffered from historical or persistent discrimination, such as well-designed subsidies or tax exemptions, would not be discriminatory. In contrast, a flat tax whereby all people are required to pay an equal proportion of their income would not be conducive in achieving substantive equality, as it limits the redistributive function of taxation.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 40
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- Promoting economic growth is also a primary and legitimate concern of State fiscal policies. Progressive taxation can, however, help Governments to achieve more sustainable growth and to distribute the fruits of prosperity more fairly. Indeed, a recent study by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) found that the combined direct and indirect effects of redistribution, including the growth effects of the resulting lower inequality, are on average pro-growth. Many developing countries have experienced significant economic growth in recent decades, although without a proportionate reduction in poverty or inequality, indicating that the benefits of growth have been concentrated in the hands of a few. This is in large part because the proceeds of growth have not been adequately taxed and redistributed, leading to a concentration of wealth that has considerable negative implications for human rights, social cohesion and future economic growth prospects.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 28
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- The obligation to progressively realize economic, social and cultural rights entails a prohibition of deliberate retrogression, namely, of measures that directly or indirectly lead to backwards steps in the enjoyment of rights. There is a strong presumption that such measures are in violation of human rights standards. States may only adopt such retrogressive measures if they can demonstrate that they have carefully considered all alternatives, including revenue-raising ones, and that they are duly justified by reference to the totality of the rights in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in the context of the full use of the maximum available resources. The compatibility of, for example, austerity measures (such as those that many States implemented in the wake of the 2008/09 financial crisis) with the Covenant would therefore depend partly on whether the State has sought revenue-raising alternatives before making cuts in areas that are important for ensuring the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights, such as cuts in public sector employment, public services or social protection.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 36
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- Taxation is critical to finance development and can be a powerful tool for stimulating poverty reduction. Higher and more stable revenues result in increased sustainable investment in public services, infrastructure and other development needs, and improve competitiveness of economies over the long term. Taxes are not the only source of government revenue, but they are arguably the most important, because they combine three critical functions, addressed below: (a) the generation of revenue for the realization of rights; (b) achieving equality and tackling discrimination; and (c) strengthening governance and accountability.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 15
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- While tracing the history of the evolution of the concept of social protection floors through the lens of international organizations is a common approach in the literature, it must be observed that it is both surprisingly ahistorical and gives insufficient weight to the political economy that facilitated the evolution of support for it. It is ahistorical especially to the extent that it underestimates the gradual and cumulative ways in which national initiatives, especially in developing countries, created the conditions in which pioneering national programmes could emerge. Those programmes often ran in very different directions from the policies being advocated by the international community. Since the late 1990s, a diverse range of countries in the global South have developed innovative programmes for social protection, which look very different from the more traditional approaches developed in the North.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 23d
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- [At the international level, definitional issues continue to be controversial, especially in terms of whether social protection floors should be seen as a matter of human rights and whether they should be universal and unconditional. Before examining those dimensions, it is appropriate to take note of the approach reflected in ILO recommendation No. 202. As the culmination of many initiatives, both within and well beyond the ILO context, it has become the principal benchmark against which social protection floors should be designed, implemented and evaluated. The main elements of recommendation No. 202 are as follows:] Social protection floors should include at least basic social security guarantees for health care and also for income security for children, older persons and those unable to work, in particular in cases of sickness, unemployment, maternity, and disability;
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 26
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- The report of the Social Protection Floor Advisory Group was especially critical of the Bank's approach and its critiques are still largely pertinent today. In the report, the Advisory Group noted that: In the social safety net approach, social policies were considered as residual to economic development. The implementation of such measures was driven by the need to provide relief to the poor and vulnerable during structural reform by cushioning the effects of the structural adjustments and facilitating political support to them. These measures were generally temporary, fragmented and targeted to the poor and vulnerable in a needs-based framework.
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 43
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- Proponents of the Initiative have also attached great weight to instrumentalist arguments that suggest a compelling economic pay-off from social protection. The United Nations Development Group, for example, has argued that social protection "is essentially an investment in human capital, which will contribute to greater labour productivity and pro-poor economic growth in the long run" and in the Human Development Report 2014 the authors have noted that "by providing an additional and predictable layer of support, social protection programmes help households avoid selling off assets, taking children out of school or postponing necessary medical care, all detrimental to their long term well-being."
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 59
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- In the realms of human rights and the Initiative, the current draft of the post-2015 agenda is a considerable disappointment. The almost complete omission of substantive references to human rights in the draft is a throwback to the United Nations development decade strategies of the 1960s and 1970s. However, they were drafted at a time when the human rights framework was in its infancy and development was seen largely as a technocratic process. Similarly, the very low standards set in relation to social protection are inconsistent with the high-flown rhetoric of ending poverty in all its forms everywhere. As it stands, the first goal proposed by the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals might be considered to be in violation of deceptive advertising laws designed to protect consumers.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 27
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- In an effort to bridge the gap, the Advisory Group urged the Bank to cooperate with ILO and the United Nations on the Social Protection Floor Initiative. The Bank was initially responsive and its major strategy document in 2012 proclaimed an "emerging global consensus" in this area, noting that its "strategy and engagement" were consistent with the "core principles" of the Initiative. Although that was considered to be a significant development, the strategy itself demonstrated rather little substantive engagement with the Initiative. In 2014, the Bank issued the first in what was described as a series of major reports on social safety nets, thus making clear where its future work would continue to focus. The report appeared simultaneously with the new ILO flagship report on social protection floors and, while situating safety nets within what it calls the broader context of social protection, the word "floor" does not appear even once, let alone "social protection floor".
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 36
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- Another dimension which is of considerable importance, especially in making the case to those who are involved in implementing and monitoring the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, is the extent to which the approach embodied in the Social Protection Floor Initiative mirrors that adopted in relation to the Covenant. Four examples will suffice: first, progressive realization is the standard set in the Covenant and is also the approach adopted by the proponents of the Initiative. As one proponent of the latter has noted "the case for universalism needs to be framed in ways that do not set up false dichotomies or unrealistic expectations."
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 31
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- It must also be acknowledged that even within the United Nations family, there are significant differences in approach. A recent report on social protection floors by the United Nations Development Group explicitly acknowledged such differences and sought to downplay the consequences. It began by acknowledging that social protection occupies different positions within United Nations organizations' mandates and agendas, resulting in "different working definitions and components" being used. But it went on to note, reassuringly and in terms similar to those used by the World Bank, that United Nations organizations nevertheless "have much in common in terms of the desired objectives, principles, and approaches to social protection".
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 40
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- Just as human rights require recognition by law, so too has the Social Protection Floor Initiative emphasized the importance of entrenching the social protection right in national laws and regulations. That dimension has been well captured by the United Nations Development Group: Obligations and entitlements to social protection benefits should be specified in a precise manner, so as to clearly delineate the rights and duties of residents and contributors. To ensure the predictability and sustainability of social protection provisions, laws and regulations should be designed and enforced to support all social protection schemes and services.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 23b
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- [At the international level, definitional issues continue to be controversial, especially in terms of whether social protection floors should be seen as a matter of human rights and whether they should be universal and unconditional. Before examining those dimensions, it is appropriate to take note of the approach reflected in ILO recommendation No. 202. As the culmination of many initiatives, both within and well beyond the ILO context, it has become the principal benchmark against which social protection floors should be designed, implemented and evaluated. The main elements of recommendation No. 202 are as follows:] Social protection floors are nationally defined, in a participatory manner, and reflect national priorities while respecting principles such as non-discrimination, gender equality and social inclusion;
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 23f
- Paragraph text
- [At the international level, definitional issues continue to be controversial, especially in terms of whether social protection floors should be seen as a matter of human rights and whether they should be universal and unconditional. Before examining those dimensions, it is appropriate to take note of the approach reflected in ILO recommendation No. 202. As the culmination of many initiatives, both within and well beyond the ILO context, it has become the principal benchmark against which social protection floors should be designed, implemented and evaluated. The main elements of recommendation No. 202 are as follows:] Implementation should be monitored regularly and periodically evaluated;
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 28
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- While the Bank has participated in the deliberations of the Social Protection Inter-Agency Cooperation Board, recent developments appear to confirm that it is doing so very largely on its own terms, built around risk management and safety nets, and remains reluctant to buy in to the Social Protection Floor Initiative in a meaningful way. Its response to that remark would doubtless be to point to the fact that 870 million of the 1.2 billion people living in extreme poverty, as defined by the Bank, are not covered even by safety nets. Under those circumstances, surely it is only prudent to begin with minimum aspirations? However, the Initiative envisages a gradual ratcheting up of aspirations, rather than the immediate introduction of full-blown social protection floors in low- or medium-income countries.
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 42
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- Social security and social protection have long been dismissed as unaffordable aspirations, particularly in low-income countries. One of the major contributions of the Initiative is that it has addressed in extensive detail the ways in which all countries can potentially afford to put such a programme in place. The most recent and extensive treatment of this issue is contained in the ILO World Social Protection Report 2014/15 and it is not proposed to repeat or challenge that analysis here. It must suffice to say that affordability is certainly crucial to the prospects of success of the Initiative and that the lengths to which its proponents have gone to demonstrate that dimension is impressive.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 58
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- The role of the World Bank in relation to the Social Protection Floor Initiative is crucial. Based on policies pursued to date, it is the single actor most likely to undermine and frustrate the overall Initiative. Unless there is a change of heart on its part, the development community will continue to be pushed to focus on ill-defined social safety nets aimed at a limited number of the extreme poor and as a matter of bureaucratically defined and designed welfare policy, rather than as a matter of human rights. It is therefore indispensable that the human rights community should shine a spotlight on the policies and practices of the Bank in this area and the Human Rights Council should call upon it to embrace the Initiative in all its dimensions.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 79n
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- [States must realize the full potential of tax collection as a tool to generate revenue for the fulfilment of human rights obligations and to redress discrimination and inequality. Human rights principles regarding participation, transparency, accountability and non-discrimination should be followed throughout the whole revenue-raising cycle. For this purpose, States should:] Ensure the public revenue raised from the financial sector is commensurate to the sector's profitability and the risks it generates; implement a financial transaction tax, and consider allocating the revenues specifically to expenditure that can contribute to the realization of human rights;
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 18
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- The right to self-determination, enshrined in both the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, expressly encompasses the rights of peoples (not the State or Government) to freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources. Considering that many natural resources are finite and non-renewable, this right needs to be protected with special care, taking into account the rights of future generations. At the very least, a State's population has a right to enjoy a fair share of the financial and social benefits that natural resources can bring. This requires ensuring participation, access to information and high standards of transparency and accountability in decision-making about the use of natural resources. Where indigenous peoples are involved, States have additional and specific obligations, including ensuring free, prior and informed consent in any decisions regarding the use of their lands.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 14
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- The discrimination prohibited under international human rights law includes any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference or other differential treatment that has the intention or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of all rights. Not all differences in treatment, however, constitute discrimination. A distinction is compatible with the principles of equality and non-discrimination if the differentiation is reasonable and objective, and pursues a legitimate aim under human rights instruments, and there is a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim sought.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 25
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- States must devote the "maximum available resources" to ensure the progressive realization of all economic, social and cultural rights as expeditiously and effectively as possible, even during times of severe resource constraints, whether caused by a process of adjustment, economic recession or other factors. This principle should guide the State's decisions and priorities in generating, mobilizing and allocating resources in order to permit the realization of human rights. The obligation of progressive realization independent of economic growth also exists; it requires the effective use of available resources, including potential resources that could be raised through reasonable efforts, such as taxation measures and international assistance and cooperation. Other areas are also critical for mobilizing resources, including debt and deficit financing, monetary policy and financial regulation.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 13
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- The emergence of the Social Protection Floor Initiative at the international level has been well documented. In telegraphic form, most analyses begin with the harsh adjustment policies associated with the "Washington Consensus" of the 1980s, the reaction to those policies by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and other actors, the World Summit for Social Development in 1995, the poverty reduction strategies championed by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), starting in the late 1990s, and the focus on poverty in the Millennium Development Goals. Social security then began to re-emerge as a priority concern, thanks in large part to the engagement of ILO. It launched a global campaign on social security in 2003, followed by the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization in 2004, along with a series of other steps endorsed by the International Labour Conference.
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 51
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- Historically, the formation of accountable and effective States has been closely tied to the emergence of taxation systems. Fiscal policies can spur State-building and foster citizenship, affect the level and quality of people's participation in public affairs and strengthen the accountability and capacity of the State. Conversely, tax abuse and unfair tax practices erode confidence in government, while States that do not have to rely on tax contributions (but rather on, for example, revenues from natural resources) tend to exhibit lower levels of accountability and participation in public affairs.
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- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 23a
- Paragraph text
- [At the international level, definitional issues continue to be controversial, especially in terms of whether social protection floors should be seen as a matter of human rights and whether they should be universal and unconditional. Before examining those dimensions, it is appropriate to take note of the approach reflected in ILO recommendation No. 202. As the culmination of many initiatives, both within and well beyond the ILO context, it has become the principal benchmark against which social protection floors should be designed, implemented and evaluated. The main elements of recommendation No. 202 are as follows:] The recommendation rests on a strong foundation of international human rights law, which is relatively unusual for ILO instruments. In addition to specific references to various provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, it calls upon States to respect "the rights and dignity of people covered by the social security guarantees";
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 41
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- The Special Rapporteur explores three key areas in which government revenue-raising policies or practices can facilitate the enjoyment of human rights below.
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Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- Progressive tax systems, in particular direct taxes, are one of the most important tools available to Governments in addressing income inequality. Personal income tax is one of the most progressive and important kinds of tax in this regard. Indirect taxes, such as those based on consumption (such as value-added or sales taxes) are typically regressive, because they generally constitute a larger proportion of the income of people living in poverty; for example, in Latin America, on average for the poorest 20 per cent of the population, sales tax accounts for 13.7 per cent of their income, while only 5.8 per cent of income for the richest 20 per cent. Thus, despite exemptions aimed at decreasing the burden on lower-income groups, the poor bear a tax burden 2.4 times higher than that of the wealthiest people. Women, who tend to use larger portions of their income on basic goods because of gender norms that assign them responsibility for the care of dependents, bear the regressive brunt of consumption taxes.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- [States should:]
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
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- 2012
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- States have the duty to protect persons against risks and vulnerabilities in an equal and non-discriminatory manner. Human rights obligations go beyond eliminating discrimination in law, policy and practice, and require States to take special measures to protect the most vulnerable segments of society as a matter of priority, while taking measures to progressively ensure universal protection. In this regard, the human rights approach is fundamental in channelling policies related to the Millennium Development Goals towards those who are most vulnerable and suffer most from direct and indirect forms of discrimination. Such channelling is an element missing from the Millennium Development Goal agenda.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- Several International Labour Organization conventions and declarations also recognize the right to social security, including the Declaration concerning the aims and purposes of the International Labour Organization, to pursue "the extension of social security measures to provide a basic income to all in need of such protection and comprehensive medical care". The main standards are established by Convention No. 102 concerning Minimum Standards of Social Security and Convention No. 128 concerning Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors' Benefits. Convention No. 102 establishes worldwide-agreed minimum standards for all nine branches of social security: medical care, sickness benefit, unemployment benefit, old-age benefit, employment injury benefit, family benefit, maternity benefit, invalidity benefit and survivors' benefit.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- The explicit inclusion of human rights norms, such as the right to social security, in domestic legislation places social protection within a framework of legally binding and enforceable rights and obligations. For example, various State constitutions unambiguously provide for the right to social security. Under such a framework, beneficiaries of social protection become "rights-holders" who can make claims against the State. Similarly, States and development partners become "duty-bearers", responsible for allocating resources to social protection in a manner that reflects human rights principles.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 72
- Paragraph text
- Similarly, while social protection interventions such as cash transfers free up financial resources that families can use to improve their health, such gains risk becoming meaningless in the absence of measures to guarantee universal enjoyment of the right to health, such as ensuring the adequacy of health-care infrastructure. The positive interaction among social protection, human rights and the Millennium Development Goals is strongest when it forms part of a supporting network of social policies (for example, quality standards for teachers and health-care professionals, infrastructure development and public awareness campaigns related to health and education).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 87
- Paragraph text
- Social protection is not a policy panacea and must be regarded as one element in a broad development strategy aimed at overcoming poverty and ensuring the enjoyment of human rights, including equality between men and women. It should be developed in coordination with other policies addressing the various factors causing or perpetuating gender inequality. In most countries, women's vulnerability to poverty would not change with social protection alone. Measures such as ensuring for women access to land, productive resources and credit; fair inheritance rights; full legal capacity; access to justice; and the removal of mobility restrictions are critical to effective development strategies. Moreover, the protection of women and girls from acts of violence against them, and the prevention and punishment of such acts, are essential for improving their standard of living. In this regard, national legislation must be in line with international human rights standards, in particular the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 98
- Paragraph text
- It is widely recognized that social protection interventions do not work in isolation; they must be developed within a broader policy framework, integrating various protective initiatives and ensuring access to essential social services and a favourable economic environment. The present report provides concrete recommendations regarding the core elements of a rights-based social protection system. The adoption of a human rights approach to social protection not only responds to international obligations and commitments, but also improves the effectiveness of such strategies and aligns them with the holistic perspective required to tackle the various dimensions of poverty.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- The overarching goals of the Madrid Plan of Action on Ageing include ensuring the full enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights, and civil and political rights by older persons and the elimination of all forms of violence and discrimination against older persons; achieving gender equality for older persons through inter alia eliminating gender discrimination; and providing quality health care, support and social protection for older persons. The Plan of Action combines a statement of political will with practical recommended actions for States. Given their specificity and level of detail, these are vital tools to guide a State in implementing its political and legal commitments.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights stipulates that "the aged and the disabled shall also have the right to special measures of protection in keeping with their physical or moral needs" (art. 18). The Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol) recognizes the particular vulnerability of older women and requests States to take a number of measures "commensurate with their physical, economic and social needs as well as their access to employment and professional training" and "ensure the right of elderly women to freedom from violence, including sexual abuse" (art. 22).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- Universal pensions require the simplest structure with the lowest administrative costs and therefore are more likely to be successful in achieving their aims. Many developing countries provide universal pensions, such as Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Namibia, Nepal and Samoa. Universal pensions avoid creating disincentives for low-income workers to save for their old age and disincentives for older persons to continue working beyond retirement age. They can also reduce opportunities for corruption, as they are available to all who meet the age requirement and there is no stigma attached.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- States have long recognized that poverty is a complex human condition characterized by sustained or chronic deprivation of the resources, capabilities, choices, security and power necessary for the enjoyment of an adequate standard of living and other economic, civil, cultural, political and social rights. Poverty is not an autonomous choice, but rather a multifaceted situation from which it may be difficult, if not impossible, to escape without assistance. Persons living in poverty are not to blame for their situation; accordingly, States must not punish or penalize them for it. Rather, States must adopt wide-reaching measures and policies designed to eliminate the conditions that cause, exacerbate or perpetuate poverty, and ensure the realization of all economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights of those living in poverty.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- A significant obstacle in breaking this cycle of penalization and poverty is the inability of persons living in poverty to access legal assistance, as they are unable to afford private legal representation and legal aid is often unavailable or inadequate. Without access to competent, comprehensive legal assistance, the poorest and most excluded are further disadvantaged in their dealings with authorities, not only when they are facing criminal charges, but also with respect to administrative procedures such as child protection cases, benefit fraud matters or eviction and immigration proceedings.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- Onerous conditions are often attached to the receipt of social benefits in order to gain political support and assure the public that only the "deserving" poor are receiving support. For example, some conditional cash transfer programmes in low- and middle-income countries pay cash to heads of households (generally women) in exchange for their commitment to do something in return, such as enrolling children in school and ensuring their attendance, or participating in health programmes. Although these conditions do encourage investment in human capital, they also impose additional burdens on women, whose needs are often ignored in designing the programme. The lack of a serious gender approach may perpetuate gender stereotypes about traditional household roles and responsibilities, and trigger domestic violence.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Gender
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Women
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- Women are also exposed to State interference in their private and family lives in other respects. In particular, States' ever-increasing preference for child protection interventions overwhelmingly affects poor women specifically, and persons living in poverty more generally. Research shows a clear and consistent link between child protection intervention and the disadvantage and marginalization of the families involved. Poverty must not be mistaken for child neglect. Often States disproportionately target children in poor families for child protection proceedings instead of channelling their efforts towards addressing the root causes of child poverty.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Families
- Women
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- Penalization measures are often motivated by prejudices and negative stereotypes that ignore the realities of disadvantage and exclusion and fail to recognize the daily struggle of persons living in poverty to overcome the multiple obstacles they face. Poverty is not a lifestyle choice. Homeless persons would prefer safe, affordable, adequate housing to public parks and bus stations. Those struggling to survive on social benefits would rather have secure, regular, well-paying, productive employment than be subject to discrimination and live in constant fear that their entitlements will be taken away. One does not choose to live in poverty, and therefore should not be punished for that situation.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Human rights based approach to recovery from the global economic and financial crises, with a focus on those living in poverty 2011, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- The recurrent crises have taken an extremely harsh toll on the access of those living in poverty to food and nutrition, and limited food subsidies may be a blow that many are unable to bear. Policies that limit or eliminate food subsidies would seriously threaten the ability of States to ensure minimum levels of enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights, particularly for the most vulnerable. These policies may also undermine other efforts to address the effects of the crises through, for example, investments in social protection systems. Higher food costs can have an adverse impact on social protection systems as a result of real losses in the value of cash transfers or income received through social protection.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Food & Nutrition
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Human rights based approach to recovery from the global economic and financial crises, with a focus on those living in poverty 2011, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- In addition to the short-term responses to address immediately the impact of the crises, States must adopt a comprehensive long-term strategy for sustainable development aimed at addressing the root causes of poverty. In this regard, respect for all human rights, including the rule of law, gender equality and empowerment of women, inclusive participation, freedoms of association and expression, and equal access to public services are essential for poverty reduction. According to the circumstances of each State, national development strategies should also support small-scale farming through land redistribution, equal access to financial services and ensuring access to public services and infrastructure in rural areas.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 82h
- Paragraph text
- [In this context, the Special Rapporteur wishes to present the following recommendations:] The design and implementation of social benefit systems must comply with human rights norms, including the rights of persons living in poverty to privacy and family life and to take part in the decisions that affect them. Surveillance policies, conditionalities and other requirements must be reviewed to ensure that they do not violate human rights obligations by imposing a disproportionate burden on those living in poverty. When collecting and processing information pertaining to beneficiaries, States shall ensure that they observe internationally accepted standards of privacy and confidentiality, and shall not disseminate such information to other authorities or use it for other purposes without the consent of the beneficiary;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Human rights based approach to recovery from the global economic and financial crises, with a focus on those living in poverty 2011, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- There is a strong presumption that deliberately retrogressive measures that affect the level of enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights are in violation of human rights standards. Examples of retrogressive measures might include the adoption of policy or legislation with a direct or collateral negative effect on the enjoyment of rights by individuals, or unjustified reductions in expenditures devoted to implementing public services that are critical for the realization of economic, social and cultural rights, such as those which guarantee basic health care, ensure access to primary education, or make available assistance for food and shelter.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Human rights based approach to recovery from the global economic and financial crises, with a focus on those living in poverty 2011, para. 94
- Paragraph text
- To ensure an equitable and sustainable recovery from successive crises, States should redouble their efforts to meet long-standing human rights commitments to provide international assistance and cooperation. Acknowledging that many developing countries have a limited financial and institutional ability to respond to the impact of the crises and cannot afford increased public deficits, developed States should not use the crises to justify cuts in development assistance. Increased international aid could help reduce fiscal pressure for many low-income countries. States should therefore take concrete steps to reach the target of 0.7 per cent of GNP in ODA. To ensure that ODA is effective, it should be given under conditions that respect national ownership and be predictable, transparent and harmonized with national priorities.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Human rights based approach to recovery from the global economic and financial crises, with a focus on those living in poverty 2011, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- Any form of discrimination, such as that based on sex, race, ethnicity or religion, against workers must be prohibited. Workers' remuneration must be fair, allowing for a decent living for workers and their family. Equal remuneration for work of equal value must also be ensured without discrimination of any kind; in particular, women must enjoy equal pay with men. Special protection for women during pregnancy, and for persons with disabilities, must also be put in place. To ensure the implementation of these obligations, States must regulate labour markets and establish mechanisms to strengthen the accountability of private actors. A greater number of avenues for dialogue between employers and workers, and the opportunity for workers to participate in the design and implementation of employment policies, will further assist States in meeting their human rights obligations.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Men
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- Often, there is no mechanism in place to review social policies or administrative decisions that have a major impact on the enjoyment of their rights by persons living in poverty. The lack of remedies for the negative impacts of social policy in the areas of health, housing, education and social security, or for administrative decisions relating to welfare benefits or asylum proceedings, often results in inability to seek redress in cases of violations of key human rights, such as the right to equality and non-discrimination and the right to social security. This is a major obstacle to accessing justice for persons living in poverty, who are disproportionately affected by those policies.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- States not only have an obligation to ensure the enjoyment of the right to education, including human rights education (International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 13) but also an obligation to ensure access to information without discrimination (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, arts. 2 and 19), which implies an obligation to proactively put information of public interest in the public domain and to ensure easy, prompt, effective and practical access to such information for all persons. In the context of access to justice, this requires, for example, that States proactively inform the public about new or changing laws, and make legal materials, such as laws, judgements, trial transcripts and adjudication procedures, available and reasonably accessible.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- Lack of legal aid for civil matters can seriously prejudice the rights and interests of persons living in poverty, for example when they are unable to contest tenancy disputes, eviction decisions, immigration or asylum proceedings, eligibility for social security benefits, abusive working conditions, discrimination in the workplace or child custody decisions. Indeed, exclusion of certain categories of claims from the scope of free legal aid, such as housing or immigration proceedings, or exclusion from representation before quasi-judicial tribunals, such as welfare or employment appeal boards, discriminates against the poor. Moreover, the legal processes which relate to such civil matters are often extremely complex and their requirements onerous, creating insurmountable obstacles for those without the assistance of a lawyer, particularly if the State or other party enjoys such assistance. This is particularly troubling with respect to civil matters involving the most vulnerable groups, such as indigenous peoples, persons with disabilities and ethnic minorities, who often face serious deprivations and violations of their rights, and lack the means or ability to contest them.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- The provision of bail pending trial is often subject to stringent and onerous conditions. In the vast majority of cases, those requirements are impossible to meet for the poorest. Therefore, they are more likely to remain in detention pending trial. This dramatically increases the likelihood that they will ultimately be convicted: not only does it put them in a vulnerable position, in which they will be more inclined to accept unfair "plea deals" or to make admissions of guilt in order to secure a swifter release, it also impedes their ability to liaise with lawyers or obtain character witnesses, and causes them to lose their employment or social housing, thereby creating a disincentive for the court to give a suspended or community sentence.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 85
- Paragraph text
- Considering that the formal justice system is often remote or difficult to access for persons living in poverty, their grievances are often resolved outside the formal justice system through alternative dispute resolution systems, including those based on traditional, customary or religious law. Indeed, research shows that people living in poorer communities are more likely to resort to informal justice systems; in some countries more than half of all legal disputes are resolved in this manner. For persons living in poverty, resolving disputes through a means other than the formal system is not necessarily due to preference but rather to the lack of choice available to them because of the inaccessibility of the State legal order, or to social or economic compulsion.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- Often, the criteria which govern access to State-funded legal assistance are arbitrary and overly restrictive, and rely heavily on means-testing to determine eligibility. Means-testing is often inaccurate and is unable to take account of the wealth distribution within a household, disadvantaging those who have restricted access to household wealth, such as women and older persons. Furthermore, it fails to realistically reflect the options faced by persons living in poverty; for example, it may disqualify individuals if they have the option of disposing of household assets, even if those assets are used to produce food and generate subsistence income for the household.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Women
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 90
- Paragraph text
- Despite challenges in informal justice systems, it is also important to note that State attempts to suppress the use of such systems can have severely detrimental effects on access to justice by the poor.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 9
- Paragraph text
- The right to equality before the courts and tribunals and the right to a fair trial consist of a complex set of rules and practices that include the right to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time and respect of the principles of equality of arms and presumption of innocence, among others. While the rules regarding due process are included in several provisions of international human rights treaties, of particular relevance is article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which provides that "all persons shall be equal before the courts and tribunals" in criminal and civil cases and creates an obligation upon States to ensure that everyone has access to "a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law" in "the determination of any criminal charge against him or of his rights and obligations in a suit at law".
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 4
- Paragraph text
- The line between unpaid care work and other types of unpaid work - for example in subsistence agriculture or family businesses - is not always easy to draw. However, unpaid (non-care) work is included in calculations of gross domestic product (GDP) and systems of national accounts and increasingly recognized in development programming and food security initiatives. In contrast, domestic work and caring for people has remained largely invisible in economic calculations, statistics, policy and political discourse, and is commonly undervalued by society and policy makers, despite the fact that its monetary value is estimated at from 10 to over 50 per cent of GDP. Even human rights advocates and monitoring bodies have so far paid little sustained attention to the human rights implications of unpaid care work. This is highly problematic, given that care not only contributes to well-being, social development and economic growth but also has an enormous impact on the enjoyment of human rights of both caregivers and care receivers.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- The right to work also requires States parties to take positive measures to enable and assist unpaid caregivers to enjoy the right to work without discrimination and to implement technical and vocational education plans to facilitate access to employment. To this end, States will need to actively consider the constraints faced by unpaid caregivers in the design and implementation of plans, programmes and other measures. Moreover, States must take measures to progressively ensure access to quality and affordable public services, such as facilities for children and dependents, that enable caregivers to undertake paid work.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- As part of their core obligations States must ensure the right of access to health facilities, goods, information and services - including in the area of sexual and reproductive health - on a non-discriminatory basis, especially for vulnerable or marginalized groups. They must therefore remove all barriers to access for women living in poverty with unpaid care responsibilities, and provide services that are sensitive to gender and life-cycle requirements, including the demands and constraints of unpaid care work, for example by providing childcare facilities and services within the community. States also have an obligation to ensure, as a matter of priority, access to reproductive, prenatal, postnatal and child health care.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- States must take all appropriate measures to ensure that women can enjoy the same access to, quality of and opportunities in education and training as men. The prohibition against discrimination in relation to the right to education applies fully and immediately to all aspects of education; therefore States must ensure that girls and women can enjoy their right to all types and levels of education on an equal basis with boys and men. This may require the adoption of concrete measures to ensure that unpaid care work in the home does not interfere with their schooling, for example, providing accessible public services and adequate infrastructure to support the unpaid care work in households and communities and reduce its time burden. According to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, States' obligations in regard to the right to education encompass ensuring that communities and families are not dependent on child labour and that third parties, including parents and employers, do not stop girls from going to school.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Families
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- As the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has stated, relieving women of some of the burdens of domestic work would allow them to engage more fully in the life of their communities. In the short term, States must ensure that women's unpaid care responsibilities are not a barrier to their participation in public and political life on an equal basis with men, at the national, regional and local levels (see A/HRC/23/36). In the long term, to ensure women's full and equal enjoyment of this right, States must work towards an equal distribution of unpaid care work, including by tackling traditional gender norms and stereotypes.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personas afectadas
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- In many countries in the global South, growing numbers of women are compelled to migrate in order to provide for the future of their family, often as a result of shortages of well-remunerated jobs at home. Often migrant women take on jobs abroad as domestic workers, in what has been called the "global care chain". Migrant workers therefore fill the unmet need for care services in the richer destinations, while family members that remain at home must devise new strategies for reorganizing tasks and care responsibilities in their absence. Overall, this intensifies the care deficit in poorer countries.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- Unpaid care work can be arduous, stressful, emotionally difficult and even dangerous - for example through exposure to communicable diseases, fumes or burns from cooking stoves or risk of attack or assault while fetching fuel or water. If left unsupported, the mental and physical health of women with heavy unpaid care responsibilities may deteriorate dangerously; for example studies show that HIV/AIDS caregivers experience a negative impact on physical and mental health. Moreover, women with heavy unpaid care workloads may not be able to access adequate healthcare for lack of time or money. This is especially so in contexts where there is no free universal basic healthcare, or where communities living in poverty are underserved by health services.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 6
- Paragraph text
- Persons living in poverty have a right to access justice without discrimination of any kind, and a right to due process, understood as the right to be treated fairly, efficiently and effectively throughout the justice chain. States have assumed obligations in that regard, by committing themselves to respect, protect and fulfil several rights such as the right to an effective remedy (e.g., Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 8; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 2.3; Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, art. 6; Convention against Torture, arts. 13 and 14); the right to equality before the courts and tribunals (e.g., International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 14.1); the right to a fair trial (e.g., Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 10; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, arts. 14-15); the right to legal assistance (e.g., Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 11.1; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 14.3 (b)-(d)); and the right to equality and equal protection of the law (e.g., Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 7; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 26).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- Public policies should position care as a social and collective responsibility rather than an individual problem, and treat unpaid caregivers and those they care for as rights holders. A transformative approach is clearly required under human rights law, including tackling gender stereotypes and traditional roles. In order to move effectively towards this, State policies must recognize and value the importance of unpaid care, but without reinforcing care work as women's sole responsibility or supporting particular models of the family to the exclusion of others.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Human rights based approach to recovery from the global economic and financial crises, with a focus on those living in poverty 2011, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- A significant percentage of post-crises austerity budgets have included proposals to limit the public wage bill by reducing the public sector workforce and cutting or freezing wages of public sector employees. Often these cuts are not progressively implemented, and therefore have a disproportionate impact on the lowest wage brackets. UNICEF has expressed concern that wage cuts or caps might translate into the reduction or erosion of the real value of salaries, as costs of living continue to rise, and may take the form of hiring freezes or employment retrenchment. The serious implications of such developments would be exacerbated by the fact that declines in real wages were already widespread owing to the effect of the global economic and financial crises on the labour market.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- Appropriate mechanisms for coordinating participation must be developed; these should be participatory themselves. In terms of the inclusion and identification of participants, programmes must be targeted to ensure the involvement of all stakeholders who may be or perceive themselves to be affected by the policy, decision or programme in question. The principles of non-discrimination and equality necessitate that participants must be identified in a transparent and proactive way. This should include undertaking a stakeholder analysis or mapping to identify vulnerable or disadvantaged groups with a stake in the outcomes of the decision; ensuring that the most marginalized groups and communities are identified and engaged from the outset, taking into account the obstacles they face; and dedicating resources to reach out to them.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- In order to ensure that people living in poverty can participate on an equal basis, participants should be reimbursed for all costs related to attendance at meetings, including upfront, hidden and opportunity costs. At a minimum, participants must be reimbursed for transportation costs, and, if appropriate, their time, and on-site childcare should be provided. Organizers must provide a secure, safe atmosphere. Participation procedures must allow for the full expression of the views of people living in poverty, in a timely manner and based on their full understanding of the issues involved, so that they may be able to affect the outcome.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 76
- Paragraph text
- In order to create an enabling legal framework, States must ensure comprehensive equality and non-discrimination legislation. This should include explicit prohibition of discrimination on the basis of maternity and family or carer responsibilities in all areas of public life, and the right to equal pay for equal work. These laws and regulations must cover part-time, atypical and informal workers. Similarly, the legal framework must include reproductive rights, prohibit child marriage and remove any remaining family laws in place, including those relating to divorce, inheritance and division of marital property.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Families
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 87
- Paragraph text
- States must ensure that social protection systems do not create significant inequalities between those who have an interrupted participation in the labour force - due for example to parenthood, care for older persons or persons with disabilities - and those who do not. At a minimum, States must provide universal non-contributory social pensions that are sufficient for an adequate standard of living, and ensure that women living in poverty can access them. The introduction of carer credits into a country's pension or superannuation system can provide a method of explicitly recognizing those years spent providing unpaid care.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 94
- Paragraph text
- In order to achieve greater equality in sharing unpaid care work between women and men, in general and within households, the solutions must be public as well as private. It is necessary for the State to facilitate, incentivize and support men's caring, for example by ensuring that they have equal rights to employment leave as parents and carers, and providing education and training to men, women and employers. To facilitate long-term change, educational programmes, to be used in schools and communities, should be developed to challenge stereotypical, traditional male and female roles and promote the concept of shared family responsibility for unpaid care work in the home.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Education
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 104
- Paragraph text
- The construction of new roads, affordable public transport, low-cost electricity, solar and water energy for domestic purposes, and water and sanitation infrastructure are particularly crucial in this regard. In addition, States should increase construction of health care facilities and schools in underserved areas, as well as related infrastructure such as gender-segregated sanitation facilities. Where appropriate, village-level reforestation programmes and local rainwater harvesting schemes can also dramatically reduce the time women spend on water and fuel collection.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- To this end, States should ensure the physical availability and economic affordability of inexpensive technologies, such as grain mills and fuel-efficient stoves, as well as the basic infrastructure, such as electricity, that could significantly reduce the amount and drudgery of women's work within the home. In remote and isolated areas, access to technology for water delivery is particularly relevant. States must facilitate improved and sustainable access to water, particularly in rural and deprived urban areas; they also have an immediate obligation to ensure that women are not disproportionately bearing the burden of water collection.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Gender
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- The right of people living in poverty to participate fully in society and in decision-making is blocked by multiple compounding obstacles - economic, social, structural, legal and systemic. All of these relate to their lack of financial, social and political power. Discrimination and stigma, disempowerment, lack of income, mistrust and fear of authorities all limit the possibilities and incentives for people living in poverty to participate. Due to their lack of status and power, people living in poverty are also particularly vulnerable to corruption, clientelism or co-option. At the most extreme level, poor or marginalized individuals may face reprisal (emanating from State or non-State actors such as corrupt community leaders of business enterprises) if they speak out in participatory spaces, in the form of violence or threats to them, their families, property or livelihoods. Often, the economic dependency of people living in poverty on more powerful individuals or groups may also prevent them from participating or speaking out, even in the absence of concrete threats, for fear of losing their livelihoods. This is a problem particularly in very hierarchical or caste-based societies.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- The principle of equality and non-discrimination requires affirmative action to ensure that everyone has equal opportunities to participate. This means that the barriers that prevent vulnerable and disadvantaged groups from participating must be identified and actively tackled to ensure substantive equality. A human rights approach requires focusing on power asymmetries at the community level and on the removal of physical, economic, legal, cultural and political obstacles that prevent marginalized groups from enjoying their right to participation. Participatory processes should not only avoid perpetuating asymmetries of power in the communities, but should actively seek to enable the most disadvantaged and excluded members of the community to participate as a matter of priority.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- In addition, the principles of equality and non-discrimination require that participatory processes and mechanisms meet the standards of availability, accessibility, adaptability and acceptability.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- Material deprivation and disempowerment create a vicious circle: the greater the inequality, the less the participation; the less the participation, the greater the inequality. When the participation of people living in poverty is not actively sought and facilitated, they are not able to participate in decision-making and their needs and interests are not taken into account when policy is designed and implemented. This exacerbates their exclusion and often perpetuates the privilege of elites who are able to influence policy directly, or of groups such as the middle class who have a considerable voice in the media or other public spaces. Lack of participation in decision-making and in civil, social and cultural life is thus recognized by the international community as a defining feature and cause of poverty, rather than just its consequence.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- Rather than just using meetings to extract information, facilitators and organizers should seek to actively build the capacity of the participants and foster their better enjoyment of rights such as education and freedom of expression. The opportunity to provide workshops or courses relevant to the needs of the participants, for example literacy or leadership training, should be taken. It may be helpful to involve local organizations in building local organizing capacity. Facilitators can also help participants forge useful links - both horizontal links with other communities or community-based groups, and vertical links with decision-makers and relevant officials, for example in the local government.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- In effect, although the Bank's lawyers might be expected to strenuously dispute the proposition, the template just described could be applied in a very similar fashion to justify a human rights policy. Previous legal opinions have left space for the crafting of such a policy, other multilateral development banks and most multilateral and bilateral development agencies have human rights policies and there has been voluminous scholarly research on those issues. The General Counsel's definition of development for the purposes of interpreting the mandate clearly accommodates human rights. There are innumerable ways in which human rights violations have major economic impacts and the poor are disproportionately affected. And, just as with the criminal justice sector, there will be some aspects of some rights which would fall foul of the political prohibition, thus requiring a series of risk management strategies to avoid such problems.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- In the World Report on Disability, jointly published by the Bank and the World Health Organization, the leaders of the two organizations stated that the report aimed to "provide the evidence for innovative policies and programmes that can improve the lives of people with disabilities, and facilitate implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities … This landmark international treaty reinforced our understanding of disability as a human rights and development priority." The report itself is full of practical guidance about how international human rights law is relevant to dealing with disability issues in development.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Persons with disabilities
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Another institutional element is the pressure to approve loans, or as a famous Bank report put it, to "push money out the door". Despite official denials, those pressures continue. In such a setting, it is unsurprising that some see social safeguards and even more so human rights as factors likely to raise costs and delay lending. An internal Bank report observed that management is often uninterested in, or resistant to, work on safeguards and treats it as a box to be checked. However, minimizing safeguard concerns enhances the likelihood of flawed project design, which neglects elements important for success, overlooks likely opposition and resistance, creates ill will and damages the credibility of the Bank. It also assumes, contrary to the findings of a report by the Independent Evaluation Group, that the costs of safeguards outweigh their benefits.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- Low tax demands of the financial sector and lack of regulation may therefore be indicative of a State's unwillingness (rather than inability) to use its maximum available resources. Increasing taxation of the financial sector could play a role in redressing this balance and discourage the excessive risk-taking that led to the crisis. Taxes on certain types of financial transactions have been introduced in various jurisdictions (including in India, Peru, South Korea and Sweden) as a way to raise revenue from the financial sector as well as to deter speculative trading activities that generate risks for the whole of society (in the form of crises or fluctuations in food/fuel prices). This measure could also enable States to better comply with several human rights obligations, in particular those regarding economic, social and cultural rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- If not developed with the indigenous and tribal institutions or organizations that are truly representative of the peoples in question, consultations will not comply with the requirements of the Convention. Notably, in applying the Convention, several judgments of national and regional tribunals have found that the non-participation of indigenous groups in consultation or decision-making processes violated their rights and, as such, a broad set of measures have been judicially ordered, from the invalidation of approval of government projects especially in the mining, forestry and energy sectors, to remedies for those affected.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, although not legally binding, developed further the importance of free, prior and informed consent in matters of fundamental importance for the rights, survival and dignity of indigenous peoples, based on their right to self-determination. "Free" means without coercion, intimidation or manipulation; "prior" implies in advance of the activity or decision being made, with sufficient time for indigenous peoples to undertake their own decision-making processes; "informed" necessitates provision of objective, accurate and complete information relating to the activity, presented in a manner and form understandable to indigenous peoples (A/HRC/18/42, Annex, para. 25).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- Organizers should provide appropriately designed information and tools well in advance, so individuals can make informed choices at each stage of the participatory process. Information should not only be made available, but must conform to the principles of accessibility, acceptability and adaptability. This means information should be made available in a manner accessible to the poorest and most disadvantaged, taking into account the constraints they suffer, including illiteracy and language barriers. It should be free of charge, relevant, up-to-date, understandable, free of technical language or jargon, and in local languages. Outreach and dissemination should be undertaken according to the local context and through channels that reach the poorest, for example, in non-written form, radio announcements or community theatre.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- Second, the policies of the Bank need to reflect the current status of international human rights law, rather than the situation in the 1960s or the 1980s, when its existing policies were frozen into place. Even in the late 1980s, international human rights law was in its infancy and remained relatively contested. There were relatively few human rights treaties and many States had ratified none of them. The cold war dominated and distorted discussions. By contrast, today every country in the world is a party to multiple international human rights treaties and all engage voluntarily in international forums in which they explain and justify their human rights policies and practices. In short, it might have been justified to suggest in the late 1980s that much of the human rights regime was of a political nature. Today that is no longer the case and human rights law is an integral part of the international system.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- The key question then is whether it actually matters if the Bank uses the language of human rights or opts instead for surrogates which are perceived to be less politically loaded or contentious. After all, if it advocates for gender equality, does it really matter if it uses the language of human rights, or whether any reference is made to United Nations standards or the work of bodies such as the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women? Or if the Bank works to expand access to water and sanitation, who cares if it characterizes them as human rights or not? Or if the Bank talks about problems relating to inclusion, participation, governance or the rule of law, does it matter if the issues are framed in "Bank speak" rather than in terms of the human rights obligations of the State? Or if the focus is on assisting those living in extreme poverty, why worry if the Bank assiduously stops short of talking about a human right to social protection? Surely, what counts are results, not scoring points for correct language usage?
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Poverty
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- Diverse civil society actors also needs to think through in a more systematic and nuanced way what exactly they would like to see from a human rights initiative. In the view of the Special Rapporteur, it is debatable whether some of the roles that the Bank has been called upon to undertake in the past are appropriate. The Bank cannot be expected to carry the burden of the expectations of every human rights demand that might be made in a given situation. There are limits to what can reasonably be expected of it and there are legitimate questions related to its mandate and the respective roles that should be played by different actors. Placing unreasonable demands on the Bank merely reinforces the fears of those who are currently resisting change in that area.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The UN responsibility for the cholera outbreak in Haiti 2016, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- In order to resolve the controversy, the Secretary-General, to his credit, established the panel of independent experts in January 2011. In its report, issued in May 2011, the panel expressly rejected the environmental theory. Instead, it found that "the evidence overwhelmingly supports the conclusion that the source of the Haiti cholera outbreak was due to contamination of the Mèyé Tributary of the Artibonite River with a pathogenic strain of current South Asian type Vibrio cholerae as a result of human activity". If the experts had left it at that, the conclusion would have been that MINUSTAH peacekeepers were responsible for the outbreak. But they went on to claim that the dumping of faeces alone "could not have been the source of such an outbreak without simultaneous water and sanitation and health care system deficiencies … coupled with conducive environmental and epidemiological conditions". By adding this observation, the experts suggested that nature, as well as the country's underdevelopment, were also to blame. This enabled them to reach their ultimate conclusion, that the "outbreak was caused by the confluence of circumstances … and was not the fault of, or deliberate action of, a group or individual".
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
The UN responsibility for the cholera outbreak in Haiti 2016, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- In the more than five years since the independent panel of experts submitted its report, there have been many scientific studies that have evaluated the evidence and have added new elements to what was known at that time. It is beyond the scope of the present report to recount the analyses and conclusions of the various studies, but this task has been undertaken systematically in a book published in June 2016. Its author, Ralph R. Frerichs, is professor emeritus of epidemiology at the University of California at Los Angeles and the book provides a painstaking and even-handed assessment of the scientific debates that have taken place. For present purposes, it must suffice to note that the book concludes that the peacekeepers were responsible for bringing cholera. In doing so, it systematically vindicates the conclusions reached by one of the first international experts on cholera to investigate the outbreak in Haiti, Dr. Renaud Piarroux. It also deplores what it describes as a "misinformation campaign to protect the United Nations and the peacekeeping program".
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- Sixth, by refusing to take account of any information emanating from human rights sources, the Bank places itself in an artificial bubble, which excludes information that could greatly enrich its understanding of the situations and contexts in which it works. That includes especially the materials generated by human rights treaty bodies, special procedures mandate holders and the universal periodic review process of the Human Rights Council, as well as analyses generated by NGOs. It is striking that the Bank regularly consults religious leaders, such as the faith-based and religious leaders' round table it held in 2015, but has no comparable meetings with human rights experts.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 68
- Paragraph text
- For most purposes, the World Bank is a human rights-free zone. In its operational policies, in particular, it treats human rights more like an infectious disease than universal values and obligations. The biggest single obstacle to moving towards an appropriate approach is the anachronistic and inconsistent interpretation of the "political prohibition" contained in its Articles of Agreement. As a result, the Bank is unable to engage meaningfully with the international human rights framework, or to assist its member countries in complying with their own human rights obligations. That inhibits its ability to take adequate account of the aspects of its work within countries relating to the social and political economy and contradicts and undermines the consistent recognition by the international community of the integral relationship between human rights and development. It also prevents the Bank from putting into practice much of its own policy research and analysis, which points to the indispensability of the human rights dimensions of many core development issues.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The UN responsibility for the cholera outbreak in Haiti 2016, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- First, it is generally agreed that United Nations immunity is a vitally important principle and that any acceptance of responsibility for the cholera outbreak should uphold that principle.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Extreme inequality and human rights 2015, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- In Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Mr. Piketty shows that in 1970 the wealthiest 10 per cent in Europe owned about 60 per cent of all wealth, while in the United States the figure was about 65 per cent. Today, that share has increased by 5 percentage points in both places. In January 2015, Oxfam International presented figures showing that the richest 1 per cent of the world have seen their share of global wealth increase from 44 per cent in 2009 to 48 per cent in 2014, with a prediction that it will exceed 50 per cent by 2016. Of the remaining wealth, only 5.5 per cent goes to those outside the top quintile.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Extreme inequality and human rights 2015, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Economic inequalities not only impair civil and political rights but also negatively affect the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights. A good example is the right to health. According to the World Bank, "infants from poorer families and children from rural areas are more likely to die than their peers from richer families and urban areas" and the poor are "considerably less likely than the non-poor to have access to high-impact health services, such as skilled delivery care, antenatal care, and complementary feeding." The Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Commission found that "people from lower occupational classes who have less education and income tend to die at younger ages and to suffer, within their shorter lifetimes, a higher prevalence of various health problems" and that "these differences in health conditions do not merely reflect worse outcomes for people at the very bottom of the socio-economic scale but extend to people throughout the socio-economic hierarchy, i.e. they display a 'social gradient'". The World Health Assembly, in its resolution WHA62.14, has also affirmed the recommendation of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health on the need "to tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources".
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Families
- Infants
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 81a
- Paragraph text
- [For the above-mentioned purpose, States should:] Actively pursue international cooperation in tax matters, working towards a multilateral regime for tax transparency that tackles tax abuse;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Extreme inequality and human rights 2015, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- In December 2014, the Secretary-General presented a synthesis report containing his vision for the negotiations of the new sustainable development goals (A/69/700). In the report, the Secretary-General spoke of gross and intolerable inequalities, and argued that income inequality specifically was one of the most visible aspects of a broader and more complex issue, one that entailed inequality of opportunity. He underlined that, as States implemented the new agenda, they must address inequalities in all areas, agreeing that no goal or target be considered met unless met for all social and economic groups. The defining challenge of the time was to close the gap between the determination to ensure a life of dignity for all, and the reality of persisting poverty and deepening inequality (ibid., paras. 65 and 67-68).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Extreme inequality and human rights 2015, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- In a report to the Sub-Commission in July 1994, Mr. Eide focused on the impact of different patterns of income distribution on the enjoyment of human rights and the remedial action to be taken in cases of intolerable levels of income inequality. He did not examine the question of how the enjoyment of human rights affected the structure of income distribution and avoided discussing the causes of inequality because they had already been the subject of an enormous body of literature of an ideological and dogmatic nature. He argued that gaps in income between rich and poor at the national level should be given attention to the same extent as gaps in income between nations (see E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/21, paras. 12, 14, 18 and 21).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Marginality of economic and social rights 2016, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- None of this is to suggest that these other endeavours are not of major importance, but the argument is that they will have far less impact where the RIA framework is not in place.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Marginality of economic and social rights 2016, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- It is essential for the proponents of economic and social rights to acknowledge the deeply rooted nature of the continuing strong resistance to the very concept of economic and social rights as human rights. The adoption of more resolutions and the holding of more meetings should not be permitted to conceal this fact. The reality is that governments have not accidentally overlooked the significance of the recognition, institutionalization and accountability (RIA) framework. On the contrary, the widespread failure to ensure that these three building blocks are in place in relation to economic and social rights is the principal symptom of the resistance. Proponents of economic and social rights need to acknowledge and tackle this deeper political reality rather than sailing merrily along as though there is widespread and basic agreement on economic and social rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Marginality of economic and social rights 2016, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- A conception of human rights that implicitly accepts a radical hierarchical distinction between the two sets of rights - civil and political rights, and economic, social and cultural rights - is one that is fundamentally incompatible with international human rights law. Just as importantly, it offers no solution to the increasingly urgent challenges posed by radical and growing inequality and widespread material deprivation in a world of plenty. The economic and social rights agenda is thus too important, and its neglect has too many powerfully negative implications for the overall human rights enterprise, for it to be marginalized by mainstream actors and left to a handful of specialist groups to struggle to give it the place that law and justice demand.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Marginality of economic and social rights 2016, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- It has been suggested that "countries are choosing social rights constitutionalism over other ways to promote well-being and the fulfilment of basic human needs". A systematic and detailed study of economic and social rights in national constitutions provides detailed evidence to support this optimistic assessment; 195 constitutions were examined with a view to identifying which of 16 separate economic and social rights were recognized and, where they were recognized, whether the constitutions classified them as justiciable or aspirational (such as directive principles of State policy). Over 90 per cent of the Constitutions recognized at least one economic and social right. In around 70 per cent of the Constitutions, at least one economic and social right was explicitly justiciable and around 25 per cent of them recognized 10 or more justiciable economic and social rights. In order of frequency, the justiciable rights concerned education, trade unions, health care, social security, child protection and environmental protection. The study found that those six rights appear in over half of all Constitutions.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
The UN responsibility for the cholera outbreak in Haiti 2016, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- In contrast, special procedures mandate holders have been consistently critical of the refusal to take responsibility. In particular, successive Independent Experts on the human rights situation in Haiti have warned since 2012 of the costs of silence and denial on this issue. In 2016 the Independent Expert called for the urgent creation of a commission "to quantify the harm done, establish compensation, identify responsible parties, halt the epidemic and take other measures" (A/HRC/31/77, para. 102).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- Even within the same country, competing conceptions of social protection might coexist. In Mexico, for example, scholars have suggested that while approach of the federal Government emphasizes targeting and good behaviour by the beneficiaries in order for conditional cash transfers to occur, the policies adopted in the federal district of Mexico City attach greater importance to inclusiveness, democratic content and social citizenship.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- The leading human rights groups should thus engage actively with the Coalition for a Social Protection Floor, as well as taking their own targeted initiatives.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- The Social Protection Floor Initiative should also be a focus of attention for many of the special procedures mandate holders dealing with relevant issues. The initiative is of particular importance for those concerned with the rights of children, women, persons with disabilities, older persons and others.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Older persons
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Human rights based approach to recovery from the global economic and financial crises, with a focus on those living in poverty 2011, para. 87
- Paragraph text
- States should ensure that staff in key Government departments are trained and have the analytical skills to assess the human rights implications of their decisions. States should also put in place coordination mechanisms to ensure communication and information-sharing between Government departments on human rights-related issues.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- The goals and policies of the Bank have changed radically since 1944. The Articles of Agreement contain no mention of either of its current proclaimed "twin goals" of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity. The General Counsels have played a key role in the necessarily dynamic interpretation of the Articles required to reflect and justify that evolution.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The UN responsibility for the cholera outbreak in Haiti 2016, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- In summary, what is at stake is the Organization's overall credibility in many different areas. Its existing position on cholera in Haiti is at odds with the positions that it espouses so strongly in other key policy areas. It has a huge amount to gain by rethinking its position and a great deal to lose by stubbornly maintaining its current approach.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Marginality of economic and social rights 2016, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights contains three principal types of obligation. The first, and the most consistently ignored or underestimated, is the obligation to recognize each of the particular rights. The second is to take steps through all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures. The third is the obligation to "guarantee" the exercise of the relevant rights without discrimination.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- To fully respect dignity and autonomy, participatory processes must be meaningful for those living in poverty and they should be able to exert influence over the final outcome. They should be included in all stages of the relevant decision-making processes so that they have the chance to set priorities or question the agenda in fundamental ways.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- The rights to participation, accountability, transparency and access to information are critical human rights principles that also apply to fiscal policies and must be implemented throughout the policy cycle, from design of budgets and tax codes, allocation of expenditure, through to monitoring and evaluation of impact.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
The UN responsibility for the cholera outbreak in Haiti 2016, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- It is also noteworthy that having so enthusiastically embraced the panel's no fault statement, the United Nations effectively rejected some of its other key suggestions for screening and prophylaxis, an approach strongly challenged in a recent report by a group of experts.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 81b
- Paragraph text
- [For the above-mentioned purpose, States should:] Enact clear legislation and regulations to ensure that companies domiciled in their territory respect human rights in their operations everywhere, including in tax planning practices;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- Women face compounded difficulties in accessing legal aid in criminal and civil matters. This has a particular impact on poor female victims of criminal offences such as domestic violence, or those pursuing divorce, child custody or land inheritance.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Gender
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- [States should:] Ensure that laws give due weight and consideration to the interests of persons living in poverty and the abuses which affect them
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- [States should:] Allow and support collective litigation when structural or systemic issues affect the rights of persons living in poverty
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 4
- Paragraph text
- The neoliberal policies encapsulated in the 1980s-era Washington Consensus can be seen, especially in retrospect, to have greatly exacerbated economic insecurity, whether or not that was the intent. The State was assumed to be intrinsically inefficient and corruption-prone, and this led to constant pressure to shrink all those parts of it that provided social and basic economic services to the populace, while vindicating and reinforcing the State in its role as the regulator facilitating and legitimizing the privatization of the economy. Social security and social protection was transformed, including through the explicit policies of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, into a minimalist notion of “social safety nets” designed to avoid the very worst outcomes and make the State look beneficent while empowering officials dedicated to devising ever more efficient “targeting” mechanisms and to rooting out overinclusion while playing down underinclusion. The objectives of promoting tax reform and prudent fiscal policies turned into a race to the bottom to set the lowest individual and corporate tax rates, attracting businesses through expensive exemptions, turning a blind eye to illegal or unconscionably evasive tax practices, and eliminating estate taxes and other measures that would bring about even minimal redistribution. Privatization was promoted even in relation to what were once seen as basic State functions, such as prisons, education and security. In some States, even the justice system has been partly privatized, whether through onerous court fees for the poor or the channelling of consumer and other complaints into private arbitration.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- Some authors on the left of the political spectrum have been enthusiastic supporters of basic income. Guy Standing, a labour economist, has popularized the notion of a “precariat”, a very large segment of the population, whose lives are “dominated by insecurity, uncertainty, debt and humiliation. They are becoming denizens rather than citizens, losing cultural, civil, social, political and economic rights built up over generations”. He argues that in an ever more unequal society, the precariat’s relative deprivation is severe. According to Standing, a basic income would allow people to move in and out of the labour market more easily and would “enable citizens to accept low wages and to bargain more strongly”. Standing has also been involved in important pilot projects in India.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- For its part, the human rights community has had all too little to offer in response to the profound challenges associated with deep economic insecurity. The human rights to an adequate standard of living, to work and to social security have been very low on the list of priorities of the major human rights groups and of the principal international and regional human rights organizations, with the exception of the International Labour Organization (ILO). The reasons for this include long-standing arguments that economic issues belong on the agenda of economic rather than human rights bodies, a perception that human rights specialists are not qualified to engage with issues that are presented as technical matters of economic policy, a preference to avoid addressing issues involving redistribution of income or expenditure from a human rights perspective, and the assumption that if civil and political rights are protected, respect for economic and social rights will automatically follow.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- Proposals for a form of basic income have been floated by thinkers for centuries. Proponents of the idea trace its historical origins back to Sir Thomas More’s Utopia (1516), Johannes Vives’s On Assistance to the Poor (1526), and the works of the Marquis de Condorcet, Charles Fourier, Victor Considerant, John Stuart Mill, Bertrand Russell, George Cole, Herbert Simon, and various other political scientists, economists, and public intellectuals. Perhaps the most detailed and specific early set of plans for basic income and related social protection arrangements was put forward by Thomas Paine, a key figure in both the French and American revolutions, in The Rights of Man (1792) and Agrarian Justice (1797).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- Philosophers on the left, such as Kathi Weeks, have defended basic income from an autonomist Marxist perspective, arguing that it “attempts to address … the realities of post-Fordist work, to offer a measure of security in an economy of precariousness”. The philosopher Michael Howard supports basic income, claiming that it is not incompatible with Marxism or socialism and should be combined with strategies for full employment. But others on the left have been critical. Alex Gourevitch argues that basic income is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for eliminating authoritarian work conditions, which he sees as the biggest challenge.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- Another famous example is the Bolsa Família in Brazil — Latin America’s largest conditional cash transfer programme — which was introduced in 2004, building on earlier, smaller, cash transfer programmes. Indigent and poor families wanting to receive the cash benefit are required to visit health clinics regularly and/or to meet minimum school attendance requirements. Brazil also has unconditional cash transfer programmes, such as the Benefício de Prestação Continuada, which is disbursed to the elderly and to individuals with disabilities living in low-income households. The Bolsa Família was enacted the day after another law that established a citizen’s income for every Brazilian citizen or foreigner residing in the country for more than five years, regardless of their socioeconomic condition. But the latter law was never implemented and is often confused by the public with other existing minimum income programmes.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- Van Parijs and Vanderborght admit that a universal basic income at 25 per cent of GDP per capita would result in “far higher rates of taxation because of the need to keep funding other public expenditures”. They then proceed to point to some (relatively small-scale) basic income experiments, negative income tax experiments and econometric models, none of which provides a clear answer on affordability. After discussing alternative financing models, such as taxes on capital, nature, money and consumption, they conclude that “none of these alternative sources offers a panacea, or any robust assurance that a generous basic income is economically sustainable, or any reason to believe that, in the short run at any rate, we can dispense with the income tax”. That leads them to explore alternatives to their core idea of a universal basic income — including a categorical basic income, a household basic income and tax surcharge, and their preferred alternative, a partial basic income: “one that makes no claim to being sufficient to live on if one lives alone”.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 66b
- Paragraph text
- [One of the biggest challenges in relation to basic income is to move beyond its chameleon-like character. There are many versions of it, and each is supported by a diverse array of actors, precisely because they see different attractions in the concept. To assess the utility and acceptability of basic income from a human rights perspective, it is helpful to identify the main categories of motivation.] Efficiency, in terms of avoiding welfare fraud, duplicative programmes, double-dipping, and bloated bureaucracies. As one commentator rejoiced: “we get to fire a couple of million bureaucrats”;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- The Economist, relying upon the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s “universal basic income calculator”, concludes that the United States could pay every citizen $6,300 per year if it scrapped all its non-health transfer payments. In other words, if it paid its citizens 25 per cent of GDP per capita ($13,956 per year) as Van Parijs and Vanderborght propose, it would need to raise taxes to cover the difference between $13,956 and $6,300. The Cato Institute calculated that paying 296 million United States citizens the poverty-line amount of $12,316 per year would cost $4.4 trillion. Even if all federal and state social assistance spending for the poor (around $1 trillion) and all “middle-class social welfare programmes such as Social Security and Medicare” (depending on the calculations, costing between $2.13 and $2.5 trillion) were eliminated, there would still be a funding gap of roughly $1 trillion.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Health
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- The most prominent path chosen to date has focused on respect for labour rights. But significant questions arise as to whether the tools used to tackle economic insecurity in that context have been, or are likely to be, effective in responding to the emerging conditions in the global labour market. For example, in its general comment No. 18 (2005) on the right to work, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights calls on States “to reduce to the fullest extent possible the number of workers outside the formal economy”, “to ensure that privatization measures do not undermine workers’ rights”, and to ensure that enhanced labour market flexibility does “not render work less stable or reduce the social protection of the worker”. All of these important objectives are grounded in human rights law, but the question is how best to respond to the reality that the trends in most industries seem to be heading rapidly in the opposite direction.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- Sixth, and most important, the debates over social protection floors and basic income need to be brought together. They have thus far been kept largely separate, in a counterproductive and ultimately self-defeating way. It is true that there are points of divergence between the two concepts, but they have vastly more potential if their synergies are recognized, rather than being ignored. Among the differences are the following: (a) the social protection floor mostly draws on experience in developing countries, while basic income advocates tend to emphasize developed countries; (b) social protection floors aim to guarantee both income security and access to essential social services, while basic income schemes only guarantee income; (c) the concept of basic income security is broader than basic income cash transfers, since it also includes in-kind transfers; (d) social protection floors focus not only on achieving social guarantees for all, but also on gradually implementing higher standards; (e) social protection floors are not viewed as alternatives to social insurance institutions, while some basic income proponents aim to replace existing social insurance institutions; and (f) the Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202) is premised upon human rights, unlike most basic income schemes. But the proponents of the two approaches have an immense amount in common, and if it is recognized that basic income is not an idea that can be achieved in a single leap, there could be no better and more elaborate and widely supported programme than that for the social protection floor.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- A basic income could have vastly different effects, depending on the starting point. In wealthier countries with more established social welfare systems, there is a greater risk that replacing existing social support schemes would leave the poor worse off. But in a country with only a minimal social support scheme in place, any regular, unconditional transfers to the poor and marginalized would be a net positive in the absence of more attractive alternative schemes such as a social protection floor. Despite the importance of the current debate in India and the pilot projects in Kenya, most of the policy debate has focused on developed countries and their specific needs and perspectives. If the concept is to achieve broader uptake, the debate needs to be expanded and diversified.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- However, many social insurance and social assistance programmes that are integral parts of the welfare state differ in crucial respects from basic income. A study of 108 countries where child benefit or family benefit schemes were anchored in national legislation found that only 49 of them had non-contributory schemes. And contributory schemes generally only cover those in formal employment. They are therefore not universal, and often impose conditions, such as actively searching for work or undergoing medical tests. Moreover, they often go well beyond a floor, by compensating in part or in full for lost earnings.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Families
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- While Van Parijs and Vanderborght claim that such programmes are “still a long way from an unconditional basic income”, others have argued that experience with these cash transfer schemes “gives empirical support to arguments in favour of a universal unconditional basic income”, and that they offer guidance for the optimal design of basic income schemes in high-income countries. Still, whether these existing cash transfer programmes are a stepping stone to full basic income schemes remains uncertain. Lavinas has argued that the Bolsa Família is the “antithesis” of a citizen’s income and “cannot be seen as a starting point toward a universal and unconditional income”.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- Many of the benefits of a new convention or protocol could be achieved immediately through appropriate action on the part of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. It has already made an important contribution through its adoption in of general comment No. 19 (2007) on the right to social security. The content and assumptions of that general comment are entirely compatible with the Social Protection Floor Initiative, but it was adopted long before the concept of social protection floors was taken up at the international level. Thus, it does not build on the concept of social protection as such, does not use the terminology of "floors" and of course makes no reference to ILO recommendation No. 202 or other important recent developments. The Committee should give careful consideration to adopting an approach which would give much greater prominence in its work to the right to social protection. This should involve much more than just a formal statement and should include the adaptation of its methods of work so that one of its principal focuses is on the steps taken at the national level by each State party to the Covenant to establish a social protection floor. The Committee could also set up a working group to monitor progress in relation to social protection floors and to facilitate a more interactive and participatory process to enable it to make a major contribution to the international campaign to establish universal social protection.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- In order for legal and institutional frameworks to comply with core human rights principles, they should spell out eligibility requirements, provide for mechanisms to ensure transparency and access to information about programmes, define the various roles and responsibilities of all those involved in implementing the programme (e.g. Governments at the national and local levels, international organizations and civil society organizations), and establish accessible complaints mechanisms. Finally, they should set the ground for participation channels for beneficiaries.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- Particular attention should be paid to economic justifications for penalization measures. Economic reasons are not only outside the range of limitations permissible under human rights law, they also contradict the reality that the implementation of penalization measures is extremely costly. Penalization measures necessitate greater numbers of law enforcement and public service staff; increase the number of individuals in the penal and criminal justice systems; and require considerable outlays on administrative monitoring procedures, such as means testing and benefit surveillance.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 76
- Paragraph text
- Accessibility also requires that policymakers assess and take into account any possible discriminatory impact of the manner in which grants or transfers are disbursed. For example, owing to limited mobility (such as that of persons with disabilities and older persons), lack of familiarity with electronic methods of payment (such as through the use of debit cards and mobile phones) and the gender impact (such as when queues are guarded by armed personnel), modes of disbursement could have unintended discriminatory effects.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Persons with disabilities
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- There are many examples of social protection programmes that directly target improvements in the school enrolment of children of beneficiary households by imposing conditionalities (co-responsibilities) related to school attendance and performance rates. Moreover, programmes that lack an explicit focus on schooling can also have a positive impact on the education level of children. For example, research shows that social pensions (non-contributory pensions for older persons) in Brazil, South Africa and Namibia have been used by grandparents to pay their grandchildren's school fees.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Education
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Older persons
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Human rights based approach to recovery from the global economic and financial crises, with a focus on those living in poverty 2011, para. 99
- Paragraph text
- In their negotiations and agreements with international financial institutions, States' obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights should be taken into account to ensure that economic, social and cultural rights are not undermined. In the context of responding to the crises, States must take care not to agree to loan conditions that might compromise their ability to meet their obligations regarding the realization of human rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- States must not dismiss the distribution of unpaid care work between women and men as a matter for the private sphere. As stipulated in article 2 (e) of the Convention, the obligations of States include their duty to act with due diligence to prevent violations of rights by private actors, and the gendered division of labour in households is no exception in this regard. Inequality in these matters reflects and underlies many other aspects of discrimination against women and therefore has much wider implications for women's equality in society.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personas afectadas
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Human rights based approach to recovery from the global economic and financial crises, with a focus on those living in poverty 2011, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- Taxation reform that comes in the form of cuts, exemptions and waivers may also disproportionately benefit the wealthier segments of society, discriminating against people living in poverty. States that institute tax cuts will decrease the resources available to realize their economic, social and cultural rights commitments and increase the risk that they will be unable to meet their obligation to utilize the maximum available resources for their fulfilment.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Human rights based approach to recovery from the global economic and financial crises, with a focus on those living in poverty 2011, para. 72
- Paragraph text
- Human rights standards relating to working conditions require States to ensure just and favourable conditions of work, including safe and healthy working conditions, reasonably limited working hours and paid annual leave. The right to form and join trade union organizations and engage in collective bargaining must be ensured. Workers must have access to a social security system that provides for the broadest possible coverage (such as health care, sickness compensation, old age pensions and compensation for employment-related injuries).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Marginality of economic and social rights 2016, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- Although the topic cannot be dealt with in the present report, it should also be noted that the constitutional recognition of economic and social rights may well be overshadowed or undermined by parallel and far more effective processes involving the constitutional and legal enshrinement of austerity measures. This refers primarily to the use of regional integration, bilateral and multilateral trade and investment agreements, or international financing arrangements, to privilege competing interests that effectively trump human rights considerations.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Human rights based approach to recovery from the global economic and financial crises, with a focus on those living in poverty 2011, para. 93
- Paragraph text
- States need to focus efforts on a recovery that can prepare for and mitigate the effect of future climatic crises, through, for example, social protection programmes that provide economic security to individuals most likely to be affected by crises. States should also make human rights impact assessments and risk analyses prior to initiating climate change mitigation or adaptation projects in order to avoid adverse effects on the enjoyment of human rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- This report focuses on the intrinsic value of participation as a fundamental right to which individuals are inherently entitled by virtue of their humanity. This right to take part and exert influence in decision-making processes that affect one's life is inextricably linked to the most fundamental understanding of being human and the purpose of rights: respect of dignity and the exercise of agency, autonomy and self-determination. The right to participation imposes concrete obligations on States voluntarily assumed in several binding human rights instruments.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Extreme inequality and human rights 2015, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- There is greater awareness of this principle today, as reflected, for example, in the Secretary-General's observation that progressive tax policies can play an important role in addressing inequality and poverty and in his exhortation that Governments consider a combination of progressive income taxes and highly redistributive transfers to decrease income inequality and its impact on social development (see A/67/394, para. 56). It cannot be said, however, that current policies in the human rights area have come anywhere near recognizing the fact that tax policy is, in many respects, human rights policy. The regressive or progressive nature of a State's tax structure, and the groups and purposes for which it gives exemptions or deductions, shapes the allocation of income and assets across the population, and thereby affects levels of inequality and human rights enjoyment. Appropriate redistributive measures through taxation and other fiscal policies must be seen as an integral part of a commitment to ensuring full respect for human rights across the entire society. Even IMF now acknowledges that "extreme caution about redistribution - and thus inaction - is unlikely to be appropriate in many cases". It also acknowledges that "on average, across countries and over time, the things that governments have typically done to redistribute do not seem to have led to bad growth outcomes, unless they were extreme" and that "the resulting narrowing of inequality helped support faster and more durable growth, apart from ethical, political, or broader social considerations".
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 82e
- Paragraph text
- [In this context, the Special Rapporteur wishes to present the following recommendations:] Access to legal representation is of utmost importance and underpins all forms of penalization of persons living in poverty. States shall ensure quality legal aid for the poorest segments of society, not only for criminal proceedings but also with respect to issues which are particularly relevant for persons living in poverty, such as social benefit appeals, eviction and child protection procedures;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- The rights of carers should be explicitly recognized in legislation, with reference to their right to social security and their right to an adequate standard of living, including through income support where necessary. These rights can be elaborated through the development of national care standards and/or carer recognition legislation with enforceable obligations, based on human rights principles including equality and non-discrimination, self-determination, autonomy and participation.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 79c
- Paragraph text
- [States must realize the full potential of tax collection as a tool to generate revenue for the fulfilment of human rights obligations and to redress discrimination and inequality. Human rights principles regarding participation, transparency, accountability and non-discrimination should be followed throughout the whole revenue-raising cycle. For this purpose, States should:] Increase reliance on personal and direct taxes, and design all taxes in ways that reduce regressive impact and gender bias;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- [States should:] Expand the geographical reach of the justice system (police, prosecutors, courts, legal aid, etc.) in particular in rural and remote areas, by: Considering innovative measures such as mobile courts, one-stop justice shops, street clinics and homeless courts to increase practical access to justice for persons living in poverty, particularly the homeless and those living in rural communities
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 82a
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that international economic bodies and financial institutions, in particular IMF, the European Union, the World Bank, the European Central Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development:] Consider human rights obligations and impact when setting conditions and policies in the area of fiscal policy; in particular, promote progressive rather than regressive taxation and ensure that all States are granted space to conduct counter-cyclical fiscal policies;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- Governments must challenge the myth that social pensions are a burden to the economy and the stereotyping of older persons as a burden to development. Indeed, social protection systems may act as economic stabilizers in critical periods and can have positive repercussions on local economies. For example, studies show that in rural areas, old-age pensions have an overall positive impact on the protection of poor rural communities affected by the adverse effects of agriculture reform and encourage local economic activity.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 97
- Paragraph text
- In such contexts, the income security and empowerment that a social pension provides is vital. However, the importance of social pension for women must not absolve States of their duty to take other measures to ensure gender equality and protect women against gender-based violence. In most countries, women's vulnerability to poverty will not change with a social pension alone. Measures such as access to land and economic resources for women, fair inheritance rights and full legal capacity are essential to improve their standard of living.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- Support for these measures is not based on strong evidence of their effectiveness and economic efficiency, but rather on discriminatory stigmas and stereotypes, perpetuated by the media, that portray recipients of social benefits as lazy, dishonest and untrustworthy. Requirements and conditions are often underpinned by strong paternalistic attitudes; policymakers believe that they are acting in the best interests of persons living in poverty, who cannot be trusted to make decisions for themselves and their families.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Families
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 67
- Paragraph text
- The inability to access competent, comprehensive legal assistance presents a serious threat to the human rights of persons living in poverty. Without adequate representation or advice individuals are more likely to be convicted. While in detention they have no accessible means of protesting infringements of their rights, such as unsafe or unsanitary conditions, physical or mental abuse or lengthy delays, and there is a higher likelihood that they will be requested to pay bribes, which they will experience difficulties in paying.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 86
- Paragraph text
- Informal justice systems are often more accessible to persons living in poverty and may have the potential to provide quick, affordable and culturally relevant remedies. However, informal justice mechanisms frequently exhibit some of the same weaknesses as State systems. For example, they may exclude women, minorities and disadvantaged groups, be susceptible to corruption and abuse of power, require payment from claimants or impose heavy fines, and in some there may be frequent lengthy delays in deciding cases.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Women
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
The UN responsibility for the cholera outbreak in Haiti 2016, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- On 3 November 2011, a petition was lodged with MINUSTAH on behalf of some 5,000 cholera victims claiming (a) a fair and impartial hearing; (b) monetary compensation; (c) preventive action by the United Nations; and (d) a public acknowledgement of United Nations responsibility and a public apology. Sixteen months later the Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs replied, noting that "the United Nations is extremely saddened by the catastrophic outbreak of cholera, and the Secretary-General has expressed his profound sympathy for the terrible suffering caused by the cholera outbreak". The Under-Secretary-General went on to make what seems to be an indirect reference to the theory that the earthquake that had occurred nine months earlier was the real culprit: "The cholera outbreak was not only an enormous national disaster, but was also a painful reminder of Haiti's vulnerability in the event of a national emergency." After recalling the independent panel's "confluence of circumstances" and no fault findings, the Under-Secretary-General deemed the claims "not receivable pursuant to Section 29 of the 1946 Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations". That provision requires the United Nations to provide for appropriate modes of settlement of disputes of a private law character to which it is a party, but the Under-Secretary-General considered the claims not to be of a "private law character" because their consideration "would necessarily include a review of political and policy matters".
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
The UN responsibility for the cholera outbreak in Haiti 2016, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- Issues of fundamental principle have not, as the preceding analysis demonstrated, been at the heart of the concerns of those supporting the current abdication approach of the United Nations. Instead, a range of practical or instrumentalist concerns have been raised. These concerns are important, especially because they seem to explain the depth of the opposition to a policy which would conform to the ideals and fundamental principles of the United Nations and would accept responsibility and facilitate appropriate action.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- An especially problematic, if well-intentioned, case was the decision in February 2014 to delay a $90 million health project loan to Uganda after the country adopted a draconian anti-homosexuality act. The Bank suggested that it had acted only to ensure that the health project would not be adversely affected by the act. However, the President of the Bank explained that he had acted because he was not convinced that the loan would not lead to discrimination or even endangerment of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- LGBTQI+
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Marginality of economic and social rights 2016, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- In terms of the obligation to recognize, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has noted that, in many instances, legislation is highly desirable and in some cases may even be indispensable. It subsequently added that, although the precise method by which Covenant rights are given effect in national law is a matter for each State party to decide, the means used should be appropriate in the sense of producing results which are consistent with the full discharge of its obligations by the State party.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 86h (ii)
- Paragraph text
- [In order to comply with their human rights obligations regarding the right to participation, the Special Rapporteur recommends States undertake the following actions:] Recommendations to national human rights institutions: Scrutinize existing laws, administrative acts, draft bills and other proposals to ensure consistency with obligations related to the right to participation under international and national human rights instruments.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 86h (iv)
- Paragraph text
- [In order to comply with their human rights obligations regarding the right to participation, the Special Rapporteur recommends States undertake the following actions:] Recommendations to national human rights institutions: Monitor compliance with the right to participation and provide reports thereon to public authorities, civil society and United Nations human rights mechanisms.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- However, the relationship between instrumentalist arguments of that sort and normative arguments that invoke treaty obligations is a matter of contention in the human rights literature. Human rights purists are reluctant to have much to do with instrumentalist arguments which seek to demonstrate that a pro-human rights policy can bring a pay-off, whether in terms of productivity, efficiency, or even social cohesion. The understandable fear is that in the absence of proof that there will be a pay-off, it might then seem justified and legitimate to reject the rights approach. If such a calculus is unacceptable in relation to torture, why should it be entertained in relation to the right to social protection? However, it is also important to acknowledge that instrumentalist arguments are almost always present, whether the debate is over torture, privacy, freedom of assembly, or the right to food. Politicians and the general public cannot be relied upon simply to do the right thing regardless of perceived costs and benefits and so it is entirely appropriate to reinforce moral or normative positions by arguing that they can also bring pay-offs in other respects. It is as well to remember that the classic arguments on behalf of social security invoked in radically different contexts by Bismarck, Franklin Roosevelt and Beveridge all had ulterior motives of one kind or another.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- The gender-specific effects of economic shocks are also apparent within households. When such shocks are confronted, gender bias within the household may lead to the allocation of fewer resources (such as food) to women or the selling of female-owned assets as an initial coping strategy. Moreover, during periods of crisis, women disproportionately suffer the impacts of public spending cuts on essential services and incur a heavier load of unpaid work than men.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- Penalization measures are invariably designed and implemented without any meaningful dialogue with persons living in poverty. Their experiences and needs are almost always ignored, and this strengthens their sense of powerlessness. Thus, ensuring the right to effective and meaningful participation in decision-making by persons living in poverty is an essential prerequisite to the elimination of discrimination and poverty.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- Social pensions are also important for addressing the particular vulnerabilities of women. Contributory systems tend to exacerbate gender inequalities: in many countries coverage rates for elderly men are twice those for their female counterparts. Even in countries with broader protection in contributory systems, older women are more likely to receive a lower pension due to a lower level of contributions (see sect. II C).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Women
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- Under the Covenant, States are prohibited from deliberately taking any retrogressive measures, including in regard to the right to social security, unless they can prove that they have only been introduced after the most careful consideration of all other alternatives and are duly justified by reference to the totality of the rights stipulated in the Covenant. If necessary, developing countries should seek international cooperation and technical assistance to realize progressively the right to social security.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- While reducing income poverty is an essential first step towards the achievement of other development goals, extreme poverty cannot be defined simply in terms of income, and poverty reduction should not be measured solely on the basis of global targets. Even if Millennium Development Goal 1 is achieved by 2015, it is likely that many of those living in extreme poverty will not be reached. Furthermore, the Goal may increase the incentives for States to focus attention on those most easily reached, namely, individuals living just below the poverty line, rather than those who are most marginalized and in need of help. States should adopt development plans that include precise national benchmarks and targets, fulfilling human rights obligations so as to ensure that those in extreme poverty are reached. Such obligations include those imposed by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which requires States parties to take progressive measures to realize fully all economic, social and cultural rights while also ensuring minimum essentials for all. Once again, this illustrates the importance of social protection measures, particularly social assistance measures, in prioritizing those in extreme poverty and in promoting universal protection as soon as resources allow.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 82d
- Paragraph text
- [In this context, the Special Rapporteur wishes to present the following recommendations:] States shall create an enabling environment to facilitate the participation of persons living in poverty in public life and in the decisions affecting their lives. To this end, States must identify and address the institutional impediments which prevent vulnerable and marginalized groups from fully participating in decision-making processes;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- In order to fully contribute to realizing human rights, social pensions and any other relevant social policy should be designed and implemented in ways that ensure their compliance with core human rights principles and obligations. The following section examines the key human rights components for a social pension scheme that complies with human rights law.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- The main advantage of targeted pensions is that their overall cost to the State, when compared with universal pensions, is low. In practice, however, the affordability of universal pensions is a political question. Evidence shows that, where there is political will, even low-income developing countries can afford these programmes.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- Guaranteeing transparency and access to information requires careful consideration with respect to the core components of the non-contributory pensions system, such as: (a) targeting mechanisms; (b) eligibility criteria; (c) benefit levels; (d) existence of complaints and redress mechanisms. Individuals and organizations should have the right to seek, receive and impart information in a clear and transparent manner.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- Households with children headed by older persons and households consisting only of older persons, in particular single women, tend to be more vulnerable to poverty. The occurrence of poverty is particularly high in countries with large migratory trends and in countries hit by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Single older persons tend to be poorer in both developed and developing countries.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Health
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Older persons
- Women
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 109
- Paragraph text
- States must design social pension schemes progressively to ensure access to social security for all. At the very least, they must provide protection to all older persons who, when reaching the retirement age prescribed in national legislation, have not completed a qualifying period of contributions or are not otherwise entitled to an old-age insurance-based pension and have no other source of income.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 116
- Paragraph text
- States must enhance international cooperation efforts related to social security. They must devote particular attention to ensuring the sustainability and coordination of the different initiatives supported by international cooperation and their integration within a national system of social security.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- Increasing transparency in the overall functioning of social pensions will also increase public support for investments in these policies. Any perception that pensions are not reaching their rightful beneficiaries or lack of trust in the sustainability of pension systems can be used to justify calls for limiting investment in non-contributory pensions.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Human rights based approach to recovery from the global economic and financial crises, with a focus on those living in poverty 2011, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- International human rights law stipulates concrete obligations to ensure the realization of economic, social and cultural rights. These obligations are enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in a number of human rights treaties at the regional and universal levels. The most direct obligations are those set forth in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, with which 160 States must comply. Several other treaties also establish compulsory obligations regarding economic, social and cultural rights, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, among others. These international treaties, in conjunction with a great number of universally agreed declarations and soft law instruments, determine the legal framework that States must comply with at the domestic level, even in time of crisis. The Expert's evaluation in the present report is based primarily, but not exclusively, on the obligations enshrined in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Persons with disabilities
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Human rights based approach to recovery from the global economic and financial crises, with a focus on those living in poverty 2011, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- Governments should encourage independent organizations and academic institutions to develop alternative policy options and to carry out assessments of the social impact of all options and proposed measures. Recovery measures should also be open to oversight, including judicial scrutiny, and public officials involved in economic policy should be accountable for any policy decisions that endanger the enjoyment of human rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- In some cases, investment in infrastructure through public-works projects increases access to and the quality of educational facilities. Such projects can take the form of the building of schools or of roads or bridges improving access to them. Several studies demonstrate the contributions of such investments to higher school enrolment rates and to the total number of years of accumulated education in the communities concerned.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Education
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- [States should:] Put measures in place to ensure that legal, administrative and procedural fees relating to access to justice are waived for those who cannot afford them, including in small claims cases
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- Lack of access to infrastructure and technology, including water and sanitation facilities, electricity and domestic technologies, exacerbates the unpaid care work of women living in poverty who have to dedicate a huge amount of time to domestic tasks such as fetching water or preparing foods. For example, a study in the Democratic Republic of the Congo showed that women with traditional stoves worked as much as 52 hours per week more than would be necessary with fuel-efficient stoves.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Poverty
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- Lack of women's perspective in policymaking on agriculture, water and food management, despite their being key actors in these areas, results in misinformed decision-making and jeopardizes women's rights further. Similarly, policy discussions at all levels suffer from an inherent bias because women and men with intensive caring responsibilities are not present, contributing to the invisibility and inattention to care work in public policy.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 80
- Paragraph text
- In practice, however, restrictions on legal standing in many States directly and indirectly exclude persons living in poverty from accessing judicial and adjudicatory mechanisms. For example, in some States, legislatures and judicial systems limit standing for certain groups, such as women and children. Discriminatory laws deprive women of legal competency and require that they be under male guardianship before instituting a claim or giving evidence.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Women
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- [States should:] Ensure that informal justice systems operate in a manner consistent with human rights standards and that there are regulatory mechanisms to prevent and sanction abuses of power and corruption
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 68
- Paragraph text
- Owing to lack of adequate resources and qualified staff, limited budgets and inadequate infrastructure and logistical support, there are often unnecessary delays in adjudicating cases and enforcing judgements. In some jurisdictions, millions of legal cases are pending and civil and criminal cases take up to a decade to be completed.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Human rights based approach to recovery from the global economic and financial crises, with a focus on those living in poverty 2011, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- Acknowledging that no one policy recommendation is a panacea for recovery, the Independent Expert recommends a number of innovative measures to which States should lend serious consideration when formulating their vision for recovery. These are outlined from a human rights perspective below.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- Awareness and understanding of the existence of legal rights, and of the ways in which such rights can be invoked before and enforced by judicial and adjudicatory mechanisms, is fundamental to enjoying the full range of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights, and for remedying violations thereof.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 95
- Paragraph text
- For the poorest women, accessible, gender-sensitive public services are the most direct and effective way to redistribute their heavy unpaid care workload and reduce its drudgery and intensity. This can have a direct impact on their enjoyment of human rights, and the rights of those they care for. In many contexts, the provision of such services is a matter of great urgency.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- [States should:] Support mechanisms for alternative dispute resolution, where appropriate and in line with international human rights standards, ensuring that such mechanisms do not pose an obstacle to accessing the formal justice system for those that need or prefer it
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- In addition, States must closely monitor education policies, institutions, programmes, spending patterns and other practices so as to identify and take measures to redress any de facto discrimination in the right to education. States are also required to eliminate any stereotyped concept of the role of men and women in all forms of education, and encourage types of education that will break these stereotypes.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- Policymakers must ensure that unpaid care work does not hamper women's equal enjoyment of the right to social security. Social security and social assistance programmes must take account of women's unequal burden of unpaid care work. For example, States must take measures to ensure that social insurance schemes are designed to take account of factors, including child-rearing periods, that prevent women from making equal contributions.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- Owing to systematic gender inequality and discrimination, the lack of value assigned to their work, its location in the domestic sphere and the time it entails, unpaid caregivers are often chronically disempowered and unable to enjoy their right to participation in cultural, social, political and economic life (see A/HRC/23/36).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- [States should:] Ensure that all forms of gender-based violence, including domestic violence, are criminalized and are subject to appropriate and enforceable criminal sanctions; develop specific strategies and systems to tackle gender-based violence perpetrated against persons living in poverty, including by providing shelter for victims of domestic violence
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Gender
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- It is essential that societal and intra-community power relations are openly recognized and clarified at the start of the process, in order to confront the factors that often obstruct debates and prevent issues of inequality from being raised in decision-making arenas. Taking account of different kinds of power relations (visible, hidden and invisible) and the particular needs of marginalized groups, officials and advocates should take steps to ensure that such groups can organize their views, express them frankly and be heard. In order to ensure full substantive equality in enjoyment of the right to participation, where appropriate to enable full and free expression (particularly in very patriarchal or socially stratified communities), separate meetings should be held for excluded or vulnerable groups. For instance, in some communities it may be appropriate to separate participants by age group and sex. However, so as not to further entrench exclusion, the discussions should be brought together in a central plenary at critical moments so each group can share their analysis and actions. Similarly, although power dynamics may necessitate separate meetings and processes for people living in poverty in order to facilitate their full participation and free expression, where appropriate, participatory mechanisms should include opportunities for members of different social groups to interact and share points of view.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- Next is the definition of development. In contrast to the notion current over 70 years ago when the Articles of Agreement were adopted, development today is said to encompass "broad areas of human development, social development, education, protection of global public goods, governance and institutions, as well as issues such as inclusion and cohesion, participation, accountability and equity." But not, apparently, human rights, which are somehow different.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- Interpretation of the Articles is decided by the Executive Directors by a simple majority vote, with the possibility of appeal to the Board of Governors. In practice, legal opinions by the General Counsel have provided the basis for most such interpretations. General Counsels also provide regular advice to the Executive Directors and the President and senior management, including on interpretation of the mandate. The most influential General Counsels have acknowledged the need to adopt a purposive or teleological approach.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 86d (iv)
- Paragraph text
- [In order to comply with their human rights obligations regarding the right to participation, the Special Rapporteur recommends States undertake the following actions:] Access to information: Improve communications infrastructure and the accessibility and affordability of information and communication technologies in rural areas and poor communities, including by providing training to people living in poverty, in particular women.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 86e (v)
- Paragraph text
- [In order to comply with their human rights obligations regarding the right to participation, the Special Rapporteur recommends States undertake the following actions:] Accountability: Train judges, lawyers and law enforcement officials to enhance judicial oversight and to prosecute any infringement of the right to participation.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- Organizers should hold preparatory meetings well in advance to agree on the parameters, goals, purposes and scope, with the involvement of the potential participants. Acceptable forms of facilitation, chairing and leadership should also be agreed with participants in advance. The level and nature of involvement on offer must be clarified to potential participants, as well as the roles and responsibilities of facilitators, policymakers, participants and other stakeholders.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 7
- Paragraph text
- In the mid-1960s, the General Assembly characterized the policies of apartheid in southern Africa and the colonial policies of Portugal as violations of the Charter of the United Nations and crimes against humanity. It requested United Nations specialized agencies, including IBRD and the International Monetary Fund, to deny assistance to those Governments. In 1967, the Bank refused to comply with the relevant resolutions, citing a legal opinion that such action would be political rather than economic.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Despite the powerful arguments marshalled in Bank publications for acknowledging the links between human rights and various development objectives, Bank-financed projects and programmes go to great lengths to avoid any operational references to human rights. One case study out of many must suffice. It concerns gender-based violence, a phenomenon that is universally recognized as violating human rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- Fourth, the Bank needs to bring its operational policies into line with mainstream development theory, especially its own. In 1999, Amartya Sen published a landmark study entitled Development as Freedom, based on lectures given at the Bank. Sen made a powerful case that freedom and the enjoyment of a range of rights were integral to achieving meaningful development. More recently, William Easterly has argued that "the cause of poverty is the absence of political and economic rights, the absence of a free political and economic system that would find the technical solutions to the poor's problems". He dismissed policies that seek to artificially separate human rights from development as technocratic illusions. The Bank itself has often paid lip service to the consensus that has emerged since the end of the cold war that recognizes that "democracy, development and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms are interdependent and mutually reinforcing," as proclaimed in the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, adopted by consensus by 171 States in 1993. By staunchly maintaining the technocratic illusion, not in its conceptual work, but in its operations where it really matters, the Bank has not only placed itself firmly outside mainstream development thinking and policies formally endorsed by all States, but perhaps more problematically has sent the message that rights and development can, and in its own case must, be kept separate. The flow-on effect of that negative example cannot be underestimated;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 79
- Paragraph text
- The overarching policy principle, already accepted in relation to safeguards, is that the Bank should "do no harm" through its own involvement. How far the Bank can or should go in trying to bring about government policies that have no direct bearing on what it is supporting is open to debate. Again, some of the demands made of it in this area appear to be both unrealistic and counterproductive.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Extreme inequality and human rights 2015, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has developed several indicators that measure social and horizontal inequalities. An inequality-adjusted human development index, calculated for 145 countries, indicates how achievements in the areas of health, education and income are distributed among a population. UNDP also publishes the coefficient of human inequality, which is a calculation of average inequality across the three dimensions mentioned above. UNDP further measures gender inequality in its gender inequality index. Looking at these different indices, which are not always as intuitive as the income indices described above, it becomes clear that many countries do not even come close to the levels of equality in terms of health, education and gender that exist in the more egalitarian countries. Where Norway had an inequality-adjusted human development index value of 0.891 in 2013, indicating a high level of equality in comparison with other countries, the figures in countries such as the United States (0.755), the Russian Federation (0.685), Chile (0.661), India (0.418) and the Central African Republic (0.203) are much lower. The gender-related development index (female to male ratio of the human development index) ranges from very high levels of equality between men and women in Norway (0.997) to a very high level of gender inequality in Afghanistan (0.602).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Extreme inequality and human rights 2015, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- Mr. Bengoa also recommended the creation of a social forum to facilitate the participation of States, international organizations, non-governmental organizations and corporations in discussing how to take economic, social and cultural rights into account in their policies. The Social Forum was set up in 2002 and recent sessions have focused on the rights of older persons (2014) and on the rights of access to medicines in the context of the right to health (2015).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- Fifth, the Bank needs at least a convincing due diligence policy to enable it to adjust or reject projects that would otherwise lead to, or support, human rights violations. Its safeguard policies have long been referred to as "do-no-harm" policies, but their very limited coverage in terms of the full gamut of the human rights obligations of States has meant that many serious violations are alleged to have occurred in the context of projects funded by the Bank. The Special Rapporteur is in no position to judge the accuracy of any particular allegations of rights violations and nor is it necessary to do so in the present report. Suffice it to note that the Bank's own internal reports have made clear that existing safeguard arrangements have often proved to be inadequate. Reports by the Inspection Panel have highlighted significant problems in specific projects and a report by the Internal Audit Department on resettlement programmes has revealed serious systemic deficiencies. To its credit, the Bank responded to the latter by announcing extensive reforms. Nonetheless, those evaluation reports provide powerful evidence of the need for a more sustained and better integrated approach, reflecting the full range of international human rights standards rather than the static list of specific concerns that are currently singled out for monitoring. Integrating human rights into operational policies is necessary to comply with the Bank's aim of doing no harm.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- Another key principle in any Bank policy should be to encourage and assist Governments to meet their existing obligations under international law in relation to human rights. Other international organizations explicitly seek to do this and the Bank has long done it in relation to international environmental treaty obligations.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Extreme inequality and human rights 2015, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- In all modern democracies, laws, regulations and institutions influence, and are influenced by, the distribution of economic and other forms of power. Economic inequalities are not only the result of market forces, but equally of political forces that affect laws, regulations and institutions. A full understanding of economic inequalities therefore requires an examination of the exercise of political power.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- The universality dimension is often assumed to apply only to citizens or those with a minimum period of legal residence in the country, although some schemes require only fiscal residence. These limits raise important questions in terms of migrant workers, undocumented workers and asylum seekers.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- Whereas many aspects of existing social protection systems flow to the household, basic income would go directly to each individual. Some proposals do, however, diverge from this principle and envisage reduced payments which take account of the overall family or household situation.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- This is where the basic income debate comes in. A focus on social protection more broadly defined might be a more propitious entry point to tackle these issues. Governments remain centrally responsible for ensuring appropriate levels of social protection within their borders, they have a self-interest in promoting stability and economic security, and they control the resources needed.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- The absence of conditionality is a key dimension for most basic income proponents. This means that no conditions, such as children’s attendance at school or proof of job searches, must be met before the income is paid. People are thus not compelled to accept unpleasant or unattractive jobs. The latter would be filled either by machines, or by people attracted by a higher pay level.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- Negative income taxes, inspired by the work of Milton Friedman, ensure that individuals who earn below a certain threshold receive payments from the government, rather than having to pay taxes. It is similar to basic income in that every citizen is automatically and unconditionally eligible, but it differs from the full basic income in that benefits phase out as incomes rise. Amounts may also be adjusted for households.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- [States should:] Ensure that legal aid lawyers are independent, adequately trained and remunerated, and meet the highest standards of the legal profession
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- The World Bank does not have a single comprehensive human rights policy. Rather, it has many different and competing approaches to the issue. For analytical purposes it can be seen to have adopted different human rights policies in each of the following contexts: legal policy, public relations, policy analysis, operations and safeguards.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- On various occasions, senior Bank officials have warned of the dire consequences that would follow if the Bank were to become some sort of global policeman, responsible for enforcing respect for human rights by its client Governments. Because of the sanctions mentality described above, that fear is not altogether unfounded.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 86a (i)
- Paragraph text
- [In order to comply with their human rights obligations regarding the right to participation, the Special Rapporteur recommends States undertake the following actions:] Legal and institutional framework: Adopt a legal framework that includes the explicit right of individuals and groups to participate in the design, implementation and evaluation of any policy, programme or strategy that affects their rights, at the local, national and international levels. This should include: a. Putting in place operational guidelines, policies and capacity-strengthening measures to enable public officials to apply these laws, and ensuring that these are adaptable to different contexts and allow innovation based on feedback from the ground. b. Requiring the establishment of inclusive participatory mechanisms at the local and national levels. c. Explicitly including the duty of policymakers and public officials to actively seek and support the meaningful participation of people living in poverty. d. Setting and enforcing minimum standards for participatory processes, including thresholds for participation of people living in poverty and disadvantaged groups such as women, minorities and persons with disabilities.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- Other valuable research on human rights topics has also been published under World Bank auspices with funds from the Nordic Trust Fund, specially set up for the purpose. The Special Rapporteur is not, however, aware of significant internal policy impact resulting from those publications.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- The opinion begins with definitions. First, the criminal justice sector is expansively defined, thus potentially enabling the Bank to undertake broad-ranging activities under that rubric. The definition includes "human rights and ombudsman's offices," but in practice those will presumably fall foul of the political prohibition.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- Sub-Saharan Africa is home to 26 million of the 40 million persons living with HIV/AIDS worldwide and is subsequently the region with the highest number of households with a generation gap. In Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe, 60 per cent of AIDS orphans live with their grandparents.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The UN responsibility for the cholera outbreak in Haiti 2016, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- Before addressing the major practical concerns that have been used to justify the abdication approach, it is important to emphasize that there is broad agreement in relation to the key principles that are at stake, even if controversy about their application remains.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- The systematic avoidance of human rights language, frameworks and institutions in the context of Bank projects on gender-based violence is replicated in most other areas of its activities, although there have been some exceptions over past decades in areas such as HIV/AIDS and some gender-related projects.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- Legal frameworks are of particular importance when States decide to implement small-scale initiatives and pilot projects. States have a duty to ensure that when pilot projects are discontinued, for example, the beneficiaries are protected from negative changes that could lead to income insecurity.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- Establishing or extending social security systems is more than a policy option or a means for reducing poverty; it is first and foremost a duty of States stemming directly from human rights norms and standards, in particular the right to social security and the right to an adequate standard of living.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- Under a basic income system, regular payments would be made to recipients, for example on a monthly basis. Predictability and continuity ensure that redistributive and poverty-reducing goals are met, whereas one-time only payments or lump sums do not ensure a consistent floor.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 1
- Paragraph text
- The present report is submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 26/3 and is the third report submitted to the Council by Philip Alston in his capacity as Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Extreme poverty and human rights on universal basic income 2017, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- But how would these expenditures be paid for? Piachaud notes that a full basic income that “replaces social security is far more costly than social security, and this has to be paid for from higher taxes on all incomes with far-reaching economic consequences”.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- The duty to implement social protection policies to expand the protection available to persons living in extreme poverty flows directly from a number of human rights, in particular the right to social security and the right to an adequate standard of living, which are enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, several international and regional human rights treaties, conventions of the International Labour Organization (ILO), and national constitutions. Ensuring access to social protection is thus not a policy option, but a State obligation under international human rights law. Understood in this way, human rights can greatly contribute to the building of the political support necessary to establish and expand social protection systems.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- Accepting these principles entails both carefully screening policy choices to prevent the unfair exclusion of disadvantaged and disempowered groups - in particular, persons with disabilities, older persons, indigenous peoples, minorities and persons with HIV/AIDS - and actively seeking out ways to ensure that they are reached. In this regard, social protection programmes must be physically and culturally accessible. This means, for example, that benefits must be distributed within a safe physical distance and that transportation or opportunity costs must be taken into account. Outreach and information regarding programmes must be specifically designed to reach groups that are particularly vulnerable or excluded; examples include radio announcements and community plays aimed at overcoming illiteracy. Information about programmes must be available in the languages of minorities, indigenous peoples and immigrant populations.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Persons with disabilities
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- While climate change simultaneously poses massive challenges for human rights and the prospects of those living in extreme poverty, the international and domestic actions required in the context of climate change represent an unparalleled opportunity to overcome poverty, generate new levels of development, further the realization of human rights and build a more stable, balanced and robust global economy. States - particularly the industrialized countries that emit high levels of greenhouse gasses - must provide substantial funding, separate from and additional to pre-existing official development assistance (ODA) commitments, to help developing countries adapt to the inevitable effects of a warming climate.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Environment
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- One of the most positive initiatives aimed at strengthening global partnerships in the context of social protection is the Social Protection Floor Initiative, launched in 2009 by the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination. Identifying a number of basic human rights obligations as focal points, the Initiative helps mobilize resources and expertise to assist countries in filling critical gaps in protection. The Initiative could be understood as the minimum set of policies upon which States can build higher standards of protection once national budget capacities have increased. It could be strengthened through the greater incorporation of human rights and the broadening of its scope to all relevant actors at the country level, including civil society organizations and the private sector.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- In all types of programmes, it is crucial to ensure that gender-sensitive eligibility criteria are utilized. Some administrative requirements, such as the requirement that identification or birth registration documents be shown in order to qualify for a programme, may exclude women as they are less likely to possess an identity card or to have been registered at birth. Moreover, targeting methods can be dangerous if no attention is paid to local power structures. For example, having community leaders determine who receives benefits (community targeting) can reinforce power structures, local gender norms and patron-client relations, often to the detriment of women, who are less able than men to influence decision-making processes. In some cases, community-targeted programmes have resulted in the further exclusion of already socially marginalized women.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- Moreover, several kinds of social protection programmes contribute to income generation and enable recipients to accumulate and protect assets, building their resilience in the face of shocks and increasing their chances of escaping extreme poverty. The additional income that social protection provides through various types of cash or in kind transfers and microcredit schemes enables families and individuals to accumulate savings, engage in long-term planning and invest in productive assets. Increasingly, social protection programmes are also designed to enable households to invest in human capital development, thus preventing poverty from being passed on from one generation to the next.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- Evidence also shows the positive impacts of social protection for people living with HIV/AIDS and their families. For example, in a number of African countries in which HIV/AIDS is prevalent, universal old-age pensions have significantly improved the lives of AIDS orphans raised by their grandparents. There are also programmes that are testing how financial incentives in the form of cash transfers could have a positive impact in preventing HIV/AIDS (Goal 6). For example, the RESPECT Project, a pilot cash-transfer programme in the United Republic of Tanzania, uses cash as an incentive to reduce risky sexual activity among young people, male and female, who are at high risk for HIV infection and to provide counselling and periodic screening for sexually transmitted infections. The final outcomes of this approach have yet to be seen, and further human rights analyses are required.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Youth
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- Conditional cash transfer programmes, in which women are expected to take full responsibility for meeting the conditions attached to programme participation (such as ensuring that children attend school and undergo compulsory medical check-ups) can be of particular concern. By imposing such responsibilities only on women, programmes may perpetuate gender stereotypes, limit women's ability to work and further undermine their well-being. Additional demands on their time may limit women's ability to seek health care (particularly if health-care centres are not easily accessible and childcare is unavailable) or further deprive them of leisure time. In some situations, such requirements can place a woman at risk of violence or abuse within the household for not having ensured compliance and thus having lost the benefit. They can also create scope for abuse by the relevant authorities, such as teaching personnel or health service providers.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Women
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- Implementing an income- or poverty-targeted system introduces exclusion errors because the selection of beneficiaries is a complex and often controversial process. While the State has some mechanisms to minimize this (e.g. cross-checking targeting and re-targeting exercises), which can significantly increase administrative costs, the exclusion of rightful beneficiaries constitutes a violation of their right to social security. Moreover, those excluded are often the most vulnerable, as they will find it most difficult to claim for their inclusion. Targeting can also create perverse results such as encouraging older people to stop working, in order to keep the benefits.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- The interdependence and the mutually reinforcing nature of human rights demand that States approach social protection holistically. They require that States establish a network of policies and programmes that collectively support the realization of all rights and the highest possible level of development. For example, if States are concerned exclusively with achieving Millennium Development Goal 2, they might opt for policies that will increase the overall number of children in school, but fail to ensure equal access to education. Conversely, if a State recognizes that the objective is not simply to achieve Goal 2, but also to provide for the right of everyone, without discrimination of any kind, to a high-quality education - which, in the longer term, will do more to help overcome poverty - policymakers will need to examine how social protection could better assist in meeting Millennium Development Goal targets in a manner that addresses issues of social inequality and vulnerability.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 101
- Paragraph text
- Poverty is not gender-neutral, and any approach to social protection that is aimed at achieving the Millennium Development Goals while respecting human rights must take account of the fact that women and men experience poverty differently. Numerous studies have shown a positive link between improvement in terms of women's access to health care, education and other social benefits, and economic growth, the reduction of income poverty and overall progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Gender equality is a development objective to which gender-aware social protection can contribute.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- Most older women are excluded from formal social security and health insurance schemes as these are linked to paid, formal-sector employment. In developing countries, the great majority of women work all their lives in the informal sector or unpaid activities. In developed countries too, older women are more likely than men to be poor at old age. On average, in European Union countries, older women have a poverty risk rate of about 22 per cent as compared to 16 per cent for older men. They are less likely to receive a large contributory pension since they are more likely to have stopped work at some point over their lifetime to take on the burden of child rearing and are also more likely to have received lesser wages for their work than men.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Women
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- In the absence of contributory social security, social assistance and, in particular, the provision of non-contributory pensions to older persons plays a central role in bridging the existing protection gap. Studies conducted in countries that have established non-contributory schemes demonstrate their positive impact on poverty indicators. In OECD countries with good coverage of formal insurance and the longest experience in investing in this type of pension, poverty rates would be significantly higher without non-contributory schemes. The same is true for middle-income countries that have also invested in social pensions during recent decades.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 9
- Paragraph text
- The proportion of older persons is growing fastest in developing countries. In South East Asia, the percentage of older persons will have increased to 10 per cent by 2025 and 19 per cent by 2050. In South Asia, it is projected that the older population will have increased by 350 million between 2000 and 2050. This is more than five times the increase of 66 million from 1950 to 2000. Older persons constituted less than 7 per cent of the increase in population from 1950 to 2000 but will account for 20 and 62 per cent of the increase from 2000 to 2025 and from 2025 to 2050 respectively. In Africa, the pace of growth of the older persons' population is slower, but nevertheless the number of persons aged 60 or above is set to quadruple: from 47.9 million in 2005 to 206.8 million by 2050. In Latin America and the Caribbean, about 24 per cent of the population will be 60 or over by 2050, with the most rapid growth occurring among the "oldest old", those aged 80 or above. By 2050, there will be more people aged over 60 than under 15 years of age.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- Legal and institutional frameworks also clarify the various roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders (Governments, development agencies and civil society organizations, as well as beneficiaries). This is an essential requirement for accountability. It also guarantees the involvement of State authorities throughout the development of social protection programmes. Clear and effective legal and institutional frameworks also significantly reduce the risk that political changes will jeopardize existing social protection programmes, which in turn protects beneficiaries from potential violations of their right to social security.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- Assessing poverty among older people is a complex exercise, and several factors cause household surveys to underestimate poverty among older persons. For example, there is a lack of understanding of the dynamics of dependency upon different family members. Disaggregated data on this issue is lacking, which leads to a lack of understanding of how income is distributed within a household and of the specific situation of older persons within that household. Measures of old-age poverty that rely on household income ignore the fact that in many multigenerational households resources are allocated disproportionately towards children and those of working age.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Older persons
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- Evidence shows that participatory strategies are often not meaningful as they are often reduced to mere consultation that does not allow for real input from participants into decision-making. Frequently, participation processes are incorporated to social programmes without serious thought being given to the factors that limit older persons' possibilities to take part in public life and influence decisions affecting them, such as physical impairments and sensory losses, local power structures and family relations. Relying on family members or community leaders as the only communication channel with older persons limits their ability to voice personal views and can reinforce their dependency on others.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Older persons
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 87
- Paragraph text
- The financial affordability and sustainability of expanding social pension programmes have immediate implications on the determination of benefit levels. While States should bear in mind the need to expand the coverage of existing schemes, ensuring that the levels of pensions remain adequate for beneficiaries is also a major concern. In this context, the benefits must be high enough to enable older people to enjoy an adequate standard of living and afford the goods and services they require to realize at least the minimum core content of their economic, social and cultural rights. While the cost of schemes can be reduced by increasing the age of eligibility or decreasing the size of the benefit, a balance should be struck between reaching all those in need and providing a benefit that would allow older people a minimum subsistence level.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Older persons
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 100
- Paragraph text
- Despite these obligations and commitments, most Governments are consistently failing to honour their longstanding commitments to reach a target of 0.7 per cent of gross national product for official development assistance. Moreover, States have only recently started considering international assistance in relation to social security. Donor countries need to change this approach. Their responsibilities under international human rights law also require them to support and strengthen social security systems, including social pensions worldwide. This will substantially help reduce poverty and ensure compliance with human rights norms over the long term.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Increasingly, States are implementing laws, regulations and practices limiting the behaviour, actions and movements of people in public space, which greatly impede the lives and livelihoods of those living in poverty. These measures vary considerably across and within States, with the common denominator being the penalization of actions and behaviours which are considered "undesirable" or a "nuisance" in public spaces. States justify these measures by classifying the prohibited behaviours as dangerous, conflicting with the demands of public safety or order, disturbing the normal activities for which public spaces are intended, or contrary to the images and preconceptions that authorities want to associate with such places.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- In several countries, the negative impact of these regulations is further exacerbated by laws which make illegal actions to assist those living in the street. In several States, specific legislation limits the actions of civil society organizations or bans the provision of assistance in certain circumstances. For example, in some municipalities, it is illegal to share food with groups of people in downtown parks without a permit, creating a barrier for charities and other organizations that provide food to homeless persons. The criminalization of advocates, activists and civil society organizations violates several human rights such as the freedom of association, expression and assembly, and undermines social cohesion.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- Absurdly, regulations that penalize behaviours associated with poverty and homelessness often impose fines that persons living in poverty are unable to pay. The illogical outcome of failure to pay a fine is often the imposition of a further fine, or even a prison sentence. In one country, for example, thousands were imprisoned in a single year because of non-payment of court-ordered fines. The imposition of prison sentences for non-payment of fines on those unable to pay not only represents a considerable waste of State financial and administrative resources, but contributes significantly to perpetuating the social exclusion and economic hardship of persons living in poverty.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- In many countries, those entitled to social benefits are required to prove their entitlement by providing excessive amounts of documentation and disclosing irrelevant personal information. This is often a stressful and demeaning process for beneficiaries. Persons living in poverty face several obstacles and costs in gaining access to official documents. Documents may be expensive, and accessing them difficult for individuals who do not have a fixed address or lack proof of identity. This is particularly common in developing countries, where some of the most vulnerable and excluded people, particularly women and ethnic minorities, are not registered at birth. Obtaining documents also requires additional interactions with public officials who often lack sufficient understanding of the specific needs and circumstances of persons living in poverty. Anecdotal evidence shows that social benefit administrators are often inconsiderate or unsympathetic towards beneficiaries, who in addition to bureaucratic hurdles must overcome gaps in education, literacy and communication when seeking to comply with often complex and opaque requirements.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Women
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- Social benefit fraud and non-compliance are strongly condemned by the public and rigorously pursued by authorities. Where fraud is established, it can result in the reduction of the individual's benefit to cover repayment of the defrauded amount, and the commencement of criminal proceedings against the individual. When a beneficiary is convicted of fraud he or she may face a lifetime ban from the social benefit system. If beneficiaries have outstanding warrants they may have their social benefit cut off until the warrant is resolved or they are granted an exemption. These measures are extremely harsh and will have grave consequences for people already struggling with poverty and exclusion, perpetrating the disadvantage which induces them to rely on social benefits to begin with.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- Often, States invoke grounds of public safety, health or security in an attempt to justify the restriction of human rights through penalization measures. However, human rights law establishes strict requirements for the imposition of limitations on individual rights. Any restriction on the enjoyment of human rights by those living in poverty must comply with several safeguards, including requirements that they be legally established, non discriminatory and proportionate, and have a legitimate aim. The burden falls upon States to prove that a limitation imposed upon the enjoyment of rights by those living in poverty is in conformity with international human rights law.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 6
- Paragraph text
- Penalization policies reflect a serious misunderstanding of the realities of the lives of the poorest and most vulnerable and ignorance of the pervasive discrimination and mutually reinforcing disadvantages that they suffer.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- Moreover, certain forms of preferential treatment, in the form of affirmative actions for the benefit of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups, are not considered discriminatory because they are designed "to diminish or eliminate conditions and attitudes which cause or perpetuate substantive or de facto discrimination", encouraging an equal enjoyment of rights. Therefore, affirmative actions in favour of persons living in poverty directed towards addressing social and economic imbalances are not only permitted, but are compulsory for States under human rights law. There is discrimination only if a difference in treatment has no legitimate aim or if there is not a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim to be realized.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- Criminal or regulatory measures (e.g. ordinances) that make vagrancy and begging unlawful are becoming increasingly common across developed and developing countries. These laws take a number of forms, from legislation that prohibits the solicitation of money in any public space to that which prohibits begging at night or in an "aggressive manner". Some of these laws have a broad application, extending to the performance of any activity which might elicit money, such as performing or dancing, or exposing a wound or a deformity. In some States, it is even illegal for a person just to be in a public place and have no visible means of subsistence, such that it is likely that they stay alive by begging.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- Non-discrimination and equality are core elements of the international human rights normative framework. These principles require that those in equal circumstances be treated equally in law and practice. Under human rights law, not every distinction or difference in treatment will amount to discrimination. A distinction is compatible with the principle of equality when it has an objective and reasonable justification; it must pursue a legitimate aim, and there must be a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim sought. Thus, differential treatment (distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference) of persons living in poverty must comply with the criteria mentioned above in order to be justified under human rights law.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- These laws are being implemented in a context in which the economic and financial crises have resulted in an unprecedented increase in foreclosures and evictions, forcing a growing number of families to live on the streets. Instead of using public funds to assist these families, States are instead carrying out costly operations to penalize them for their behaviour. Where there is insufficient public infrastructure and services to provide families with alternative places to perform such behaviours, persons living in poverty and homelessness are left with no viable place to sleep, sit, eat or drink. These measures can thus have serious adverse physical and psychological effects on persons living in poverty, undermining their right to an adequate standard of physical and mental health and even amounting to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- When street vendors are harassed or bribed or their wares are destroyed, deep structural inequalities and power imbalances, communication and information barriers and a lack of access to legal representation make it nearly impossible for them to complain to police. In countries where street vending is illegal, individuals are too afraid to report mistreatment or harm to police for fear of being criminalized themselves. This is particularly acute with respect to street vendors who are members of vulnerable groups which face widespread discrimination and have historically had negative relationships with police and authorities, such as women, migrants and ethnic minorities.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- Ensuring that everyone has a channel to complain can be a critical element to ensuring that power imbalances - often prevalent at local levels - are not perpetuated. For complaints mechanisms to play a meaningful role, they need to meet certain technical standards, such as: guaranteeing anonymity; allowing for individual and collective complaints; as well as being sufficiently resourced and culturally appropriate. Additionally, there must be independent and effective judicial and quasi-judicial (e.g. ombudsperson) mechanisms in place to monitor the general formulation and implementation of social policies.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- Of particular concern are penalization measures that target those who seek to gain a living through street vending. In many States, street vending is severely restricted or illegal, as is buying from a street vendor. Research shows that street vendors turn to vending because they have no other form of income, have low levels of education and lack employment opportunities. Street vending is a means for the poorest and most vulnerable to earn money to support their families and their livelihoods. When States impose bans, onerous licences or strict restrictions on street vendors, they severely undermine the rights of persons living in poverty to gain a living.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- The segregation of the poor from public spaces is further exacerbated by large-scale State and privatized infrastructure projects, particularly those connected with mega-events such as the Olympic Games or football World Cups. During such events, authorities often remove persons living in poverty from urban areas and relocate them in outlying suburbs, often by force, without ensuring alternative housing or access to remedies and compensation, in flagrant violation of their right to adequate housing. For example, in Seoul, preparations for the 2002 football World Cup included the banning of homeless persons from specified places in the city, and during the Olympic Games in 1988 homeless persons were detained in facilities outside the city. Action was also taken to remove or criminalize homeless persons during the Barcelona and Atlanta Olympic Games. The practical effect of such initiatives is to completely displace the poorest and most marginalized and to replace them with infrastructure for which they have no need and which they cannot access, such as hotels, sporting venues and office buildings.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- Another condition that is increasingly being adopted by States is the requirement that those who receive unemployment, single parent or disability benefits participate in employment or training programmes. While transferring skills and knowledge required for reintegration into the workforce may be an important objective, often these programmes are implemented in the absence of enabling conditions, such as the provision of childcare facilities, or without consideration of structural barriers such as the realities of the current labour market, characterized by high unemployment and rapidly modernizing industries. Programmes place a heavy emphasis on "graduation" from benefits to employment, without giving due consideration to the actual needs of the beneficiaries and often without providing them with the assistance they need to obtain sustainable, productive and decent work.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Families
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- Persons living in poverty will often struggle to navigate the child protection process, which in many countries is an extremely intrusive, adversarial process. Child protection interventions often fail to provide families with sufficient information about the process, and in many countries there is no mandated free legal aid in child protection proceedings. As a result, there is a serious power imbalance between the State and families living in poverty, and a real risk that the judicial process may lead to unnecessary termination or limitation of parental rights or to other results detrimental to the child's best interests.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Families
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- The human rights obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of all economic, social and cultural rights implies a responsibility to secure an adequate standard of living through basic subsistence, including by providing essential primary health care, basic shelter and housing and basic forms of education. Instead of dedicating scarce resources to costly penalization measures, States must direct the maximum available resources towards ensuring that persons living in poverty are able to enjoy all economic, political, social, civil and cultural rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Penalization of people living in poverty 2011, para. 82g
- Paragraph text
- [In this context, the Special Rapporteur wishes to present the following recommendations:] States shall recall their obligations to ensure that everyone has the right to adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living. This right requires States to ensure the affordability of housing and its accessibility to social services and infrastructure. They must also refrain from carrying out forced evictions. Where evictions are unavoidable, States shall ensure that they are conducted in a manner which respects the dignity and rights to life and security of those affected;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Human rights based approach to recovery from the global economic and financial crises, with a focus on those living in poverty 2011, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- The above measures will have a disproportionate impact on people living in poverty, particularly those in rural areas and the most disadvantaged, who already face numerous barriers in gaining access to health care and education services. By adopting policies that threaten to reduce the wages of those essential to the provision of such services, States would also jeopardize their ability to provide for the widest possible enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights. These measures run a real risk of constituting unjustified retrogressive measures if they impede the State's ability to maintain minimum essential levels of enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Human rights based approach to recovery from the global economic and financial crises, with a focus on those living in poverty 2011, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- While commodity prices continue to escalate and another food crisis is imminent, from a human rights perspective it is imperative that food subsidy schemes remain intact or be replaced with alternatives policies that ensure food security for those living in poverty. Universal access to food subsidy programmes is the most effective means of reaching the poorest sections of society, but where resources are scarce, targeting may be necessary. If States decide to implement targeted schemes, they should do so within a long-term strategy of progressively ensuring universal protection and in compliance with a human rights framework.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo