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Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- In addition, the information received indicates that community leaders and faith-based groups are increasingly resorting to the stigmatization of, and attacks against, defenders working on issues such as the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons (A/HRC/4/37/Add.2, para. 32), violence against women and domestic violence. In numerous instances, defenders have been threatened with ostracism or pressured to stop their work in defence of human rights. Furthermore, the information received shows that women human rights defenders working in the area of domestic violence and other types of violence against women are often pressured by the family members of victims or threatened by the perpetrators or their own family members to drop cases.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Gender
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Families
- LGBTQI+
- Women
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- The corporate responsibility to respect human rights (see A/HRC/14/27, paras. 54-78) is recognized in soft-law instruments such as the Tripartite Declaration of Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, and it constitutes one of the commitments that companies undertake when joining the United Nations Global Compact. The corporate responsibility to respect notably applies to the rights enshrined in the International Bill of Human Rights. Therefore, the rights enshrined in the Declaration on human rights defenders, such as the right to security and liberty, freedom of association and freedom of opinion and expression, including access to information, must be respected by companies, whether national or transnational. Examples of alleged violations of those rights by companies are provided above.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- In a recent case involving a transnational mining company, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights requested that the concerned State suspend operation of a gold mine owned by a transnational corporation until the adoption of a decision on the merits of the petition associated with the request for precautionary measures. The State was also requested to adopt any other necessary measures to guarantee the life and physical safety of the members of the indigenous communities concerned and to plan and implement protection measures with the participation of the beneficiaries and/or their representatives, who should also be considered human rights defenders. Despite the decision granting precautionary measures, leaders of the communities peacefully protesting against the perceived negative effect of the mining on, notably, their right to water have been threatened and attacked.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- In certain States, judges and lawyers are working under constant threat, which may jeopardize their independence. Prosecutors sometimes resort to inadmissible evidence to initiate proceedings against defenders, thus compromising their right to a fair trial. In several countries, the relevant authorities still resort to secret, incriminating evidence to arrest and administratively detain human rights defenders without charges for prolonged periods of time. Such evidence is reportedly often obtained by the security services and not shared with detainees or their lawyers. The Special Rapporteur would like to recall that, although not prohibited under international law, administrative detention should be surrounded by judicial guarantees and used only in exceptional and specific circumstances, such as a public emergency threatening the life of a nation.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- One way to ensure the safety of defenders is to put an end to impunity for non-State entities. The Special Rapporteur would like to reiterate that States bear the primary responsibility for protecting individuals, including defenders, under their jurisdiction, regardless of the status of the alleged perpetrators. In cases involving non-State actors - including private companies and illegal armed groups - it is paramount that prompt and full investigations be conducted and perpetrators brought to justice. Failure by States to prosecute and punish such perpetrators is a clear violation of article 12 of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders. Addressing the issue of impunity is a key step to ensuring a safe environment for defenders.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- On 6 February 2008, the Committee of Ministers adopted the Declaration on Council of Europe action to improve the protection of human rights defenders and promote their activities. The declaration details State obligations and lists some examples of protection measures that could be taken. It also strengthens the role of the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe in protecting and supporting human rights defenders. The declaration reiterates the obligations of Council of Europe member States to "provide measures for swift assistance and protection to human rights defenders in danger in third countries, such as, where appropriate, attendance at and observation of trials and/or, if feasible, the issuing of emergency visas". Furthermore, the European Court of Human Rights can also grant provisional measures.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 102
- Paragraph text
- Furthermore, information received indicates that only a few European Union member States have developed and carried out strategies to efficiently implement the guidelines. Diplomatic staff members are not always specifically trained. Cooperation and contacts between defenders/human rights organizations and European Union representatives have not been systematized and are therefore often conducted on an ad hoc basis when a defender is already at risk. Finally, many European Union missions still have not designated a focal point on human rights defenders.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 107
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur also wishes to reiterate that she accords priority to establishing and strengthening solid relationships with regional mechanisms for the protection of human rights defenders. In accordance with this strategy, two meetings have been held with the participation of the Special Rapporteur on human rights defenders in Africa of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, the Human Rights Defenders Unit within the secretariat of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the Office of the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe and the focal point for human rights defenders and national human rights institutions within OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights and the European Commission.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- Moreover, according to the information received by the Special Rapporteur, many witness protection programmes do not take the specific needs of the human rights defenders at risk into account. These needs are diverse and may differ according to the situation of the defenders concerned. For example, it might be useful to differentiate defenders in need of short-term physical protection from those requiring long-term protection measures. Assessing the types of needs will have an impact on the protection measures to be taken, e.g., the type of protection programme or whether relocation to another country is needed.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- In Colombia, innovative protection mechanisms have been put in place at the national level to contribute to the physical protection of human rights defenders. The Protection Programme for Human Rights Defenders, Trade Unionists, Journalists and Social Leaders, administered by the Ministry of Interior and Justice and launched in 1997, aims to safeguard the life, well-being and safety of journalists and social communicators, leaders or activists of political groups, social, civic, community, labour and rural organizations and ethnic groups, among others, who find themselves at certain, imminent and exceptional risk as a direct consequence and by reason of carrying out their political, public, social or humanitarian activities or duties. However, this programme is not without problems, which must be addressed by the Government.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- In addition, companies should envisage incorporating a reference to the Declaration on human rights defenders into their corporate social responsibility and/or human rights policies. Transnational corporations should also systematically consider involving human rights defenders in their country assessment prior to undertaking any investment in a given State. Early and transparent discussions on the consequences of the activities of companies on the enjoyment of human rights in their areas of operation could prevent violations of the human rights of populations, communities and defenders. Such a participatory process would also contribute to an acknowledgment of the key role of defenders in the promotion of human rights, democracy and good governance. Transnational companies could also play a key role in influencing their national parent companies and overseas subsidiaries to adopt the same approach.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur hopes that the present report will contribute to raising awareness of the responsibility of non-State actors to comply with the provisions of the Declaration on human rights defenders. It is paramount that non-State actors acknowledge the important role of defenders in ensuring the full enjoyment of all human rights by everyone. Non-State actors, including private companies, could play a key role in the promotion and protection of the rights and activities of human rights defenders.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- In relation to private national or transnational corporations, the Special Rapporteur refers to the responsibility of companies to respect human rights, as emphasized by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, Mr. John Ruggie, in his report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/8/5), submitted in 2008. The Human Rights Council endorsed the Special Representative's policy framework for business and human rights, as elaborated in his report. The framework rests on the three principles of "protect, respect and remedy": the State duty to protect against human rights abuses by third parties, including businesses; the corporate responsibility to respect human rights; and the need for more effective access to remedies. The Human Rights Council later emphasized that transnational corporations and other business enterprises have a responsibility to respect human rights (see Human Rights Council resolution 8/7). Consequently, business enterprises also have a responsibility to respect the rights of human rights defenders.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur wishes to call upon NGOs and regional human rights organizations to continue supporting defenders by providing them with legal assistance and/or judicial trial observation. To avoid jeopardizing their own security, human rights defenders should try to liaise with intergovernmental organizations such as OSCE and the OHCHR field presences whenever they decide to engage on such trial observations. Some recommendations on the way defenders could try to enhance their own security are detailed below.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- Certain countries have taken action in this regard, which should be commended. The Special Rapporteur notes with satisfaction the public statement by the President of Colombia on 17 September 2009 after his meeting with the Special Rapporteur to the effect that "the defence of human rights is a necessary and legitimate action for democracy in a country like Colombia which is proud to be completely open to international scrutiny in this field" and she calls upon the authorities to give effect to this statement. In Belgium, both the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives adopted resolutions on the protection of human rights defenders, acknowledging the role of defenders and their need of protection. The resolutions also establish clear goals to be achieved by the Belgian authorities. Similarly, the Spanish Congress unanimously passed a resolution on human rights defenders in June 2007.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- States should refrain from criminalizing the peaceful and legitimate activities of defenders and ensure that they can work in a safe environment without fear of being prosecuted for criticizing Government policy or Government officials. The Special Rapporteur also urges States to review and abolish all legislative and administrative provisions restricting the rights contained in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, including legislation on NGOs and freedom of expression. Security legislation should not be used inappropriately to restrict the work of defenders. States should respect defenders' right to a fair trial and appropriate redress and compensation should be provided to defenders whenever their right to a fair trial is denied.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 4
- Paragraph text
- The present report does not aim to identify all categories of non-State actors involved in human rights abuses against defenders, as this group is too broad and diverse. Rather, it is the intent of the Special Rapporteur to highlight the types of violations they commit and their responsibilities. The report will therefore focus on armed groups, private corporations, individuals and the media, as these are the non State actors most regularly accused of violating the rights of defenders. Conclusions and recommendations are addressed to various stakeholders, as well as to all non State actors, including those not discussed in the report.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- At the outset, the Special Rapporteur would like to recall that non-State actors, including private companies, have an obligation to comply with national laws in conformity with international standards and norms. Consequently, non-State actors can be held accountable for violations of the rights of defenders amounting to offences or crimes under national law. In addition, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 12/2, condemns "all acts of intimidation or reprisal by non-State actors against individuals and groups who seek to cooperate or have cooperated with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms in the field of human rights".
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 82
- Paragraph text
- An early warning system, which aims at preventing violations of international humanitarian law and human rights by alerting the Government of Colombia of potential violations, has also been set up. This system is administered by the Office of the National Ombudsman and operates in 22 regions, with a national office in Bogotá. More generally, on the situation of human rights defenders in Colombia, the Special Rapporteur would like to refer to her country mission report, which is presented as addendum 3 to this report.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- Examples of actions or omissions contravening the State duty of due diligence include failure to provide effective protection to defenders at risk who have documented attacks and threats by non-State actors or who have been granted interim protection measures by regional human rights mechanisms. In relation to the above-mentioned case,9 despite the precautionary measures granted by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights to the leaders of certain communities, information received by the Special Rapporteur indicates that violence against defenders continues. One of the community leaders of the movement against the mine was shot by unidentified men in July 2010. Failure to prevent violations of the rights of defenders may also include the removal of protection measures without due justification when the original threat is still present and the failure to investigate recurrent attacks and alleged violations against defenders.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- Pursuant to article 9 of the Declaration, everyone has the right to benefit from an effective remedy and to be protected in the event of the violation of his/her human rights and fundamental freedoms. States therefore have a responsibility to ensure that human rights defenders whose rights have been violated are provided with an effective remedy. This obligation entails that the State ensures, without undue delay, a prompt and impartial investigation into the alleged violations, the prosecution of the perpetrators regardless of their status, the provision of redress, including appropriate compensation to victims, as well as the enforcement of the decisions or judgements. Failure to do so often leads to further attacks against human rights defenders and further violates their rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- On 9 October 2009, the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression and the Special Rapporteur on human rights defenders in Africa of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights issued a joint press release denouncing the stigmatization of human rights defenders by the Gambian authorities and the public threats to kill defenders working in the Gambia or those collaborating with them. This stigmatization was even more symbolic given that the statements in question were made in Banjul, at the headquarters of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, only a few days before the Commission's forty-sixth ordinary session. The Special Rapporteur is concerned that human rights defenders are frequently victims of campaigns of defamation by State-owned media and are often portrayed as traitors or enemies of the State, which puts their lives in danger.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- Since the adoption of the Declaration on Human Rights, many intergovernmental and non-governmental regional mechanisms for the protection of defenders have been created and declarations and resolutions adopted. Despite the increase in organizations and instruments specifically aiming at their protection, defenders continue to pay a high price for their human rights activities. Some 11 years after the adoption of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, the Special Rapporteur has found that there was a need to review and assess protection programmes put in place to ensure the physical and psychological integrity of defenders from attacks and threats. The Special Rapporteur hopes that this will shed light on the urgency of the situation and the need for States and non-State actors to move towards efficient responses to physically protect defenders.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur welcomes these initiatives and encourages other States that have not yet done so to consider developing similar measures and maximizing their efficiency. At the same time, she wishes to express her concerns about the efficiency and sustainability of the existing programmes. Among other issues of concern, the large number of Government entities and ministries in charge of implementation of the programmes often causes confusion and a lack of confidence within the community of defenders. The Special Rapporteur believes that they should be revised, in consultation with human rights defenders, so that the latter receive timely and efficient physical protection.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- Human rights defenders have also developed national and regional programmes to ensure their own safety and protection.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 99
- Paragraph text
- The Commission has also created a specific unit within the Office of the Executive Secretary to coordinate its activities in this field. The Human Rights Defenders Unit liaises with human rights organizations and members of civil society, as well as State bodies responsible for human rights policies in each member State. The unit can also encourage the Commission to adopt any precautionary measures or measures of any other kind that the Commission deems appropriate, in order to protect threatened human rights workers in the region.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Violations committed against defenders by non-State actors 2010, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- The former Special Representative had received information on numerous instances in which "employers collude among themselves and with the local labour department and immigration authorities against workers who raise labour rights concerns" (E/CN.4/2004/94/Add.1, paras. 61-69). Private companies have also reportedly provided information to the State leading to the conviction of several defenders who had been calling for democratic reforms through the Internet. In one particular case, a Web-search engine company was sued by defenders for reportedly having aided and abetted State violations against them. A private settlement was agreed upon by the parties, but new lawsuits have since been filed against the same company by different plaintiffs.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Economic Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- Communications issued by the Special Rapporteur indicate that the criminalization of human rights defenders' activities by States' authorities has not decreased. Some States tend to systematically invoke national security and public safety to restrict the scope of activities of defenders. In many countries, trade unionists, members of NGOs and social movements face repeated arrests and criminal proceedings for charges of "forming criminal gangs", "obstructing public roads", "inciting crime", "creating civil disobedience" or "threatening the State security, public safety or the protection of health or morals". Moreover, human rights defenders, including defence lawyers, providing legal assistance to other defenders or victims of human rights violations are threatened, denied access to courthouses and their clients, and arrested and charged under various criminal provisions. The multitude of arrests and detentions of defenders also contributes to their stigmatization, since they are depicted and perceived as troublemakers by the population.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- Individuals acting on their own or as part of groups, whether in collusion with States or not, have been increasingly involved in attacks on human rights defenders. Guerillas, private militias, vigilante groups and armed groups have been implicated in violence against defenders, including beatings, killings and various acts of intimidation. Private companies have also been directly or indirectly involved in acts of violence against defenders. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur would particularly like to underline the situation of defenders working on economic, social and cultural rights, who are increasingly vulnerable, since their work is not always recognized as human rights work.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Security and protection of human rights defenders 2010, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- Some States continue to resort to ambiguous security laws to arrest and detain human rights defenders, often without charges. In some States, national intelligence and security services have the power to detain human rights defenders without charge for a prolonged period of time. In some instances, agents of intelligence and security services are granted immunity from prosecution, and can therefore commit human rights violations against defenders in total impunity. Defenders may also face arrests, detention and harsh sentences, including the death penalty, under various State secret laws. The Special Rapporteur is concerned that legislation on State secrets often lacks clarity on what constitutes a State secret and that States frequently resort to such legislation to silence defenders and political opponents. The activities of defenders are also often criminalized and their freedom of association and expression violated through the use of extremely broad provisions of criminal codes.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo