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Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- Good practice exists at the policy level and in field operations, as illustrated by examples provided by the specialized agencies of the United Nations. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) operates an early warning system in some of its in-country programmes, often using sophisticated computer mapping, which is designed to map specific local conditions, such as movements of security forces and displaced peoples, presence of weapons, availability of basic services and access to water sources. In some situations a process of broad consultations with local communities is incorporated. UNDP has developed a capacity to identify the root causes of conflicts, notably through deployment of peace and development advisers to country teams who help in conducting conflict analyses. Experience has shown that context-specific systems that mix qualitative and quantitative indicators and political analysis are effective, if highly resource intensive.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- The Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council and the treaty monitoring bodies are well placed to identify the warning signs of impending conflicts, including those affecting minorities. In October 2009, a United Nations round table on Special Procedures entitled "Early Warning and Emerging Issues" was held in New York. The Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief emphasized the contribution that these mechanisms can make to a better understanding of complex situations, for example involving systemic exclusion and discrimination of certain minority groups. Other participants recommended strengthening the capacity of the Special Procedures to contribute to early warning, by ensuring that their recommendations were communicated more effectively to the United Nations field presences, by improving on follow-up to communications to States and by ensuring that data revealing patterns of severe abuses were communicated as early warnings.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- Arguments for special measures which could ensure the participation of minorities in public bodies are based on the fact that because of their smaller number, minorities can hardly ever determine the outcome of decisions in a majoritarian democracy. In practice, minorities tend to be outvoted, unable to secure representation proportionate with their numbers, thus denying them an effective voice in the public and political life of States. The rationale for special measures is not, as is frequently perceived, to create a privileged position for minorities, but rather to level the playing field, placing minorities in the same position as majorities. Being involved in national political and social processes, contributing to policymaking and participating in (and benefiting from) public services should help to counter marginalization and alienation. States that welcome the participation and integration of minorities tend not only to be more stable, but also more prosperous.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- Discrimination which inhibits the political participation of minorities may manifest itself in, among others: a type of electoral system which negatively affects minority representation; political parties which are adverse to minority issues and minority membership; widespread prejudice among the electorate which punishes parties willing to include minority candidates or voice minority issues; media which are hostile to minority concerns and participation. Given the centrality of the issue of discrimination to the right to effective participation, Governments should consider instituting independent monitoring and individual complaints mechanisms, such as the ombudsperson's function adopted in a number of countries.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- In his landmark report to the Millennium Assembly of the United Nations in 2000, the Secretary-General stated that in many countries at war, the condition of poverty was coupled with sharp ethnic or religious cleavages, and that almost invariably, the rights of subordinate groups were insufficiently respected, the institutions of Government were insufficiently inclusive and the allocation of society's resources favoured the dominant faction over others. He added that the solution was clear: to promote human rights, to protect minority rights and to institute political arrangements in which all groups were represented, and that every group needed to become convinced that the State belonged to all people (A/54/2000, paras. 202-203).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- The collection of data disaggregated by ethnicity, age, gender, geographical distribution and other relevant categories is an important precondition for the development of adequate and efficient models of participation of persons belonging to minorities. Such data make it possible to monitor the participation of minorities and ascertain whether fair and representative participation mechanisms have been put in place. The collection of disaggregated data must take place in accordance with international standards on personal data protection, as well as respecting the right of persons belonging to minorities to choose freely to be treated or not as minorities. Representatives of minorities should be involved in the process of data collection, and the data collection methods should be designed in close cooperation with them.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- Some conflicts are rooted in the denial or deprivation of citizenship to certain identity groups. Disputes regarding citizenship often arise against the background of pre-existing ethnic or regional conflict, linked in many cases to broader factors of poverty, competition for scarce resources and political instability (A/HRC/7/23, para. 26). The denial of citizenship to a minority community has both a symbolic and practical impact, both of which can be central to the origins of conflict. It sends an unambiguous message about the exclusion of a community as part of the national identity. The denial of citizenship can also mean denial of access to schooling, to health treatment or other services and to political office as well as the constant threat of deportation.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 88
- Paragraph text
- Effective participation in decision-making processes, particularly in those which have an impact on minorities, is a precondition for the full and equal enjoyment of the human rights of persons belonging to them. There are at least two key lessons to be drawn. The first is the truly essential nature of the right to effective participation: the fulfilment of so many other fundamental human rights is both dependent on and a prerequisite for its fulfilment. The second lesson is that the effectiveness of the political participation of minorities must constantly be evaluated and at all levels of society, in order to ensure that it is real and meaningful. A full set of recommendations can be found in document A/HRC/13/25.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 108
- Paragraph text
- Effective steps should be taken to ensure that the national staff composition of the United Nations country teams is inclusive of persons from minority communities.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- States have significant leeway to decide, in consultation with minority communities, the modalities by which political participation can be achieved. Those measures may include the devolution of certain powers by means of a federal or autonomy arrangement; an informal council of minority representatives or a statutory body, which is consulted by the executive on matters of concern to the minority; electoral systems based on proportional representation; a system of reserved seats for minorities in parliament; or the facilitated participation in the electoral process of political parties representing the interests of minorities.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- At the core of minority rights are the protection and preservation of culturally distinctive identities within societies. The denigration or suppression of the defining identity of a person or group can be a powerful factor in generating conflict. Repressive measures to control or restrict religious or traditional practices or force assimilation can galvanize opposition and bridge other divides that may exist within the targeted communities, thereby creating a common platform around which they can rally. Language, in particular, is a potent vehicle of culture. The imposition on minority communities of a majority language, either through teaching in public schools or formal prohibitions on the use of minority languages, has been a spark that has ignited many violent clashes in every region of the world.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- In September 2009, the independent expert participated in a conference held in Cali, Colombia, as a regional follow-up activity to the first session of the Forum, which had focused on minorities and the right to education. The conference was organized by the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Center for Justice and Human Rights, in collaboration with the Cornell Law School's International Human Rights Clinic and the International Human Rights Law Clinic of the University of Virginia. In an effort to continue dialogue, remain accountable to local communities and promote grass-roots advocacy, the conference publicly launched the report entitled "Right to Education of Afro-descendant and Indigenous Communities in the Americas" that it had previously presented at the Forum. The report addresses failures to fulfil obligations with respect to the right to education without discrimination within the Americas, focusing on Colombia, Guatemala and the Dominican Republic.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Education
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- The right to effective participation, the prohibition of discrimination and special measures are firmly rooted in international human rights law. The right of all persons to take part in the conduct of public affairs, directly or through freely chosen representatives, as well as to vote and be elected in genuine periodic elections is affirmed in article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. This provision is an elaboration of article 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states: "Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives."
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- The Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict concluded that time and again in the twentieth century, attempts at suppression of ethnic, cultural or religious differences had led to bloodshed, and in case after case, the accommodation of diversity within appropriate constitutional forms had helped to prevent bloodshed. The Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has conducted research showing that the likelihood of conflict increases with rising group inequality. The Minorities at Risk Project at the University of Maryland monitors indicators for political discrimination, cultural and economic exclusion and persecution on 283 minority groups around the world, and has found a significant link between conflict and those forms of denial of rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- In the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action (A/CONF.189/12 and Corr.1, chap. I), the outcome document of the 2001 World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, the participating States expressed their concern that socio-economic development was being hampered by widespread internal conflicts which were due, among other causes, to gross violations of human rights, including those arising from racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and from lack of democratic, inclusive and participatory governance. It urged States to recognize that techniques, mechanisms, policies and programmes for reconciling conflicts based on factors related to race, colour, descent, language, religion, or national or ethnic origin and for developing harmonious multiracial and multicultural societies needed to be systematically considered and developed (ibid., paras. 21 and 171).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- The Inter-Agency Framework for Coordination on Preventative Action (Framework team) is an informal forum for inter-agency exchange of information and collaboration involving 21 different United Nations entities (A/64/864, paras. 7 13). The Framework team is a mechanism that shares information on potential crises and works together to support the development of inter-agency conflict prevention initiatives. As such it is a key part of the United Nations conflict prevention architecture. The Framework team is designed to support the Resident Coordinator and the United Nations country team in countries that show early signs that a situation, whether at the regional, national or subnational level, is likely to lead to violence. The programme initiatives are designed to address the issues at the early upstream stage in the conflict cycle, so that the situation does not escalate into overt conflict.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- The right to effective participation is further upheld in provisions within existing regional human rights treaties. These include the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, the American Convention on Human Rights and the Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women. The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights) protects the right to free elections through its Protocol No. 1 (art. 3) and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities creates an obligation for States to ensure the effective participation of persons belonging to national minorities (art. 15). Comparable provisions on the prohibition of discrimination are also contained in the regional human rights treaties.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Women
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- A continuing and substantive dialogue is required in order to ensure the effective participation of women and men belonging to minorities in their society. This dialogue should be multidirectional: it must involve persons belonging to minorities as well as majority populations, and it also must be between persons belonging to minorities and the authorities. Such dialogue can be achieved only if effective channels of communication are in place. Such channels must take into account the specific needs of minority women, as well as other marginalized segments of minority communities exposed to intersectional discrimination.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Women
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- In some States, there is a strong demand from communities to have their traditional governance structures respected. Such structures may include systems whereby elders are consulted by community members and decide on important matters, whether they involve individual members or the community collectively. Communities may also have recognized customary laws or a code of behaviour, and these may or may not be written. Whether written or unwritten, it is critically important that such traditional governance structures include women and other marginalized groups in decision-making positions and apply international human rights principles fully in all aspects of their activities. With this proviso, initiatives whereby traditionally recognized community leaders are incorporated into formal government structures and legislatures are welcome and contribute to a better realization of the right to effective participation. Moreover, elders may play a role in conflict management, for instance by acting as arbiters in disputes between community members.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- Despite some excellent practices in the field, there is no mechanism for or consistent practice of ensuring that minority issues are mainstreamed across the in-country work of entities in the United Nations system, in accordance with article 9 of the 1992 Declaration on Minorities, even in countries where those issues are at the core of local conflicts. At the Headquarters level, in the Department of Political Affairs and in the UNDP Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, know-how on minority rights could be enhanced to facilitate the development of policies and practices sensitive to minorities. Appropriate training programmes and resources are required for staff throughout the United Nations system, to assist in the early identification by decision makers at the highest level of tensions involving minorities.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- The tragic events in Rwanda and in the former Yugoslavia gave new impetus to efforts by the United Nations to protect minorities - described by the Secretary-General as "genocide's most frequent targets". In 2004, the Secretary-General established the mandate of the Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide. The principal objective of the Special Adviser is to advise the Secretary-General and the Security Council on actions to protect vulnerable populations from genocide. The Office of the Special Adviser attempts to identify a range of potential threats to minority populations at an early stage and make recommendations regarding constructive management of cultural diversity issues.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- The Inter-Agency Framework for Coordination on Preventative Action (Framework team) is an informal forum for inter-agency exchange of information and collaboration involving 21 different United Nations entities (A/64/864, paras. 7-13). The Framework team is a mechanism that shares information on potential crises and works together to support the development of inter-agency conflict prevention initiatives. As such it is a key part of the United Nations conflict prevention architecture. The Framework team is designed to support the United Nations country team in countries that show early signs that a situation, whether at the regional, national or sub-national level, is likely to lead to violence. The programme initiatives are designed to address the issues at the early upstream stage in the conflict cycle, so that the situation does not escalate.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 80
- Paragraph text
- Substantial steps have been taken over recent years to reposition international engagement with conflict situations from the point of reaction to a point of identification of early warnings. There is mounting evidence that one of the earliest indicators of potential violence is the chronic disregard of minority rights. Early warning systems must have the necessary expertise to be alert to such indicators. While there is already a substantial flow of information to early warning mechanisms within the United Nations system, a focus on minority rights should be strengthened.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 7
- Paragraph text
- Factors including lack of recognition of minorities, discrimination, exclusion and lack of knowledge and awareness of minority issues result in inadequate inclusion of minority issues by national institutions, both governmental and independent, within their work and priorities. Human rights and socioeconomic development policies frequently do not fully take account of their unique circumstances, their rights and their needs and consequently fail to benefit minorities. However, in many States that recognize challenges involving minorities and the need for targeted and mainstream solutions, institutional arrangements have been established incorporating expertise on minority issues which initiate, implement and monitor efforts to promote and protect minority rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- Institutional attention to minority issues may result in positive measures targeted at minorities. In its general recommendation No. 32 on the meaning and scope of special measures in the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD/C/GC/32), the Committee, citing general recommendation No. XIV, states that "differentiation of treatment will not constitute discrimination if the criteria for such differentiation, judged against the objectives and purposes of the Convention, are legitimate". According to general recommendation No. 32: The term "non-discrimination" does not signify the necessity of uniform treatment when there are significant differences in situation between one person or group and another, or, in other words, if there is an objective and reasonable justification for differential treatment. To treat in an equal manner persons or groups whose situations are objectively different will constitute discrimination in effect, as will the unequal treatment of persons whose situations are objectively the same. However, positive measures should be justified, timed and monitored.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- The prevention of mass atrocities, intergroup tensions and conflict, including when owing to violations of minority rights, is an important impetus for institutionalizing attention to minority issues, particularly where tensions or conflict exists or has previously occurred. The former Secretary-General, Kofi Annan, remarked that "[W]e must protect especially the rights of minorities, since they are genocide's most frequent targets". The General Assembly in the preamble to the Declaration considered "that the promotion and protection of the rights of persons belonging to … minorities contribute to the political and social stability of States in which they live". This statement was echoed by Heads of State and Government in paragraph 130 of the 2005 World Summit Outcome, where they also committed themselves to the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes and ethnic cleansing (paras. 138 and 139), the importance of which is emphasized by the Independent Expert in relation to minorities at risk.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- Developing internal minority rights expertise within such national institutions as the police and judiciary constitutes a positive practice, allowing such key protection and justice bodies to engage and consult more effectively with minority communities, ensure protection measures and respond appropriately to their issues, including incidents of violence. In the eleventh preambular paragraph of its resolution 66/144 of 22 March 2012, the General Assembly recognized that individuals belonging to vulnerable groups including minorities are the main victims of violence and of attacks perpetrated or incited by extremist political parties, movements and groups.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- The United Nations Human Rights Committee has interpreted the conduct of public affairs broadly as the exercise of power in the legislative, executive and administrative branches. In the view of the Committee, the provision covers all aspects of public administration, including the formulation and implementation of policy at international, national, regional and local levels. Furthermore, citizens may participate in the conduct of public affairs directly or indirectly. Once a mode of participation is established, no distinction should be made between citizens as regards their participation on such grounds as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, and no unreasonable restrictions should be imposed.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- The concept of special measures is relevant for the effective political participation of women and men belonging to minorities as it can facilitate the implementation of minorities' rights to vote and to stand for office. It has been endorsed by the United Nations human rights bodies and by regional human rights institutions. With regard to the right to vote, the Human Rights Committee recognized that "[p]ositive measures should be taken to overcome specific difficulties, such as illiteracy, language barriers, poverty, or impediments to freedom of movement which prevent persons entitled to vote from exercising their rights effectively. Information and materials about voting should be available in minority languages".
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Women
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- An important role of independent human rights bodies is in provision of complaint-handling services. Disadvantaged minorities may be reluctant to report incidents of discrimination or lack information or resources that enable them to make or pursue complaints. Specialist bodies frequently provide legal assistance and advisory services. They may offer alternative pathways, including mediation services that pursue solutions outside the courts and provide relatively quick, free and less formal access to remedies. However complaint-handling activities should include the ability to conduct investigations based on information or complaints received and to initiate or pursue legal action in the courts and/or refer cases to other appropriate bodies, including tribunals.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 82
- Paragraph text
- The twentieth anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration provides an opportunity for States to consider practical measures for enhancing its implementation. Necessary efforts towards achieving positive and systematic change so as to ensure a culture and practice of minority rights and equality require political commitment and proactive approaches that are often lacking. While non-discrimination measures are essential, minority rights frequently require States to implement positive measures and approaches, as articulated in the Declaration, to ensure equality.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- Dedicated Government institutions may elaborate valuable mission statements and objectives providing important political messages on minority inclusion and equality, which may explicitly reflect challenges facing minorities. The Ministry of Minority Affairs of India is "empowering the minority communities and creating an enabling environment for strengthening the multiracial, multi-ethnic, multicultural, multilingual and multi-religious character of our nation", and its objective is "to improve the socioeconomic conditions of the minority communities through affirmative action and inclusive development". Such public commitments provide a valuable opportunity for civil society engagement and advocacy.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 64
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- The National Council for Cooperation on Ethnic and Integration Issues of Bulgaria is headed by the Deputy Prime Minister. It coordinates State programmes and policies relating to ethnic minorities and monitors implementation of integration policies, in consultation with all relevant stakeholders. Non-governmental organizations representing minorities, including Roma, are members. The High Commissioner for Immigration and Intercultural Dialogue of the Government of Portugal, within the Ministry of the Presidency of the Council of Ministries, has a specific mandate to address minority rights and a specialist office for support to Roma people.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Persons on the move
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 70
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- The Government of Latvia noted the existence of three national-level consultative bodies: the Consultative Council on Minorities, under the President; the National Minority Non-Governmental Organization Committee, under the Ministry of Culture; and the National Minority Education Consultative Council, under the Ministry of Education and Science. At the local government level, society integration commissions have broad minority participation. The Government of Georgia provided information on its institutions, including a Civil Integration and Tolerance Council, a Council on National Minorities set up to facilitate dialogue between Government and national minorities, and a Council of Religions, promoting dialogue, integration and participation of religious associations.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- Issues and concerns have frequently been raised with the mandate of the independent expert relating to the rights of linguistic minorities. The Declaration on Minorities establishes that States shall protect the linguistic identity of minorities within their respective territories and shall encourage conditions for the promotion of that identity. It emphasizes that minorities have the right "to use their own language, in private and in public, freely and without interference or any form of discrimination". Article 4 of the Declaration requires that "States should take appropriate measures so that, wherever possible, persons belonging to minorities may have adequate opportunities to learn their mother tongue or to have instruction in their mother tongue".
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
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- Ethnic minorities
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 48
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- Disadvantaged minorities are often poorly placed with respect to accessing information and services. Poverty, socioeconomic disadvantages, remote localities, and education or language barriers are obstacles to obtaining services and engaging institutions. Some may have negative experiences of interactions with institutions which may not have met their expectations or addressed their concerns. Institutions should establish channels and processes of communication and consultation with minorities and build trust with minority communities. Efforts to raise awareness of the institution and services should target minorities and include advertising in and through minority media and in minority localities. Publications, information and services should be available in minority languages, including through dedicated websites.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 54
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- While institutional attention to minority issues has financial implications, it can still be cost-effective, particularly where early implementation of minority rights helps to avert tensions among communities. Dedicated programmes can improve minority access to education, training and employment, with benefits to minorities and States resulting from the enhanced participation of minorities in economic life. Studies demonstrate the untapped economic potential within marginalized minorities and that integration is not only a moral and human rights obligation but an economic necessity. Where financial constraints exist, low-cost measures include recruitment of minority experts and consultative methodologies, which can significantly strengthen institutional expertise.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 73
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- National human rights institutions are independent, autonomous bodies created by law and should function in compliance with the principles relating to the status of national institutions (the Paris principles) (General Assembly resolution 48/134, annex). National human rights institutions include human rights commissions, ombudsman's offices, and specialized institutions designed to protect the rights of disadvantaged or vulnerable groups. In 2005, the United Nations Working Group on Minorities of the former Commission on Human Rights noted that national human rights institutions can contribute significantly to the promotion and protection of the rights of minorities and that there is growing recognition of the contribution that these institutions can make to safeguard the rights of the less advantaged groups of society, in close partnership with them. Nevertheless, frequently such institutions lack clear and proactive mandates for addressing minority issues.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- Governments have the primary responsibility for implementing minority rights. Establishing a Government body, agency, department or equivalent institution with dedicated attention to minority issues provides an institutional focus for government activities and offers the potential for proactive policy and programme initiatives and targeted approaches to the challenges involving minorities. It demonstrates governmental commitment to minority rights and should ensure that minority issues are consistently integrated into governmental policies and, essentially, mainstreamed throughout governmental bodies. Considered briefly below are some forms of institutional attention to minority issues adopted by Governments at the national level.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 18
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- Based on the provisions of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, the independent expert has identified a number of thematic priorities that will feature in her work during her first term as mandate holder. These priorities also reflect some of the priorities that have been brought to her attention, and have been raised with her predecessor, by minorities themselves. The independent expert wishes to emphasize that, to the fullest extent possible and in line with the provisions of her mandate, her work will take into account the views of minorities and NGOs as well as other stakeholders and that she will take every opportunity to respond to the concerns of minorities.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 40
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- The independent expert emphasizes that while Governments bear the primary responsibility for protecting and ensuring the rights of all within society, minorities themselves also have a vital role and important responsibilities relating to their own communities and their place and integration in wider society. Article 2 of the Declaration establishes that "persons belonging to minorities have the right to participate effectively in decisions on the national and, where appropriate, regional level concerning the minority to which they belong or the regions in which they live, in a manner not incompatible with national legislation. Persons belonging to minorities also have the right to establish and maintain their own associations, and important component in the efforts of minorities to advocate for their rights".
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
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- Ethnic minorities
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Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 48
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- A minorities caucus could benefit from and be based upon existing United Nations contacts with minorities including: minority participants in the Forum on Minority Issues; participants in the United Nations Minority Fellowship Programme; contacts established through country visits of the mandate and through thematic initiatives of the independent expert. In addition, NGOs and others working in the field of minority issues in all regions would be invited to propose organizations and individuals to join the caucus. Academics, researchers, regional and country experts and those with particular thematic expertise relating to minority issues will also make a valuable contribution to discussions and initiatives of the proposed caucus.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 63
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- The Forum on Minority Issues, established under resolution 6/15 of the Human Rights Council, is mandated to provide a platform for promoting dialogue and cooperation on issues pertaining to persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities, and to provide thematic contributions and expertise to the work of the independent expert. The independent expert is required to guide the Forum sessions, prepare its annual meetings and to report the recommendations of the Forum to the Human Rights Council. The Forum has been successful in identifying and analysing best practices, challenges, opportunities and initiatives for the further implementation of the Declaration on Minorities and has produced concrete and tangible outcomes in the form of thematic recommendations of practical value to all stakeholders.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
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Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 20
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- The independent expert will build on the earlier reports and findings of her predecessor in which she identified significant challenges faced by minority groups in all regions who speak minority languages as their mother tongue. Minority languages are frequently not allowed to be used in national or local administration or as the language of instruction in schools, for example. Consequently those belonging to minorities may face barriers to their full participation in public life. Many young people belonging to minorities in all regions are often required to speak two or more languages, which on the one hand is vital for their full participation in society, but on the other hand can create difficulties and disadvantages, for example in their education, as they are required to study in a language that is not their mother tongue.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 26
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- Article 1 of the Declaration requires that "States shall protect the existence and the national or ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic identity of minorities within their respective territories and shall encourage conditions for the promotion of that identity". The Declaration on Minorities does not provide a comprehensive or legally binding definition of which groups can be considered to constitute minorities or provide detailed criteria for according minority status. In all regions there are national, ethnic, religious or linguistic communities that are not recognized as minorities by States and therefore may not be fully benefiting from minority rights as required by the Declaration. The independent expert considers that States should take an inclusive approach and interpret the Declaration in a progressive and unrestrictive way to ensure that both long-established and relatively newly established minorities enjoy their minority rights.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- Two side-events on issues related to the rights of minority women and girls were organized in the margins of the fourth session of the Forum. The first side event on 29 November, organized by OHCHR, focused on empowering minority women to claim their rights within their communities as well as organizational and institutional bodies and mechanisms that can be effective in empowering and building the capacity of minority women. Panellists included Mercedes Barquet (Mexico), member of the Working Group on Discrimination against Women in Law and in Practice; Atieno Junnipher Kere (Kenya), Women In Fishing Industry Programme; Renu Sijapati (Nepal), Feminist Dalit Organization (FEDO); Beata Bislim Olahova (Slovakia), Roma Education Fund; and Leonardo Reales Martinez (Colombia), AFROLATINOS and ECODESARROLLO.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Women
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Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 34
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- A minority rights-based approach to the protection of the rights of religious minorities is an obligation of all States. Minority rights require a broad protection of the culture, languages, traditions and customs of religious minorities and understanding of leadership and customary law structures that might result, for example, in consideration of special or autonomous arrangements. It requires the State to take positive measures both in respect to the rights of minorities to enjoy and practise their religion and all aspects of their identity, and also in respect to their equal place in society and their ability to participate fully in economic, political and social life.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- The independent expert, therefore, recognizes and applauds the work of grass-roots organizations and individuals in every region of the world working with and on behalf of disadvantaged minority communities to protect and promote their rights. She emphasizes that such NGOs frequently work in difficult circumstances and lack capacity and financial and human resources. Nevertheless many such organizations and individuals have achieved significant and concrete improvements affecting the lives of persons belonging to minorities in positive and very practical ways which should be given greater visibility and potentially employed as positive models for other communities worldwide where similar challenges exist.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 42
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- To respond appropriately to the rights and needs of religious minorities requires a comprehensive knowledge of religious diversity and minority communities. However, information suggests that many States are not well aware of the picture of their religious minorities and lack a full understanding of their numerical size, distribution, socioeconomic conditions relative to other groups, and the challenges that their members face. A full picture of the religious and belief diversity relies primarily on self-identification by concerned persons. It should include all religions, not only those listed in the constitution, specified in a closed list by the Government, or recognized by the theology or ideology to which the State associates itself.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 44
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- The reality of minorities within minorities and the centrality of self-definition should not be neglected. Religious minorities may be characterized by both unity and diversity, by obedience and solidarity, as well as by multiple and emerging histories. Diversities of nomenclatures, self-ascriptions of terms to describe the group or its practices, the multiplicity of groups that share holy figures or sites of significance, those all need to be acknowledged. The complexity of arising issues cannot be ignored away. Further, the ignorance of the public at large regarding the variety of groups and values under a particular religion or belief "header" and their demographic profile needs to be challenged.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 51
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- International norms insist upon non-discrimination on the basis of religion in relation to the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights, including in relation to the right to education. The four standards considered to be interrelated and essential features for implementation of the right to education (availability, accessibility, acceptability and adaptability) are also relevant in terms of the availability of and access to education for religious minorities. Regarding the latter, the Human Rights Committee explained that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights permits public school instruction in subjects such as the general history of religions and ethics if it is given in a neutral and objective way, whereas public education that includes instruction in a particular religion or belief is inconsistent with article 18.4 unless provision is made for non-discriminatory exemptions or alternatives that would accommodate the wishes of parents and guardians (see CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.5, para. 6).
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 57
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- Barriers to the full enjoyment of their rights may exist owing both to discrimination in wider society and to factors such as strictly defined gender roles within minority communities. Recent debates regarding the accommodation of religious dress, particularly for women in the workplace, have had an impact on the ability of some minority women to access labour markets or even public services. While offering general recognition and respect for the religious and cultural practices and traditions of minorities, it is the responsibility of Government and minorities alike to ensure that those practices and traditions do not contravene the human rights of any individual.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 62
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- Some States demand the declaration of religious affiliation on identity cards and other official documentation. The enjoyment of rights may then be precariously conditional on ascription to a closed list of particular religions or be utilized to ensure the impossibility of conversion and the denial of the existence of any other beliefs. Refusal to abide by such requirements may result in the denial of a number of basic rights: from the registration of births, marriages and deaths; school and university entrance; obtaining passports, driving licences, bank accounts and property; access to health provisions; and so on. The restrictions amount to violations that destroy the very foundations of minority rights. Compelling people to identify religion or belief on official documents undermines the explicit assertion developed by the United Nations Human Rights Committee that no one can be compelled to reveal his thoughts or adherence to a religion or belief.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 71
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- The media are key in shaping societal perceptions, and their often negative role in relation to minorities, and particularly religious minorities, is frequently cited. Participation in the mainstream media for religious minorities is essential. Part of the rationale for facilitating access to the media for religious minorities is to allow them to communicate their views and counter the prejudices and stereotypes that wider society may hold. Another rationale is for religious minorities to contribute content and expertise to the media in order for others to learn about their communities. This knowledge supports social cohesion, counters political forces that wish to paint all religious minorities as lacking in loyalty or as extremists, and enriches the pluralism and diversity of societies.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 46
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- In Rakhine State in Myanmar, for example, an estimated 800,000 Rohingya Muslims are not recognized as citizens of the majority Buddhist State despite the community having been resident in the country for generations. Effectively stateless persons, they have faced systematic violation of their rights in all walks of life, including their participation in economic, political and social life. Violence between Buddhists and Rohingya in 2012 resulted in the displacement of tens of thousands of Rohingya and some Buddhists to camps for internally displaced persons. Denial of full citizenship is considered a root cause of human rights violations against this religious minority community (see A/HRC/22/49).
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Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 52
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- Religious minorities are frequently denied equality of the law and equality before the law in courts that are guided by overtly discriminatory constitutional and other legal provisions. Such laws may grant them second-class status, or no legal recognition whatsoever. In some jurisdictions, religious minorities may be classified in law or in the perception of law enforcement bodies as infidels, separatists, suspect terrorists or non-protected persons, which renders their community rights non-existent. Conversion to a religion or belief that is undesirable in the view of the State may lead to the "civil death" of those persons.
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Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 75
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- Special consideration should be given to facilitating the right of reply for religious minorities. This should be regardless of the principle of the independence of the media, and regardless of whether it concerns the private or public media. When religious minority characteristics, affiliations or values are represented stereotypically in the media, the right of reply would allow the religious minorities concerned to challenge singular stereotypes and open up the debate. This is necessary not only for minority rights, but also for respect, harmony and coexistence in society at large. It can also ease community relations and promote understanding at the national and international levels. It can prevent misunderstandings from escalating and from racist political groups from exploiting such stereotypes.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 39
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- The phenomenon of minority language decline constitutes an urgent global challenge. The UNESCO Endangered Languages Programme warns that half of the world’s estimated 6,000 plus languages will likely die out by the end of the century. In some cases significant and urgent efforts are required to protect both the communities and their language heritage. The decline in numbers of language speakers may be due to a combination of factors, including the result of processes of cultural dilution through inter-ethnic marriage, voluntary relocation and decline in community numbers. However, some groups are vulnerable to factors beyond their control, such as policies of assimilation that promote dominant national or official languages, the impact of conflict, or forced displacement from their traditional lands. Some countries have aggressively promoted a single national language as a means of reinforcing sovereignty, national unity and territorial integrity.
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Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 44
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- The South African Constitution (art. 6) recognizes as official languages Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, Afrikaans, isiNdebele, isiXhosa and isiZulu, as well as English, and requires the State to take practical and positive measures to elevate the use of those languages, recognizing the “historically diminished use and status” of some languages. Municipalities must take account of language usage and preferences of their residents, including in education. The 2010 revised Constitution of Kenya has provisions for minorities, including article 7, which requires the State to protect the diversity of language of the people of Kenya and promote the development and use of indigenous languages. Article 44 establishes the right to use the language of a person’s choice and to form cultural and linguistic associations. Article 56 requires the State to establish affirmative action programmes to ensure that minorities and marginalized groups can develop their cultural values, languages and practices, including in the field of education.
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Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 33
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- The Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities also contains extensive provisions for the protection of the rights of linguistic minorities and minority languages. Articles 5 and 9 to 14 address the responsibilities of the State in, inter alia, the fields of minority language use in public and private spheres, provision of information and engagement with administrative authorities in minority languages, the media, minority languages in education and the right of minorities to establish private educational institutions, the use of names, signs and public information in minority languages, and the use of minority languages in the legal and judicial realm. Despite strong regional standards, implementation continues to be poor in many countries.
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Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 40
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- More than 3,000 languages are reportedly spoken by fewer than 10,000 people each. Some smaller minority communities with distinct languages are considered to be in danger of disappearing completely as distinct linguistic groups due to such factors as resettlement, displacement, conflict, assimilation, cultural dilution, environmental factors and loss of land. While over 20 languages are spoken in Cambodia, UNESCO has warned that 19 Cambodian languages are at risk of extinction over the coming decades. These are not isolated examples, and further research is required globally to enable effective policy responses to protect the existence of linguistic minorities and preserve their language, cultures and traditions for future generations.
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Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 45
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- In some national contexts Governments have imposed prohibitive restrictions on the use of minority languages in public spheres, including in political life. Under such circumstances minorities have even faced prosecution for exercising their right to use their language publicly, for example in the context of political campaigns. Such actions may be imposed in the context of efforts to stringently enforce the use of a single national language or assimilate minority communities via restrictions on their language use. In some cases, inter-ethnic or inter-religious conflict may motivate such restrictions designed to marginalize and exclude a particular population group. Few cases have been reported of restrictions on the use of minority languages in private life; however, aggressive promotion of a national language and restrictions on education in the mother tongue may be interpreted by members of a minority as attempts to assimilate them or eradicate minority language use in all spheres.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- Civil & Political Rights
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Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 91c
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- [The Independent Expert provides the following broad recommendations to national Governments and the international community:] States must ensure that the national educational environment is welcoming and non-discriminatory for those belonging to religious minorities and that reasonable accommodation is provided for them to learn about their own religion, manifest their religion, participate in their religious holidays, and learn about the religions and beliefs of others. In conformity with the Declaration, States should, where appropriate, take measures to encourage the acquisition of knowledge about the history, traditions, language and culture of the minorities existing within their territory;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
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Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 34
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- In other regional contexts, regional standards are weaker and monitoring of State compliance with human rights standards is less rigorous. More than 2,000 languages are spoken in Africa, yet there is no regional standard specifically devoted to language rights or minority languages. The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights does not substantively address language rights, although language is stated as one of the prohibited grounds of discrimination. However, the emphasis of the Charter on the rights of “peoples” should be interpreted as placing a strong emphasis on group and minority rights, and article 22 states that all peoples should have the right to their economic, social and cultural development with due regard to their freedom and identity.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 42
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- Some States assign official status to minority languages that may be historically present or are used by a significant proportion of the population, while others establish broader constitutional and legal protection of all languages present in the State. Some States with diverse linguistic communities have adopted specific laws on the use of minority languages. There is a strong legal and symbolic significance to such constitutional and legal recognition, which sends a positive message to minority communities that their language rights will be protected. Where there is no explicit legal recognition there may nevertheless be broader administrative recognition and policy relating to the use of minority languages that provide assurance and practical measures relating to language use, for example, where a linguistic minority is geographically concentrated.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- Equality & Inclusion
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Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 77
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- Minority languages are declining at a worrying rate in all regions. In some cases that decline reflects a process of language loss which is almost irreversible, due to factors such as globalization and processes of assimilation and cultural dilution. However, in many cases, the disappearance of minority languages is a failure of protection of the rights of minority communities who wish to maintain their languages, as well as a tragedy for a nation’s cultural and linguistic heritage and diversity. Long-term data collection and analysis helps to reveal the relative health of minority languages and the growth or decline of language use and is essential for the preservation of some threatened languages.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- The Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities and other international standards clearly establish the rights of linguistic minorities and the duties upon States. While they do not require that a State provide all activities and services in every language present within the State, in its assessment of how to fulfil its obligations, each State must take into account numerous factors relevant to linguistic minorities, including the number of language users and their distribution within the country. Each State can decide on approaches to how it implements the Declaration in practice, and it is reasonable to consider that greater attention and resources will be dedicated to certain traditionally present, commonly spoken, or geographically concentrated languages, for example, than are given to relatively newly established languages with few or dispersed users.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 76
- Paragraph text
- While resources available to a State are a factor, Governments must nevertheless fulfil their obligations to the best of their ability for all linguistic minorities. Numerous cost-effective methods are available to fulfil language rights, including translation of key information, web-based resources targeted at minorities, and policies of promoting training of minorities and their recruitment at national and local levels in public institutions. The use of minority mediators is a positive practice utilized by some States to improve communication with minorities. It may also be appropriate to encourage and facilitate cross-border cooperation, for example where a linguistic minority has a neighbouring or kin State with a shared language tradition.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- N.A.
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Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- Minorities have the right to enjoy media in their own language and establish their own media. Nevertheless, restrictions on the free establishment and functioning of media in minority languages have been witnessed in a number of countries. For minority communities the right to media in their language and appropriate to their cultural identity is particularly important and a vital vehicle for the preservation and transmission of minority cultures. Any unreasonable prohibition or restrictions of such rights in public or in private media could constitute a violation of minority rights and freedom of expression. Restrictions reported include barriers to the issuance of licences and the adoption of legislation prescribing quotas for broadcasting time in a certain language. No undue restrictions, censorship or requirements for translation should be imposed on minority-language media.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
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Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 59
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- Where minorities constitute a significant proportion of the population or a numerical majority and may have long and established connections with that region, States may decide, in consultation with communities, that public signs and street names may also be in minority languages. Such a practice, where desired by a minority community, can be an important public recognition of the language traditions of a linguistic group. This may be particularly important to long-established communities that seek to encourage public recognition and manifestations of their language, and is evident in minority regions with some form of regional or political autonomy in which minorities are more likely to have decision-making powers. However, in some countries with significant and concentrated minority communities this public recognition is not accorded to minority languages.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- The ability of minorities to engage institutions and administrative bodies in minority languages ensures that they are able to express their views, participate in consultative processes and influence national policy that affects them and the regions where they live. Where linguistic minorities face language barriers to their interaction with authorities their right to participate fully in public life, as required by the 1992 Declaration on Minorities, may be limited. Some States have population percentage thresholds above which minorities may use minority languages in official interactions with government officials and bodies and qualify for other entitlements relating to languages. These should, however, be set at levels that are not restrictive, and flexibility in approaches is preferable. Where significant minority populations are concentrated it is particularly appropriate to ensure that they have opportunities to use their languages in communication with administrative bodies and authorities, but consideration should also be given to the needs of smaller or dispersed language groups that may face unique challenges.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- In Colombia, which was visited by the former Independent Expert on minority issues in 2010, Afro-Colombians reported ongoing violence, selective murders, disappearances, threats and communities forced to flee, despite Government claims that the armed conflict had ended. The Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions found that indigenous and Afro-Colombian communities had been victimized by all parties to Colombia's conflicts and that, historically, paramilitaries, sometimes in collusion with State forces, had appropriated land and committed massacres to intimidate local populations (A/HRC/14/24/Add.2, para. 76). Resource exploitation, agriculture and mega-projects have created new motivations for violence.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- Nevertheless, a reasonable degree of accommodation of smaller and lesser-used languages should be provided. Modalities to support small or dispersed linguistic communities must be considered and can include support for informal language classes within or outside the public education structures and ensuring consultation with cultural associations representing linguistic minorities to assess and respond to specific needs. Factors such as voluntary and forced migration, conflict, climate change, and the opening of borders, for example across the Europe Union member States, are creating ever more diverse ethnic and linguistic societies in which language rights and needs must be taken into account.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- Gross inequalities and persistent poverty are frequently elements in the complex social, economic and geopolitical equations which lead to conflict and violence. Disadvantaged minority communities are frequently numerically small, politically and economically non-dominant and marginalized, and among the poorest in society. They are often poorly represented in government posts and law enforcement and justice bodies, so are rarely in a position to influence the decisions that affect them. They may be socially marginalized, inter alia, on the basis of their ethnicity or faith, their national origin and historical association with the country, their language, or perceptions of them as foreign or separatist. Such factors might contribute to an exclusionary ideology and can make minorities vulnerable to violence against which they are poorly equipped to respond.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- Equality & Inclusion
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Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- The responsibility to protect is a concept of great significance in the protection of disadvantaged minorities from violence. The political will to prevent violence and protect vulnerable communities is an essential prerequisite. In some situations of violence, Governments lack the capacity to end it and must be assisted to do so; however, history demonstrates the central role that States have played in coordinating mass atrocities against minorities. The State, with its frequent domination by a single ethnic or religious group, control over security resources, national media, infrastructure and institutions, can be an efficient perpetrator of violence. Recent evidence also demonstrates that the State as perpetrator is not a matter of history but a modern-day reality.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- Academic studies point to linkages among a low growth rate, inequality and the higher chance of conflict in developing countries. The likelihood of unrest and violent conflict is higher where there are significant horizontal inequalities in political or economic status between different ethnic or culturally defined groups. Indicators demonstrate how higher rates of educational attainment can lower the risk of internal conflict. In 2009, of the world's 101 million children out of school, an estimated 50 to 70 per cent were members of minorities or indigenous peoples. It is essential that minorities be integrated and able to benefit from development policies. The Special Rapporteur dedicated her annual report to the Human Rights Council in 2014 (A/HRC/25/56) to the importance of including minorities in the planning, implementation and evaluation of new development goals in the post-2015 development agenda, as a means to reduce inequalities.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- Studies are required to understand how hate speech transforms into acts of hate and violence. Hate speech is a factor in a process which seeks to scapegoat, demonize or, in extreme cases, dehumanize others considered outsiders or different, and to portray them as the cause of societal ills or as a threat. The power of hate speech to turn a nucleus of extremist hatred into a mass movement of violence is well documented and measures to counter its impact are essential. Several countries, including some that have experienced atrocities, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, have adopted legislation to prosecute hate-motivated crimes and incitement to national, racial or religious hatred. Countries such as Canada and the United States of America have created hate crime units within the police force.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- Minority representation in the media is one such key concern. The knowledge base of the public is often more limited concerning the culture, values and positions of minorities since they are commonly numerically smaller in number and are not the holders of power. It may be the case that outreach to minority communities is required to encourage participation, seek expertise and build trust, as well as to encourage those from minorities to take up opportunities provided by the media and to become active in producing and contributing to media content. In addition to such access to the mainstream media, minorities have the right to establish their own media and should be supported in efforts to do so.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 82
- Paragraph text
- If the Government manifestly demonstrates its refusal or inaction to stop the crimes, collective action should be urgently considered. Under the third pillar of the strategy for the implementation of the responsibility to protect, Member States have the responsibility "to take collective action, in a timely and decisive manner, through the Security Council, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, including Chapter VII, on a case-by-case basis and in cooperation with relevant regional organizations as appropriate, should peaceful means be inadequate and national authorities are manifestly failing to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity" (see A/66/874-S/2012/578, para. 2). Such collective action may include sanctions, embargoes and restrictions on cooperation. Ultimately, the use of force can be authorized by the Security Council. In situations in which there is an imminent or ongoing killing of civilian populations, measures must be established to enable appropriate and rapid intervention.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 4
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- The Holocaust was one of the clearest examples of large-scale, mass atrocities committed against minority groups. Jewish communities, Roma and Sinti, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals and others fell victim to Nazi propaganda and systematic genocide. The Rwandan genocide is also a clear example of mass atrocities perpetrated against a minority and one where, despite warnings, the international community failed to act. Around 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda determined that the killings constituted genocide. In 1995, the worst massacre of civilians in Europe since the Second World War took place in Srebrenica, where some 8,000 Muslim men and boys were killed by Bosnian Serb forces. The Secretary-General acknowledged the failure of the international community to prevent what was recognized as genocide (see A/54/549).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine State, Myanmar, face discrimination, exclusion and denial of citizenship. Violence between Rohingya and Buddhists in 2012 left hundreds, mostly Rohingya, dead and over 150,000 displaced. The Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar visited in 2014 and stated that community-based, political and religious groups had been conducting, with impunity, well-organized and coordinated campaigns of incitement to discrimination, hostility and violence against Rohingya and other Muslim minorities (A/HRC/25/64, para. 21). He noted the propagation of an agenda to rid Rakhine State of the estimated one million Rohingyas who lived there and concluded that the pattern of widespread and systematic human rights violations in Rakhine State might constitute crimes against humanity (A/HRC/25/64, paras. 45 and 51).
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 12
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- The Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (General Assembly resolution 47/135, annex) has established that States "shall protect the existence and the national or ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic identity of minorities within their respective territories and shall encourage conditions for the promotion of that identity" (art. 1, para. 1). Its preamble emphasizes that the promotion and protection of the rights of persons belonging to minorities contribute to the political and social stability of States in which they live and that the constant promotion and realization of their rights as "an integral part of the development of society as a whole and within a democratic framework based on the rule of law, would contribute to the strengthening of friendship and cooperation among peoples and States".
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 31
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- In some cases, violence or the threat of violence against certain stigmatized minority communities is common and almost socially accepted. Despite legislation in India (Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, adopted in 1989) which bans caste-based discrimination, violence against Dalits remains widespread and their access to justice poor. In May 2013, the Special Rapporteur, along with other United Nations experts, noted that caste-based discrimination remained widespread and deeply rooted, that its victims faced violence, structural discrimination, marginalization and systematic exclusion and that the level of impunity was very high.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Párrafo
Ensuring the inclusion of minority issues in post- 2015 development agendas 2014, para. 47
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- A global-level commitment to tackle inequality and address the situation of disadvantaged minorities and indigenous peoples by the international community, the United Nations, the donor community and international financial institutions is essential to encourage and ensure State-level action. If such a global message is missing or weakly stated, States that have historically neglected, denied or violated the rights and development of marginalized minority groups will have little incentive to do otherwise. Conversely, a strong requirement to address inequality, clearly articulated in a new set of post 2015 development imperatives, will serve to mobilize State action, empower civil society and minority communities, and have the potential to ensure real change on the ground for some of the most impoverished and marginalized minority groups.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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Párrafo
Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 89
- Paragraph text
- In Colombia, the Office of the Ombudsman created an early warning and risk assessment system (Sistema de Alerta Temprana) to protect Afro-Colombian communities under threat. Under the system, community advocates deployed to areas in which the presence of authorities is weak identify and report on credible threats. Their alerts are assessed by security forces and civil institutions which determine if protection measures, including a military presence, bodyguards and relocations, are required. One of the concerns expressed is that not all threats are taken seriously and that some measures are imposed without full consultation.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Environment
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Ensuring the inclusion of minority issues in post- 2015 development agendas 2014, para. 34
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- An emerging message underlying the consultations around the post 2015 development agendas has been "leave no one behind". This message is a welcome one that indicates a growing global awareness that inequality greatly hampers development progress for those affected. The Independent Expert considers that a real risk exists that millions of disadvantaged minorities globally will be "left behind" if there is not a clear commitment at the global and national levels to address the development needs and human rights of disadvantaged minorities. New development goals for the post-2015 period provide an important opportunity to refocus development agendas on inequality and put minority issues at the heart of these efforts.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- [Violence against minorities may be difficult to predict and rapidly develop based on a particular event or trigger. However, in some cases warning signs are evident long before violence breaks out and opportunities exist to prevent it at an important early stage. What is essential is that early warning indicators lead to early action to avert violence. The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination has elaborated indicators relating to the threat of genocide. These and similar indicators can and should be used to identify lower-level risk of violence against minorities. Fifteen indicators were elaborated to assess the existence of factors known to lead to conflict and genocide (see A/60/18, chap. II), and can be summarized as follows:] Serious patterns of individual attacks on members of minorities
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 51
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- The Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide has produced an analysis framework which comprises eight categories of factors for determining the risk of genocide: inter-group relations, including a record of discrimination and/or other human rights violations committed against a group; circumstances that affect the capacity to prevent genocide; presence of illegal arms and armed elements; motivation of leading actors in the State/region, and acts which serve to encourage divisions among national, racial, ethnic and religious groups; circumstances that facilitate the perpetration of genocide (dynamic factors); genocidal acts; evidence of intent to destroy in whole or in part a national, ethnical, racial or religious group; and triggering factors.
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Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 52
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- According to the framework, triggering factors include: upcoming elections; a change of Government outside of an electoral or constitutionally sanctioned process; instances in which the military is deployed internally to act against civilians; commencement of armed hostilities; natural disasters; and increases in opposition capacity, which may be perceived as a threat and prompt pre-emptive action. The Special Rapporteur considers that these valuable indicators can also be applied effectively in situations in which violence may not constitute genocide. Indicators and early warning mechanisms must be employed in practice and lead to alarms being triggered and concrete action taken.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- Accurate data can lead to effective solutions and help to prevent violence. The collection of data disaggregated by ethnicity, religion and geographical location, for example, allows accurate information on the size and situation of minorities and is an important resource. Such data allow the identification of inequalities among groups, lead to a greater understanding of the causes of inequalities, and allow effective solutions to be designed and implemented. Of legitimate concern to minorities, particularly those who have experienced violence, is that data are misused, resulting in their being targeted. Such fears are mitigated if processes fully comply with international standards on the protection and use of personal data.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Párrafo
Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- [Violence against minorities may be difficult to predict and rapidly develop based on a particular event or trigger. However, in some cases warning signs are evident long before violence breaks out and opportunities exist to prevent it at an important early stage. What is essential is that early warning indicators lead to early action to avert violence. The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination has elaborated indicators relating to the threat of genocide. These and similar indicators can and should be used to identify lower-level risk of violence against minorities. Fifteen indicators were elaborated to assess the existence of factors known to lead to conflict and genocide (see A/60/18, chap. II), and can be summarized as follows:] Systematic exclusion from positions of power, employment in State institutions and key professions
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Ensuring the inclusion of minority issues in post- 2015 development agendas 2014, para. 52
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- Calls for inequality to be addressed more clearly are coming from a wide group of experts. On 21 May 2013 a group of 18 United Nations human rights mandate holders called for the post 2015 development agenda to be urgently refocused on equality, social protection and accountability. The statement highlighted that: The rise of inequality has severely undermined the achievements of the Millennium Development Goals … Future goals must be sensitive to who benefits and at whose expense, and must go beyond blunt, aggregate targets that allow us to pick the "low-hanging fruit" and ignore the most vulnerable groups, while leaving systemic injustices untouched … Making equality a cross-cutting priority would mean every new goal will confront head on the systemic injustices that drive inequalities, from institutional discrimination against minority groups to uneven investments in social services in different regions of a country.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Ensuring the inclusion of minority issues in post- 2015 development agendas 2014, para. 56
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- The World Bank has highlighted the "remarkable progress" of Viet Nam on poverty reduction. However, ethnic minorities - 15 per cent of the population - have not enjoyed such progress. In 1993, minorities comprised 20 per cent of all poor households. By 1998, this had risen to 29 per cent, and by 2010 to 47 per cent, and 68 per cent of the extreme poor. The gap in living standards is also large: 66.3 per cent of ethnic minorities were still poor in 2010 compared to only 12.9 per cent of the majority Kinh, and 37.4 per cent of ethnic minorities are still extremely poor, compared to just 2.9 per cent of Kinh. The World Bank describes six "pillars of disadvantage" that combine in a "vicious cycle" to influence ethnic minority livelihood outcomes and lead directly and indirectly to persistent poverty: lower levels of education; less mobility; less access to financial services; less productive, lower-quality land; limited market access; stereotyping and cultural barriers.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Ensuring the inclusion of minority issues in post- 2015 development agendas 2014, para. 31
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- There are compelling arguments for giving greater attention to disadvantaged minorities in post-2015 development agenda and future development goals. Foremost amongst these is that globally minorities remain among the poorest and most socially and economically excluded and marginalized communities. Tens of millions of people belonging to national, ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities worldwide are trapped in a cycle of discrimination, exclusion, poverty and underdevelopment from which they cannot break free without targeted attention being given to their situations. The relationship between inequality, discrimination and poverty and its impact on disadvantaged minority groups cannot be ignored or underestimated.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Ensuring the inclusion of minority issues in post- 2015 development agendas 2014, para. 36
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- Deficiencies in the MDG framework have been highlighted by minority rights and development experts. A reliance on aggregate results and a continuing lack of disaggregated data collection resulted in very few measurements being made of the progress of minority groups towards the goals. Governments have tended to focus attention on populations that are easiest to reach and issues that were easiest and least costly to address. Minorities are often geographically and socially harder to reach and their issues include long-standing discrimination and social exclusion, which are more difficult to address. Strategies consequently often failed to target minorities and their particular challenges, even where the political will to address the issues of minorities existed.
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Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 41
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- Access to an interpreter is an essential fair trial guarantee for any person accused who does not understand the language in which the proceedings will be conducted. This right, however, is not always fully implemented or respected in practice.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Ensuring the inclusion of minority issues in post- 2015 development agendas 2014, para. 54
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- In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, disaggregated data reveal patterns of ethnic poverty. Around two fifths of people from ethnic minorities live in income poverty, twice the rate for whites. The highest income poverty rates (in percentages) are found among Bangladeshis (65), Pakistanis (55) and black Africans (45 ). At 25-30 per cent, the rate among Indians and black Caribbeans is lower but still much higher than the 20 per cent among white people. In Brazil, census data show that on average, white and Asian Brazilians earned twice as much as black or mixed-race Brazilians. Black Brazilians are much more likely to be poor. Of the 16.2 million people living in extreme poverty (approximately 8.5 per cent of the population), 70.8 per cent are black. The average wages for black and mixed-race Brazilians are 2.4 times lower than those earned by citizens of white and Asian origin.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 70
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- Police, prosecutors, judges and lawyers should demonstrate sensitivity and cultural familiarity when questioning or taking testimony from minority victims. For instance, the Special Rapporteur has been a witness to the questioning of a Roma woman who had been sterilized without her consent, and faced serious cultural and religious challenges in explaining her experience to the authorities. The rude response of the authorities imposed additional suffering, thereby deepening the impact of the original violation. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) publication entitled "The status and role of prosecutors: a United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and International Association of Prosecutors guide" recommends that protocols be established to guide prosecutors when dealing personally with those who require special assistance, so as to ensure their full participation in the criminal process.
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Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 67
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- Multiple forms of discrimination which may further curtail access to justice can also arise from within the minority community. Minority women may face multiple stigmas in relation to their ethnic or religious background, their sex, and the nature of the crime of which they were the victim. In India, for instance, Dalit women subjected to violence reportedly face unnecessary delays and pressure to drop charges, which are linked to a combination of their gender and minority status. In some countries of Eastern and Central Europe and Central Asia, parental attitudes can limit minority children's access to justice: girls in particular are expected to remain silent about problematic family situations.
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Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 44
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- It has been suggested that harsher sentencing can result from bias introduced by interpretation, because of cultural differences unintentional expression of the interpreter's preconceptions, or negative perceptions of the accused's or the witness's credibility by the court or jury due to interpretation. Caution must be exercised when using a non-certified translator or interpreter, and all interrogation and other records should specify the identity and status of any such person. If translation is a minimum requirement in all cases, it is clear that it does not necessarily provide the fullest possible guarantee of fairness.
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Ensuring the inclusion of minority issues in post- 2015 development agendas 2014, para. 76
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- A 2012 regional Roma survey, revealed that between 70 and 90 per cent of Roma surveyed reported living in conditions of severe material deprivation. Roma settlements frequently lack energy provision, sometimes because they are classified as illegal settlements and do not fall within energy and infrastructure plans. Communities in Bulgaria, visited by the mandate holder in 2011, described paying more for energy from private providers and being unable to afford energy bills owing to lack of employment and low incomes. Key questions must be asked at the national level, which include: who are those most affected by lack of access to affordable energy?
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Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 38
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- Where States have religious courts, they must ensure the rights of those not belonging to the same religion, through exercise of their right to choose whether they wish to be tried by a religious or a secular court, and the availability of appeals in all cases.
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Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 50
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- Prosecutors also must carry out their functions impartially and avoid any kind of discrimination against minorities.
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Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 65
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- Minority victims may be reluctant to report the crime to police, owing to a history of negative experiences with the authorities, lack of faith in the justice system, or lack of knowledge of their rights or lack of practical information such as on where and how to make a complaint. They may fear that bringing themselves to the attention of the authorities will generate more suspicion and result in persecution of themselves, their family or their community. They may have a fear of reprisals from the perpetrators of the crime owing to a lack of confidence that authorities will protect them, pursue the investigation or take the perpetrators into custody. Some may fear deportation, particularly if they do not have recognized legal status in the country.
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Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 99
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- States should assess whether minorities are disproportionately represented in pretrial detention or prison, and take concrete measures to address the root causes.
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Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 111
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- All staff working in the criminal justice system should receive training, conducted with the participation of minorities, in non-discrimination and cultural competency.
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Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 84
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- Non-discrimination and promotion of cultural diversity should be part of the professional training of all staff within the criminal justice system.
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Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 100
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- Conditions of detention or imprisonment, and the relevant staff, should reasonably accommodate the cultural, dietary, religious and linguistic characteristics of minority prisoners.
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Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 112
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- National human rights institutions should consider establishing a specific mechanism dedicated to addressing the rights of minorities, including within the criminal justice system.
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Hate speech and incitement to hatred against minorities in the media 2015, para. 72
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- It is difficult to talk about upholding the values of democracy and equality if certain groups are completely excluded from participating in or shaping that democracy in practice. If marginalized communities lack access to public platforms and communication channels, they have no possibilities to influence public opinion or to seek and obtain justice. Roma communities struggle to respond to hate speech in mass media from far-right groups and political parties, since Roma are almost completely excluded from mainstream media platforms. Where communities are regarded as inferior in any society, their voices will also be treated as inferior, regardless of how loudly they shout and how valid their concerns.
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Ensuring the inclusion of minority issues in post- 2015 development agendas 2014, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque, focused her 2012 report to the Council (A/HRC/21/42) on stigmatization in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation. The report examines different manifestations of stigma in the context of the human rights to water and sanitation and explores recommendations for policymaking and solutions to prevent and respond to human rights violations resulting from stigma. The Special Rapporteur found that stigma pushes people to the margins of society and results in the rejection, avoidance and marginalization of certain groups. Access to water and sanitation for many Roma communities is notoriously precarious. Similarly, the report highlights that Dalit habitations are often systematically excluded from service provision.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Hate speech and incitement to hatred against minorities in the media 2015, para. 70
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- Representation of minority groups in mainstream media is essential to ensure diversity in content and in the make-up and structures of media bodies themselves. However, this is hindered by the constant struggle of media organs to survive in competitive marketplaces where priorities are to reach maximum audiences and advertisers. The perception is that those goals can be best achieved by catering to the needs and interests of majority populations, so minority interests, voices and opinions tend be marginalized. The recruitment of journalists and media workers with diverse ethnic, religious and linguistic backgrounds in today's multicultural societies is a pressing need to achieve a more objective and "stereotype-free" media.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 20
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- In 2014, Amnesty International reported that harassment and intimidation of Roma individuals and communities in Europe continued to be widespread. One of the most tragic manifestations of hatred against Roma was the serial murder of six randomly selected Roma people, including a five-year-old boy, in Hungary in 2008 and 2009. Roma are reportedly at higher risk of being subjected to violence in other regions too. In Iraq, the Dom are allegedly targeted, their villages reduced to rubble and the residents slaughtered by militants opposed to their religious and cultural traditions. Roma women in Iraq are also reported to be severely exposed to sexual violence and a heightened risk of exploitation.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Hate speech and incitement to hatred against minorities in the media 2015, para. 63
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- There is a broad spectrum of either deliberate or unintentional negative stereotyping of minority groups in the media, ranging from emphasis on the ethnic or religious background of a person responsible for an offence or repeated association of derogatory and dangerous characteristics with specific groups, to the most virulent attacks against minority members, which commonly highlight alleged differences between "us" versus "them". In some cases, there is direct incitement to violence. Such negative portrayals may reinforce entrenched views of ethnic or religious minorities as "others" and perpetuate ideas of structural disadvantage and inequality, as they fail to present a broader and more accurate representation of the situation and challenges faced by minority groups.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 12
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- While the Special Rapporteur is aware that the reasons for the marginalization of Roma are complex, she insists that an overarching factor is the deeply embedded social and structural discrimination Roma face worldwide, including anti-Gypsyism. Anti-Gypsyism has been defined by the Council of Europe as "a specific form of racism, an ideology founded on racial superiority, a form of dehumanisation and institutional racism nurtured by historical discrimination, which is expressed, among others, by violence, hate speech, exploitation, stigmatisation and the most blatant kind of discrimination". Anti-Gypsyism therefore includes strong anti-Roma prejudices and stereotypes, including those that lead to labelling Roma communities as criminal, aggressive, or as "parasites" on welfare systems. The Special Rapporteur welcomes recent European Union recognition that anti-Gypsyism constitutes a major obstacle to overcoming Roma disadvantage and marginalization.
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The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 79
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- While the Special Rapporteur acknowledges that article 13 of the Racial Equality Directive requires European Union member States to establish a body responsible for the promotion of equal treatment, she regrets that research indicates that knowledge about and use of those mechanisms by Roma is limited. Even at the international level, the Special Rapporteur receives few communications from Roma regarding their rights, and although there have been a number of high-profile Roma rights cases at the European Court of Human Rights, there have been relatively few such cases when considered in relation to the significant disadvantages Roma in Europe face. Outside Europe, she has not received any information about Roma accessing complaints mechanisms to address their concerns.
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The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 68
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- The Special Rapporteur further notes that the lack of accurate data on Roma populations has important consequences and directly impacts the ability to develop policies and programmes that comprehensively address the issues faced by Roma groups. Disaggregated data allows inequalities to be revealed objectively and demonstrated statistically, and provides clear markers by which progress towards targets can be monitored and evaluated. The lack of accurate data in turn contributes to a lack of evidence-based programmes building on clear indicators. Indeed, a recent European Union report acknowledged the impact of the lack of disaggregated data for Roma programming.
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The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 66
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- Outside Europe, there are major gaps with regard to identifying and understanding Roma identity. Many States still continue to deny the existence of Roma as a minority group within their populations, or consider them outsiders, migrants or foreigners. When statistics do exist at the national level, they are often based on censuses, but many Roma do not disclose their identity in census surveys due to a lack of inclusion of the category of Roma as an identity within the census, a reluctance to identify as Roma for fear of being discriminated against, or a lack of options for indicating multiple identities.
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Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 42
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- The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (1998) (see E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2) are based upon existing international human rights and humanitarian law, as well as analogous refugee law, and are intended to serve as the international standard guiding States, international organizations and other relevant actors in providing assistance and protection to internally displaced persons. Principle 6.2 stipulates that "the prohibition of arbitrary displacement includes displacement: (a) when it is based on policies of apartheid, ethnic cleansing, or similar practices aimed at/or resulting in altering the ethnic, religious or racial composition of the affected population". Principle 9 further stipulates that "States are under a particular obligation to protect against the displacement of indigenous peoples, minorities, peasants, pastoralists and other groups with a special dependency on and attachment to their lands".
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The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 84
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- The Special Rapporteur notes the importance of direct, efficient funding mechanisms for Roma organizations. However, even within the European Union, where significant funds are dedicated to addressing Roma disadvantage, challenges remain. Firstly, within the European Union, not all of the available funds for Roma are being spent or efficiently invested and the level of expenditure on this issue, especially by new member States, is very small. This results in many cases in funds being directed towards short-term projects that are incapable of achieving any long-term, sustainable impact, therefore reducing their positive impact on Roma communities.
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Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 17
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- This was perhaps most recently reflected by the recent World Humanitarian Summit convened in 2016 by the Secretary-General in response to the recognition that civil strife and conflicts are driving suffering and humanitarian need to unprecedented levels. Seeking to bring together humanitarian actors to think about ways to improve the international humanitarian system to address the magnitude of challenges currently facing the world, the slogan "Leave no one behind" was a core tenet of the Summit. It was also core responsibility 3 in the Secretary-General's report (see A/70/709, annex), and was included in the Chair's summary as a key goal of the Summit. Nevertheless, the Special Rapporteur notes with regret that very few discussions during the Summit actually included reference to the specific situation, and the greater level of vulnerability of minorities. Moreover, in the Chair's Summary, there was no mention of minorities in humanitarian situations.
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- 2016
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Hate speech and incitement to hatred against minorities in the media 2015, para. 61
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- Although several constitutions and legislative acts regulate incitement to hatred, practice in respect of national case law differs greatly. In African societies, the importance of traditional conflict resolution methods, the limited number of applicable modern judicial remedies, the lack of public awareness of such remedies, and the weakness of national policies to prevent incitement to hatred were identified as contributing factors to low levels of prosecution. In the Americas, judicial decisions have been made in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Peru and the United States of America, but none has been made in Central America or in the Caribbean.
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The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 7
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- In Turkey, data indicates that the Roma population ranges from 500,000 to 5 million. In Ukraine, 47,600 persons identified themselves as Roma, according to 2001 census data, yet the Council of Europe estimates there are between 120,000 and 400,000 Ukrainian Roma. In Belarus, the 2009 census indicated a population of 7,316 Roma, but the Government recognizes that that number does not necessarily reflect the true figure, which ranges between 50,000 and 60,000. The 2010 census in the Russian Federation estimated that there was a population of 205,007 Russian Roma, although Council of Europe data suggest a larger population of between 450,000 and 1.2 million.
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The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 18
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- The present report should be seen as complementary to the work undertaken by many other United Nations mechanisms. That includes the previous work carried out under the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on minority issues, in the form of thematic reports, country reports, communications and press releases. It also includes the work of other special procedures mandate holders, including the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, who has reported on the causes and consequences of racism against Roma (see, for example, A/HRC/17/40, paras. 5-25, and A/HRC/26/50) and regularly addresses challenges facing Roma in country reports (see, for example, A/HRC/23/56/Add.2, A/HRC/20/33/Add.1, and A/HRC/7/19/Add.2), the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, who made important recommendations regarding Roma in her report on stigma (A/HRC/21/42) and in relevant country reports (see, for example, A/HRC/18/33/Add.2) and the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to non-discrimination in this context (see, for example A/HRC/16/42/Add.2, paras. 51-56, and A/HRC/25/54/Add.2, paras. 69-71 and 74-75), among others. She also notes the role the United Nations treaty bodies have played in highlighting discrimination against Roma, particularly the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in its general comment No. 27 (2000) on discrimination against Roma. Roma have also featured prominently in the universal periodic review of States before the Human Rights Council. The Special Rapporteur refers to her recently published review of minority issues in the first cycle of the universal periodic review, which highlighted that over 25 per cent of all minority rights recommendations in the review referred to the situation of Roma. Despite that important work, the Special Rapporteur nevertheless believes that the full capacity of the United Nation is not yet being used by Roma rights advocates. The United Nations should be seen as a core Roma rights partner whose work can complement other mechanisms. She hopes that the present report will contribute to such an approach.
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The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 26
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- Beyond misrepresentation in the media, there are also State-sanctioned communications vilifying Roma. In August 2011, a Russian newspaper published an article called "Be careful!", signed by an employee of the Ministry of the Interior, advising readers to be extremely vigilant when dealing with Roma, not to enter into contact with them in order to avoid psychological pressure on their part and never to invite them home. The article also recommended that readers should immediately contact the police if they spotted a suspicious Gypsy. In 2013, the Governor's Office in Bursa, Turkey, issued an official report on the situation of Roma in the city, using denigrating language and likening Roma to criminals.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- Equality & Inclusion
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- 2015
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Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 43
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- In Somalia, clan structure determines the composition of society, which is divided into ranked clan groups. Somalia's minorities are diverse and comprise three distinct social groups: Bantu, Benadiri and the "occupational groups". The "occupational groups", also referred to as "sab" (a collective term for "low-caste"), include the Midgan (also known as Gaboye, Madguban and Musse Deriyo), Tumal and Yibro. These groups are stigmatized as being of "unholy origin" and dedicated to "polluting" occupations. Discrimination against them includes being targeted for hate speech and prohibition of intermarriage.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 56
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- The Special Rapporteur regrets the scarcity of relevant information outside the South Asian context and stresses the need for further research.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 59
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- In South Asia, violence against Dalits is reported to be widespread and driven by the effects of the caste system and the lack of justice for victims. Although official data are scarce, information from some States indicates that the number of reported crimes against Dalits is rising. For instance, data from the National Crime Records Bureau in India reveal that reported crimes against individuals from scheduled castes increased 19 per cent in 2014 from the previous year. In Nepal, Amnesty International reported that in 2014 victims of discrimination on the grounds of caste were subject to torture and other ill treatment, including sexual violence.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- N.A.
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- 2016
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The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- In the fight against anti-Gypsyism and discrimination, political will must be actively encouraged. While much has already been achieved at the international and regional levels, there is a gap at the national and local levels, which remain crucial for achieving meaningful change for communities. Unfortunately, action taken to address Roma disadvantage often still depends heavily on the personal commitment of the particular political leader in power. Such an approach does not institutionalize anti-discrimination as a political goal, but rather reduces it to a subjective choice dependent on the goodwill of individual political actors. Moreover, as Roma are a disenfranchised minority group, they will often have little political influence or negotiating power at the local level. If leaders commit to combating discrimination against Roma as a national priority, that will be one important way to provide local politicians with a political constituency to focus on Roma rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- N.A.
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- 2015
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Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Existing pervasive and entrenched stigma of individuals and groups ascribed to "lower caste" strata permeates caste systems. As highlighted by the former Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, stigma can be understood as "a process of dehumanizing, degrading, discrediting and devaluing people in certain population groups, often based on a feeling of disgust". The process of "dehumanization" of individuals and groups owing to their low caste status begins with the association between such status and the notions of "pollution", "filthiness" and "untouchability", resulting in them being considered "impure" and "unworthy". This process evolves into widespread social segregation of affected individuals and communities who are confined to separate physical spaces and, as mentioned above, to certain degrading jobs from which they cannot break free. This imposed marginalization becomes an externalized and internalized social norm that eventually legitimatizes mistreatment and abuses against affected communities, perpetuating discrimination and patterns of human rights violations against them.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Equality & Inclusion
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- 2016
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Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 32
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- Dalits constitute the largest caste-affected group in South Asia. They comprise a myriad of sub-caste groups and, although subjected to similar forms of discrimination across the region, the situation of Dalits in caste-affected countries differs for historical and political reasons. Dalits represent the victims of the most grave forms of caste discrimination, are often assigned the most degrading jobs and subjected to forced and bonded labour, have limited or unequal access to resources (including economic resources, land and water) and services, and are disproportionately affected by poverty.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- N.A.
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- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
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- 2016
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Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 73
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- This rigid and stratified allocation of work results in Dalits having not only limited job opportunities, but also lower wages, particularly in rural areas.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Reflections on the six-year tenure of the Special Rapporteur 2017, para. 34
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- The Special Rapporteur conducted a total of eight official country visits, to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Cameroon, Iraq, Nigeria, the Republic of Moldova, Sri Lanka and Ukraine.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Reflections on the six-year tenure of the Special Rapporteur 2017, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- In her report to the General Assembly, the Special Rapporteur shared her observation that persons belonging to minorities were frequently the victims of violence and atrocities. Violence could take the form of attacks on individuals, their homes, shops or places of worship, or wider acts of aggression against communities with different national, ethnic or religious identities. In the worst cases, violence constituted mass atrocities, crimes against humanity, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and even genocide, often perpetrated with impunity. Sometimes violence was committed by non-State actors, including those belonging to the majority, or by larger, more powerful groups, extremist groups, or even business actors. Sometimes it was perpetrated by State actors.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- 2017
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Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 92
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- Evidence indicates that communities in lower positions in caste and analogous systems are more vulnerable and more likely to be exposed to natural and human-made disasters and hazards than those from higher castes, for several reasons. For example, their marginalized socioeconomic status may translate into a lack of or limited access to amenities and information. The location and infrastructure of their homes, usually in remote and marginal lands such as floodplains, coastal towns and unstable hillsides, on the periphery of settlements and poorly equipped in terms of basic amenities such as drains, flood barriers and drinking water, may also increase their vulnerability to natural disasters.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- In Pakistan, Dalits, who are mainly minority Hindus, are disproportionately affected by forced and bonded labour, particularly in the Sindh and Balochistan provinces.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Economic Rights
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- 2016
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Reflections on the six-year tenure of the Special Rapporteur 2017, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur has been particularly alarmed by the limited, or often complete lack, of minority presence in political and public offices. She has repeatedly stressed throughout her tenure the need to ensure that minorities are included in all decision-making processes, including in municipal and government structures, law enforcement bodies, the judiciary, legislative bodies, criminal justice systems and all authorities, especially when their decisions affect minorities. Without their participation, such bodies are less able to make vital decisions in a way that benefits the entire society, and they will also be less trusted by minorities, who might be reluctant to access them, or discouraged from doing so.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Civil & Political Rights
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- 2017
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Reflections on the six-year tenure of the Special Rapporteur 2017, para. 103
- Paragraph text
- Next year also marks the tenth anniversary of the creation of the Forum on Minority Issues. This will provide a unique opportunity to discuss how to strengthen and support the functioning of this unique and global platform to facilitate dialogue and address relevant issues pertaining to minorities. The Forum should be provided with the necessary resources to fully implement its mandate. The Special Rapporteur encourages consideration to be given to raising the Forum's profile at the regional and international levels, following up the implementation of its recommendations, fostering ownership of the Forum's agenda by minorities and promoting a more interactive dialogue and discussions during the Forum's sessions.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- 2017
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Reflections on the six-year tenure of the Special Rapporteur 2017, para. 93
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur has observed challenges to the use of the term "minority" for certain distinct communities, either because they reject being referred as minorities on the basis of a perceived negative connotation, or because they self-identify as minorities but the State refuses to recognize them as such. She considers that further awareness-raising is required to fully convey the meaning, scope and implications of the term "minority", so that it can be reclaimed and used with the empowering intent it actually holds. Moreover, she recalls that the existence of an ethnic, religious or linguistic minority in a given State does not depend upon a decision by the Government but needs to be established by objective criteria. Members of those minorities need not be nationals or citizens, or even permanent residents. Therefore, she encourages States to be as inclusive as possible when designing protection measures for all disadvantaged minorities within their territories, including migrant workers and newly arrived minorities.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Equality & Inclusion
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- 2017
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Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 105
- Paragraph text
- The work of the former Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights has been of vital importance in the process of giving visibility to the issue of caste based discrimination. Following its resolution 2000/4, declaring that discrimination based on work and descent was a form of discrimination prohibited by international human rights law, the Sub-Commission appointed an expert to prepare a working paper on the topic to identify communities in which discrimination based on occupation and descent was ongoing, as well as to make concrete recommendations for the effective elimination of such discrimination. The outcome document (E/CN.4/Sub.2/2001/16) focused on countries in Asia only. Two Special Rapporteurs with the task of preparing a comprehensive study on discrimination based on work and descent were subsequently appointed, which led to the draft United Nations principles and guidelines for the effective elimination of discrimination based on work and descent, yet to be formally endorsed by the Human Rights Council.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- 2016
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Reflections on the six-year tenure of the Special Rapporteur 2017, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- The twenty-fifth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities will take place in 2017. This anniversary provides a unique and timely opportunity to reflect on the past achievements and to look forward to identify ways to further strengthen international standards on minority rights protection. In its preamble, the Declaration states that "the promotion and protection of the rights of persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities contribute to the political and social stability of States in which they live" and emphasizes that the constant promotion and realization of such rights "as an integral part of the development of society as a whole and within a democratic framework based on the rule of law, would contribute to the strengthening of friendship and cooperation among peoples and States".
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Equality & Inclusion
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- 2017
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Reflections on the six-year tenure of the Special Rapporteur 2017, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- In her report, the Special Rapporteur indicated that she had become increasingly alarmed by the situation of millions of persons belonging to religious minorities globally who frequently faced discrimination, social exclusion, marginalization and, in many instances, harassment, persecution and violence. It was the primary duty of States to protect the security of religious minorities. Beyond reacting to incidents of violence, this duty required positive and preventive actions through active engagement with religious minorities. The Special Rapporteur advocated a minority rights-based approach to the protection of religious minorities that not only included guarantees for freedom of religion or belief, but also required States to take positive legislative and policy measures and concrete steps to create substantive equality for religious minorities in all areas of cultural, economic, political, public, religious and social life. Protection of minority rights, together with initiatives by States to foster dialogue between faith groups, helped to build a culture of understanding, acceptance and trust across faiths and helped to prevent tensions from emerging and deteriorating into violence and conflict.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- 2017
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Reflections on the six-year tenure of the Special Rapporteur 2017, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- Additionally, the Special Rapporteur has repeatedly called attention to minority groups that have been in particularly precarious legal situations owing to their lack of citizenship or the refusal of their respective countries to recognize and grant them rights as minorities. She has sent several communications to Member States where discriminatory legislative amendments, immigration reforms and other administrative decisions have placed minority communities at further risk.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Civil & Political Rights
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- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
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- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- The American Convention on Human Rights contains minimal provisions for the protection of language rights and linguistic minorities beyond the inclusion of language as a ground of discrimination. The Organization of American States established a working group to prepare a draft inter-American convention against racism and all forms of discrimination and intolerance. Inclusion of strong linguistic minority rights provisions would ensure greater national attention by member States.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
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- 2013
Párrafo
Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 87
- Paragraph text
- Finally, at the international level, in addition to being involved in the implementation of bilateral treaties, it is crucial that persons belonging to minorities also be involved at all stages of the monitoring and implementation of international human rights instruments, and in particular those relevant for the protection of minority rights. It is also important that minority communities be consulted on and involved in supranational integration processes.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
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- 2010
Párrafo
The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- Roma women and girls may also be vulnerable to multiple, intersecting forms of discrimination and to violence, including gender-based violence and trafficking. Roma women are also allegedly stereotyped as promiscuous, which exposes them to a heightened risk of exploitation and sexual and gender-based violence.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Women
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- 2015
Párrafo
Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 85
- Paragraph text
- The Sri Lanka experience contributed to the development of the Secretary-General's "Rights up front" initiative which seeks to ensure better organizational preparedness to meet the challenges of safeguarding human rights and protecting civilians in complex crises.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- 2014
Párrafo
Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- Furthermore, during conflicts, natural disasters and other emergencies, sexual and reproductive health needs are easily overlooked: This may be particularly compounded for minority women who may be less able to access already limited humanitarian services during crises, for many of the reasons noted above.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Women
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- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- In particular, it can be especially challenging for minorities affected by crises to obtain documentation or the replacement of lost or destroyed documentation given their status as minorities and as displaced persons (see A/HRC/26/33/Add.2, para. 21).
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- 2016
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Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- It is critical that the process be guided by the principles of equal treatment and non-discrimination. Communities that may be more populous, that have greater disruptive capacities or military strength or that may be more successful in commerce may emerge at an early stage as the principle contenders for distribution of political power and State resources. However, under such conditions, minority rights must be prioritized, enabling members of all minority groups to participate effectively in decisions affecting them and in all aspects of society.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- 2010
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Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- Another interesting example of good practice is the fact-finding mission organized by the Peace and Security Council of the African Union to Cameroon, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to look into the situation of the migratory pastoralist Mbororo community. The Mbororo have been spreading in migrating waves across the countries in question over thousands of years. The mission was triggered by the increasing occurrence of conflict between the Mbororo and local settled agriculturalist communities with whom they entered into contact.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- N.A.
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- Environment
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- Persons on the move
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- 2010
Párrafo
The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 99
- Paragraph text
- United Nations country teams should analyse the extent to which discrimination on ethnic, religious and linguistic grounds creates disparities in outcomes relating to their programming. Country teams should promote and support the collection of disaggregated data on minorities. All existing programmes should be assessed and revised based on that analysis. Minority communities should participate fully at all stages of programming from research and design to monitoring and evaluation.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Equality & Inclusion
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- 2011
Párrafo
The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 79
- Paragraph text
- Preventive diplomacy can be most effective when tensions first arise between a Government and a minority, and they are relatively susceptible to third party engagement. Envoys may work discreetly and all parties may be willing to calmly present their concerns, and to explore possible solutions. When a situation develops from these initial tensions to actual incidences of violence, positions begin to harden and resistance to compromise grows. It becomes more difficult for leaders to make compromises as the depth of feeling and emotion among their constituencies increases.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- N.A.
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- 2011
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The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 102
- Paragraph text
- Communications between the human rights institutions in Geneva and the peace and security institutions in New York should be strengthened further. Regular communications at a working level between the country desk officers of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and their colleagues in the Department of Political Affairs and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations would promote the sharing of information and common understanding of minority rights situations in countries.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- N.A.
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- Governance & Rule of Law
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- 2011
Párrafo
Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- Building on the previous work of the mandate on the role of minority rights protection in conflict prevention presented to the General Assembly in October 2010 and the Human Rights Council in March 2011, the independent expert will seek opportunities to follow up practically on this work at the regional and country level and promote implementation of the recommendations contained in the report. The independent expert strongly believes that protection and promotion of minority rights at an early stage helps to prevent tensions emerging between groups that may eventually lead to conflict.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- N.A.
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- 2012
Párrafo
Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 72
- Paragraph text
- Ensuring equal access to education for women and girls from minority groups, upon whom poverty and family responsibilities may have a disproportionate impact, remains a considerable challenge. Internal factors, including cultural practices, early marriages and entrenched patriarchal structures and gender roles that, for example, restrict the free movement of girls and women, are important issues that create barriers to access to education for girls, which must be addressed.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- N.A.
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- Education
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- Girls
- Women
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- 2012
Párrafo
Hate speech and incitement to hatred against minorities in the media 2015, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- The anonymity of the Internet poses particular challenges when it comes to tracking and prosecuting the authors of content that might incite hatred and violence. Material can be shared worldwide and hosted by Internet service providers (ISPs) subject to various legislations with diverse degrees of protection against hate speech. Racist hate websites are commonly hosted in jurisdictions considered favourable to or tolerant of hate speech and can easily relocate to another permissive jurisdiction if blocked or banned.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
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- N.A.
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- 2015
Párrafo
Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 68
- Paragraph text
- The imperative for the participation of religious minorities is upheld in the Declaration, which calls upon the State to enable minorities to "participate effectively in cultural, religious, social, economic and public life" (art. 2, para. 2), to "participate effectively in decisions on the national and, where appropriate, regional level" (art. 2, para. 3); and highlights that "States should consider appropriate measures so that persons belonging to minorities may participate fully in the economic progress and development in their country" (art. 4, para. 5).
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Civil & Political Rights
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- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
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- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 88
- Paragraph text
- The creation of a culture of human rights and of respect and equal enjoyment of rights by all is key. This requires ongoing and concerted efforts as the religion-belief landscape in all societies is continuously in flux. Continued efforts are required that are focused especially, but not exclusively, on children and young adults who will shape the future of interfaith understanding and acceptance. Educational, political, policy and legal actors need to be engaged and responsive to those trends and respond to them in a concerted and active manner.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- N.A.
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- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Youth
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Ensuring the inclusion of minority issues in post- 2015 development agendas 2014, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- The relationship between inequality, discrimination and poverty cannot be ignored or underestimated. Tens of millions of people worldwide are trapped in a cycle of discrimination, exclusion, poverty and underdevelopment from which they cannot break out without targeted attention given to their situations. It is imperative that the United Nations and others, as they move forward to craft a new set of development objectives and targets, addresses the inequalities faced by national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur recalls the four pillars of minority rights elaborated in prior reports, which provide an important framework for understanding minority rights within the criminal justice system (see A/HRC/29/24, para. 17). She also recognizes the variety in legal systems around the world. While the modality of violations of rights of minorities may vary among systems, no system is free of such concerns. National specificities in the administration of criminal justice, however, can never justify discrimination in the administration of justice (see E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/7, paras. 31-41).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
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- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2015
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Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- Marginalization of minority groups means that they are more likely to rely on free legal aid. Failure by a State to ensure a system adequate in scope and resources particularly impacts minorities. Further, minorities are often unaware of the availability of legal aid or of how to access it, despite the obligation to provide such information. Minorities may not receive equal access to or quality of legal aid, notwithstanding that international standards include an obligation of non discrimination and recognize that special measures should be taken to ensure meaningful access for minorities.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 7
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur is alarmed by the many allegations that she has received of human rights violations committed against minorities in the administration of criminal justice, owing to their minority status. Having reviewed existing United Nations documentation and relevant documents from regional and national institutions, through her consultations with Governments (see annex), various experts and civil society, the Special Rapporteur has identified global patterns of violations of the rights of minorities in the criminal justice process.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- A key element in preventing hate-motivated violent crime is to know about existing tensions and better understand what lies behind them. Understanding what inspires hatred, hate speech and its evolution into hate crime is a major challenge but is essential to effectively reducing the threat of violence from society. This requires constant engagement with minority and majority communities, leaders and associations to identify concerns and respond rapidly to situations of emerging tension. In some cases, tensions may be at such a level that relatively small incidents can spark wider violence.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Hate speech and incitement to hatred against minorities in the media 2015, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- In the United States, in 2013, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Uniform Crime Reporting Program, recorded almost 6,000 hate crimes incidents: 48.5 per cent were racially motivated (66 per cent anti-Black, 21 per cent anti-White, 5 per cent anti-Asian, 4 per cent anti-American Indian or Alaska Native); 17.4 per cent were motivated by religious bias (59 per cent anti-Semitic, 14 per cent anti-Islamic, 6 per cent anti-Catholic); and 11.1 per cent stemmed from ethnicity bias (53 per cent anti-Hispanic or Latino biased).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Ensuring the inclusion of minority issues in post- 2015 development agendas 2014, para. 89
- Paragraph text
- Targeted affirmative action policies for addressing the economic and social exclusion of minorities, including specific social and economic development plans for marginalized groups and the regions in which they live are required. Where appropriate, dedicated institutional attention should be given to minorities in the States where they live, including through designated ministries, departments or units, focal points, ombudspersons, commissions etc in order for national action plans to be implemented with the necessary attention given to minorities.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 88
- Paragraph text
- Moreover, a critical component of all emergency planning and assistance is communication. In order to reach vulnerable individuals, emergency plans and information must be disseminated before, during and after emergencies and disasters. Particularly for minority groups whose members have limited proficiency in the majority language, receiving adequate information during times of disaster may be a significant challenge. Even multilingual efforts - because of difficulties in developing culturally tailored materials - may fall short of providing equal and effective information.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 90
- Paragraph text
- In 2008, Kenya established the National Cohesion and Integration Commission, following ethnically-based violence after the 2007 elections. The Commission is entrusted with facilitating and promoting a Kenyan society whose values are harmonious and non-discriminatory, with the aim of achieving peaceful coexistence and integration. The Commission conducts activities to combat discrimination and enhance tolerance and management of diversity, and advises the Government in the promotion of harmony and peaceful coexistence.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- According to the former Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, there are three types of descent-based discrimination in Africa, including caste systems based on "occupational specialization of endogamous groups in which membership is based on ascription and between which social distance is regulated by the concept of pollution" and those in which discrimination is based "on real or perceived descent from slaves, leaving many in 'virtual' slavery, unable to leave their owner's employ for fear of reprisals or starvation".
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- Given that racial profiling often stems from embedded discrimination, it is not sufficient for States to simply refrain from formally endorsing such profiling methods; Governments should take proactive steps to prevent law enforcement officers from, as a matter of practice, engaging in such conduct. Precautions can be taken to reduce disproportionate impact on minorities. Indeed, avoidance of the profiling of ethnic or other minority characteristic may also improve crime detection rates, as police officers examine individual behaviour more closely.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 9
- Paragraph text
- It is generally accepted that approximately 1 million Roma live in North America today; however that data is incomplete, as the census in the United States of America does not include Roma as a category. Furthermore, although the Canadian census includes "Other European Origins" - "Roma (Gypsy)", there is a discrepancy between official census data, which in 2011 indicated a Roma population of 5,255, and unofficial estimates which indicate a Roma population of upwards of 110,000.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- The Government of Colombia consulted with Roma communities in the context of drafting national development plans for the period 2014 to 2018 and committed to implementing strategies to increase Roma visibility, improve their quality of life and provide for improved access to their social, economic and cultural and political rights. In Argentina, a local Roma NGO has been successful in initiating dialogues between civil society and the State, which has proved to be key in promoting the visibility of Roma culture.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 80
- Paragraph text
- In this vein, she insists that States must improve knowledge among Roma about their rights, including about discrimination, and their awareness of complaint mechanisms at both the national and international levels. States should also develop measures that enable Roma complainants to have easy access to such mechanisms. It is equally important that the recommendations of any such mechanisms be swiftly implemented in order to promote a sense of justice and faith in the processes concerned.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- It should also be noted that a range of external factors, such as climate change, unplanned urbanization, and underdevelopment/poverty can aggravate the frequency, complexity and severity of crises and their impact on populations, and in particular minority communities. Although beyond the scope of this report, the Special Rapporteur is also interested in how such aspects may impact upon minority communities, who may find themselves particularly susceptible to the negative influence of these factors, owing to their already existing situation of marginalization.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Environment
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 107
- Paragraph text
- In 2014, the United Nations network on racial discrimination and the protection of minorities developed an action plan to support the implementation of those recommendations, including preparing "guidance for the United Nations system on key challenges, priorities and strategic approaches to combat discrimination based on work and descent". At the time of writing the present report, a guidance tool on descent-based discrimination, including key challenges and strategic approaches to combat caste-based and analogous forms of discrimination, was being finalized.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 136
- Paragraph text
- Specific measures should be developed to tackle discrimination, including on the grounds of caste, in all development and disaster recovery actions and programming. Implementation of caste-analysis methodology in the humanitarian assistance framework to adequately identify affected communities, as well as the implementation mechanisms to ensure that humanitarian relief is equally distributed, is fundamental to prevent caste-based discrimination from being replicated in humanitarian response actions.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Reflections on the six-year tenure of the Special Rapporteur 2017, para. 67
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur has observed that certain groups within minority communities, such as minority women, children, older persons, persons with disabilities, and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons, experience unique challenges and multiple and intersectional forms of discrimination emanating from their status as members of minorities and their specific condition or situation. The Special Rapporteur encourages further research to fully understand their situation and calls for targeted actions to address their particular challenges.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- LGBTQI+
- Older persons
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Reflections on the six-year tenure of the Special Rapporteur 2017, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- Additionally, the Special Rapporteur organized separate meetings with minority women during her country visits to enable free and open discussions with them. Similarly, she frequently reached out to youth groups and organizations to listen to their views and recommendations. Wherever possible and necessary, the Special Rapporteur included the issues of women and girls in separate sections of her thematic and country reports to enhance their visibility and help raise awareness on their very specific challenges and situations.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Women
- Youth
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 82
- Paragraph text
- The views of young people from minority communities must be taken into account. While young people face different challenges and have different perceptions of their identity, and some may have weaker commitments to minority language and culture, many have a strong desire to maintain their language. They may wish to find new opportunities and expressions of their cultures and identity, for example in the arts, music and theatre, and those needs must be accommodated to the fullest extent possible.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Youth
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 91
- Paragraph text
- States should pay particular attention to the ways in which memory and mourning processes related to the Roma Holocaust are framed, collected and disseminated, including through the media and formal and informal education systems. In this regard, she recalls the importance of including Roma in all such endeavours, including at all official ceremonies commemorating victims of the Second World War.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- Reflecting on the experience of regional inter-governmental organizations, including the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, established in 2003 to consider how the United Nations should address newly arising security, environmental and developmental challenges, recommended that the United Nations build on the experience of regional organizations in developing frameworks for minority rights (A/59/565, para. 94).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- Certain religious minorities unfortunately experience denial or deprivation of citizenship as a policy of discrimination, partly or wholly on the grounds of their religion or belief, with severe implications for the enjoyment of all their human rights (see A/HRC/7/23, paras. 49-70, and A/63/161, paras. 25-78). Unless legitimate grounds exist, in line with international standards, non-discrimination obligations demand that citizenship be granted on an equal basis to all.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- Roma are also vulnerable to violence by State actors, which can be both explicit and implicit. The Special Rapporteur is concerned about police harassment, intimidation and abuse. Empirical studies indicate that Roma are overrepresented in the criminal justice systems across Europe, with research indicating that they are often detained arbitrarily on account of their Roma identity. The lack of a visible Roma presence in police forces and judiciaries compounds that problem.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- The 1992 Declaration on Minorities, in article 4, paragraphs2 and 3, establishes positive obligations requiring that States take measures to create favourable conditions to enable persons belonging to minorities to express their characteristics and develop their culture, language, religion, traditions and customs. It also requires that States take appropriate measures so that persons belonging to minorities may have adequate opportunities to learn and have instruction in their mother tongue.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- The Independent Expert participated in an expert seminar on enhancing the effectiveness of international, regional and national human rights mechanisms in protecting and promoting the rights of religious minorities, which was held at the Vienna Diplomatic Academy on 22 and 23 May 2012. The seminar was hosted by the Government of Austria and was organized with OHCHR as part of the activities marking the twentieth anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 90
- Paragraph text
- As the former President of the General Assembly, Jan Eliasson, proclaimed, "What a qualitative difference we could have in the United Nations if we moved the focus from the late stages of conflict to the early stages, if we were to spend more time on smoke detection rather than taking care of a house that has already burned down" (A/60/PV.98, p. 4).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Humanitarian
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- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- The most appropriate system will depend on the specificities of the situation, including how populous the communities are, whether they are geographically dispersed or concentrated, the aspirations of the minority groups and how well integrated they are into the broader society. The flexibility of the minority rights framework makes it well suited to the compromises necessary in processes of negotiating solutions, diffusing tensions and avoiding violent conflicts.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 68
- Paragraph text
- As with the mandate of the Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, the focus of the institutional mechanisms that are being developed to implement the concept of the responsibility to protect will be limited to specific crimes. A broader focus on minority rights protections as a tool for protection from conflict will need to be the task of other mechanisms.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- The right to effective participation of persons belonging to minorities is far-reaching and encompasses many aspects of what constitutes a just society. The right to effective participation includes participation in political decision-making at both the local and national levels. In addition, persons belonging to minorities should be given the means to participate effectively in the cultural, religious, social and economic spheres of their societies.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- Human Rights Council resolution 6/15 invites the independent expert to include in her annual report recommendations for thematic subjects to be examined at future sessions of the Forum on Minority Issues. To date, the independent expert has received the following suggestions: minorities and poverty; access to justice; minorities and the media; and the situation of minority children.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- National human rights institutions that comply with the principles relating to the status of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights ("the Paris Principles") can also play a constructive role in promoting the positive valuing of diversity and addressing issues that could cause conflict. Such institutions may include designated commissioners for minority issues, or separate, dedicated institutions may be established.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 85
- Paragraph text
- To fulfil their human rights obligations and also as a measure to increase stability and improve inclusive governance, States should implement fully the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, through a process of consultation and cooperation with minority groups.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 89
- Paragraph text
- Where there are historical patterns of exclusion of members of minorities from employment, business and education opportunities, States should implement capacity-building programmes and other affirmative action measures to enable members of minorities, including minority women, to compete on an equal footing.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Women
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 98
- Paragraph text
- The United Nations should develop an inter-agency guidance note on addressing minority issues to include, inter alia: how to consult with minority communities in order to capture the diversity of positions; how to involve civil society organizations working with minority communities in United Nations conflict prevention work; and how to develop context-specific early warning indicators.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 92
- Paragraph text
- Institutions mandated to address minority issues should be adequately funded, resourced and staffed to enable them to fulfil their mandates effectively and to respond appropriately to the challenges, requests and needs of minorities.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- United Nations staff working on conflict prevention and peace-building, particularly those working on policy, analysis and early warning and in country teams, should receive comprehensive minority rights training.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- N.A.
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- Humanitarian
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- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Additionally, women and men members of minorities may be targeted by armed actors in different ways, increasing the forms of violence in the society in general. For example, women are targeted by sexual violence, while men are forcibly recruited into militias. The rape of women, for example, may be intended to humiliate men and demonstrate their inability to protect "their" women.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Preventing and addressing violence and atrocities against minorities 2014, para. 91
- Paragraph text
- Protection of disadvantaged and vulnerable minority groups facing violence is required as much as ever. Continuing violent incidents suggest that only limited advances have been made in employing indicators, protection strategies and methodologies at the national, regional and international levels and that much remains to be done to protect vulnerable minority groups.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 88
- Paragraph text
- States should monitor economic development projects to assess their impact on minorities, to ensure that they benefit equally with others, and that there is no detrimental effect on their rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- The requirement of "impartial tribunal" as an aspect of the right to fair trial signifies that judges not only must be free from any actual prejudice but also must "appear to a reasonable observer to be impartial". In assessing whether conduct by a judge vis-à-vis a minority individual violates this standard, one should consider specifically how members of the minority would perceive that conduct.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- While all former prisoners face stigma and challenges to successful reintegration within society, minorities may have particular difficulty in this regard. States should have specially adapted reintegration plans for vulnerable groups and ensure that laws that permanently deprive convicted persons of the right to vote do not have a disproportionate impact on minority groups.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
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- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2015
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Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- The State also has due diligence obligations with regard to the enjoyment of human rights. Those obligations relate to preventing violations and protecting persons from them. When violations have occurred, the State has the obligation to appropriately investigate, to compensate victims and to exert serious efforts to prevent repetition. The prevention of violations relates to those carried out by non State actors and even in the private sphere.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 91
- Paragraph text
- The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) recommendations on policing in multi-ethnic societies, which provide detailed guidance on making police services more representative and enhancing communication between police and minority communities, should be regarded by all States as a useful framework, relevant as well for national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Hate speech and incitement to hatred against minorities in the media 2015, para. 98
- Paragraph text
- Norikoe Net is a Japan-based group working to overcome hate speech and racism, often targeted against Koreans, in Japan. The group joined forces with others to collectively counter racism and hate speech by organizing anti-hate speech events and protests and pushing for the enactment of anti-discrimination legislation in Japan.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Activists
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 94
- Paragraph text
- States should ensure that members of minorities are proactively informed, in a language and through a means appropriate to their situation, of their rights as victims of crime, and on how to access support, including legal assistance and interpretation services. To this end, States should consider establishing liaison officers from, or with connections in, the relevant minority communities.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 107
- Paragraph text
- In collaboration with representatives of minorities, Governments should elaborate and adopt a national strategy designed to prevent discrimination against minorities within the criminal justice system and to increase the effective participation of minorities within the system.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- In 2014, ternYpe, the International Roma Youth Network, and its partners organized a conference and youth event gathering 1,000 people from 25 countries to raise awareness among young Europeans, civil society and decision makers about the Roma Holocaust, as well as about anti-Gypsyism in the context of racism, hate speech and extremism in Europe.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Youth
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- In Brazil, 24 May was declared National Roma Day by Presidential Decree in 2006 and has been acknowledged by Roma communities as an important public recognition of the existence of the Brazilian Roma community.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- Worldwide, comprehensive data on the situation of Roma communities has never been collected. Even in Europe, where more robust efforts are made than elsewhere, research indicates that Roma populations remain undercounted. For example, discrepancies between official statistics and unofficial estimates of Roma populations across 12 countries in Europe range from 45 to 99 per cent.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 103
- Paragraph text
- States should ensure free professional translation for minority accused who are not fluent in the language used in court, and should allow those persons to use the minority language. States should further consider recognizing the right of members of minorities with significant population or historical ties, whether nationally or locally, to have the proceedings conducted in their own language.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- In the context of her global study, she also wishes to draw attention to incidents of negative stereotyping of Roma outside Europe. For example, in Argentina, a now discontinued television series, Soy Gitano, focused on so-called "Gypsy crime". Although the Roma community in Argentina denounced the soap opera to the National Institute to Combat Discrimination, Xenophobia and Racism, the complaint was dismissed on the grounds that the series was fictional. A similar complaint was filed before the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council following a show which contained strong discriminatory statements towards Roma refugees in Canada. As a result of the complaint, the network removed the video from their web page and issued an apology. The misrepresentation of Roma in the media in Turkey was exemplified by a popular television series, Cennet Mahallesi, which presented highly stereotypical depictions of Roma. In the United States of America, a reality television programme entitled My Big Fat American Gypsy Wedding, a spin-off of a show of the same name in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, continues to be broadcast today. Both versions have been criticized for their stereotypical approach and for misrepresenting Roma culture.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- Roma may be intentionally or de facto restricted from participation. Barriers include the lack of political will to dismantle structural discrimination, including the persistence of negative stereotypes assuming that Roma have no interest and no skills for engaging in politics.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- In Hungary, the documentary film series "Mundi Romani - The World through Roma Eyes" is a co-production of the Romedia Foundation. Each episode presents a different aspect of Roma culture in locations in Europe, the Middle East, Asia and the Americas. The series provides insights into Roma culture and was nominated for and received a number of local and international prizes.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- In order to address the underreporting by Roma of incidents of discrimination, the Portuguese equality body has developed an informal complaints procedure whereby complaints can be submitted on a website or sent by e-mail to any of the equality body council members or through Roma organizations. That method has proved an effective way of overcoming mistrust and has seen an increase in reports of discrimination filed by Roma.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- Another concern expressed is the insufficient engagement of Roma communities in the design, delivery and monitoring of programmes and policies affecting them. Even in Europe, where efforts have been made to include Roma better, a recent evaluation showed that Roma participation is often reduced to consultations, and meaningful and effective participation remains a "distant objective".
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 102
- Paragraph text
- Governments should ensure that Roma are represented at all levels of public institutions and bodies, including national parliaments, the civil service, the police and the judiciary. Where Roma leaders are visible, their work should be promoted and they should be supported to act as role models and raise awareness of Roma political participation.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- Many Roma in North America also face stigma and prejudice that originated in and are perpetuated by limited knowledge of Romani culture or history, or of the persecution Roma faced during and after the Nazi regime.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur is concerned by information she has received regarding incidents of discrimination in caste-based and analogous systems of inherited status, including atrocities committed against individuals ascribed to the lowest strata by virtue of their caste status. During the course of her work, she regularly addressed the continued plight of such people through press statements, consultations, side events and thematic reports to the Human Rights Council.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- In India, according to official data, Dalits (referred to as "scheduled castes") constitute more than 201 million people. This figure does not include Dalits who have converted or are born and raised within non-Hindu religious communities, such as the Dalit Muslim and Christian communities; unofficial statistics estimate that the actual number of Dalits in India is much higher.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 28b
- Paragraph text
- [Caste and analogous systems present distinguishing characteristics:] (b) Labour stratification and occupational segregation: caste status determines and is confined to certain occupations, which are compulsory and endogenous. Individuals from lower-caste strata are traditionally assigned to tasks deemed "polluting" or menial by higher caste groups, including sweeping, manual scavenging (cleaning of excreta from dry latrines) and disposal of dead animals;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- Violence against minorities during conflict also can lead to long-term displacement of those minorities. For example, in 1990, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam expelled the entire Muslim population, estimated to be at least 70,000, from Northern Sri Lanka, many of whom to date have not been able to return to those lands.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- The caste system migrated with the South Asian diaspora to other regions, including Africa (Mauritius, South Africa), Europe (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), the Americas (United States of America, Canada and Suriname), the Middle East (Bahrain, Kuwait and United Arab Emirates), Malaysia, Australia and the Pacific (Fiji).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur has identified a number of areas of particular concern in relation to caste and analogous systems. The areas described below are not exhaustive but rather provide a general overview of the most serious manifestations of caste-based discrimination.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- N.A.
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- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- Indeed, displacement of minority communities continued unabated in 2014 and 2015. In Iraq, visited by the Special Rapporteur in February 2016, the Yezidi minority have been targeted on the basis of their identity by the Islamic State, and forced to flee their homes, in particular in Sinjar, Northern Iraq. Other Iraqi minority communities, including Christians, Turkmen, and certain Sunni Arab tribes, have also been particularly exposed to attacks by members of the Islamic State.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- On the one hand, the disadvantage experienced by minorities in terms of accessing humanitarian relief in crisis is often explained by existing logistical limitations. In crisis and conflict situations, humanitarian assistance may be concentrated in capital cities and/or in a small number of very large, officially recognized refugee or internally displaced persons camps, with very little reaching the periphery where minority and vulnerable populations may reside.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- According to the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Guidelines, traditional claims of ethnic minority groups to land title and ownership in the absence of land title documents should be respected, including through providing legal advice or legal aid to such communities and advocating for the amendment of laws and procedures, where necessary, for the safeguard of their land rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- As noted in her report of 2016 to the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur observed that an analysis of emergency responses to natural disasters in South Asia, including in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Nepal, has demonstrated that Dalits, for example, have suffered from acute discrimination throughout all the phases of disaster response, from rescue to rehabilitation (see A/HRC/31/56, para 93).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 115
- Paragraph text
- In Japan, the Law on Special Measures for Dowa Projects, enacted in 1969 and in force until 2002, was aimed at improving the living conditions in identified Buraku districts (Dowa districts) by improving access to welfare, employment and education, and providing redress in cases of discrimination against Buraku people.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 121
- Paragraph text
- In Mauritania, the Initiative pour la résurgence du mouvement abolitionniste Mauritanie was established in 2008 by a prominent Haratine leader to advocate for the eradication of slavery and slavery-like practices, as well as to take specific cases before judicial courts.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
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- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 131
- Paragraph text
- Special measures, including reservations, quota systems and/or schemes, should be put into place and enforced in specific areas, including employment, education, and public and political institutions, in order to guarantee the effective participation and representation of affected communities in public life.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 100
- Paragraph text
- Dalit women face obstacles in accessing formal justice systems. These include the refusal by police officers to register criminal complaints or delays in filing complaints, lack of proper investigation into complaints of violence and ill-treatment, and insensitivity by law enforcement officials.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Reflections on the six-year tenure of the Special Rapporteur 2017, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur is concerned that in some regions and in several countries, minority rights protection is not seen to be important, or even relevant, owing to deliberate denial or lack of understanding of its legitimacy. There is a need for stronger awareness-raising on what the entire minority rights protection regime entails, that it also includes wide-ranging issues around religious and linguistic identity, and that the effective promotion and protection of the rights of minorities contribute to the political and social stability of States and, therefore, are always timely and important. It is essential to understand that majority-minority relations should be assessed not only from a national perspective but also specifically in the context of smaller territorial and local levels, where the dynamics and dimensions of identity, ethnicity, religion, language and access to power and resources are frequently more important and play a greater role in the daily lives of individuals and communities. The notions of "majority" and "minority" may be interchangeable and depend on the particular context, as a group that constitutes a dominant majority nationally or regionally may be numerically inferior and non-dominant in another region. Therefore, minority rights standards must also be applied to those groups constituting de facto minorities in the localities where they live.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- Independent professional bodies for judges, prosecutors and lawyers should ensure that codes of conduct prohibit discrimination against minorities, that complaints of discrimination are promptly and impartially investigated, and that disciplinary proceedings follow whenever complaints are well founded.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- The independent expert emphasizes that full implementation by all States of the Declaration on Minorities should be considered a key measure to promote equality and political and social stability and as an essential component of good governance in diverse societies. She will pay particular attention to early signs of potential conflicts among different communities, such as indicators of increasing alienation or hatred against certain groups. Examination of challenges and positive practices relating to hate speech and hate crime legislation will be an area of focus. She will seek consultations with diverse stakeholders including in countries where inter-ethnic or interreligious tensions or conflict have previously occurred in order to identify ongoing challenges as well as learn about positive practices, preventative strategies and peace-building initiatives. In particular she draws attention to the need for minorities to be appropriately represented and to participate effectively in public life.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- During the course of 2012 the independent expert looks forward to participating in a variety of events to mark the 20th anniversary. Among these events will be a series of sub-regional conferences organized by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and hosted by some of its regional offices. These events will seek to bring together a variety of stakeholders from the regions in question including representatives of national Governments, civil society actors working in the field of minority rights, and regional staff from OHCHR and United Nations specialized agencies. The events will promote awareness of the Declaration and consider specific issues most relevant to minorities in the region in question. Regional events will also provide a valuable opportunity for the independent expert and OHCHR to deliver the recommendations of the Forum on Minority Issues and other relevant recommendations, guidelines and resources to decision makers and stakeholders in a sub-regional context.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- 2012
Párrafo
The human rights situation of Roma worldwide, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of anti-Gypsyism 2015, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur also remains concerned by the failure of public authorities to protect Roma from violent attacks. That includes the lack of systematic intervention and condemnation by public figures when political and public discourse perpetuates racist and extreme views about Roma, and the failure of law enforcement authorities to protect Roma from the perpetrators of crimes against them. For example, a violent police crackdown on a Roma community in Slovakia in 2013 was condemned by a number of special procedures mandate holders, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, and the country's Ombudswoman. Nevertheless, the Minister of the Interior of Slovakia publically labelled the Roma victims of that intervention as criminals, and investigation into the police misconduct has been slow, with no charges brought against the police to date. Such failures by authorities to protect Roma adequately and to distance themselves from all manifestations of anti-Gypsyism not only promote a climate of distrust, dissuading Roma from reporting violent crimes against them to authorities, but also create an atmosphere of impunity and may encourage further acts of violence against Roma.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Minorities and discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status 2016, para. 86
- Paragraph text
- In 2009, a survey by the Ministry of Health in Nepal found that the maternal mortality rates for Dalit women and women from the Therai and Madhesi castes were significantly higher than those for women from higher castes.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Gender
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 82
- Paragraph text
- The independent expert looks forward to fulfilling the requirements of her Human Rights Council mandate and to constructive and fruitful cooperation with diverse stakeholders in all regions towards that end. She particularly notes her desire for a constructive engagement with United Nations Member States and encourages Member States to respond positively to her requests for information or for country visits, while emphasizing that her mandate remains available to provide assistance to States and respond to their requests, including in the area of technical cooperation, to the fullest extent possible. Equally, the independent expert reiterates the importance that she places on the role and views of non-governmental organizations and representatives of minority communities themselves, including in providing information to her and engaging and assisting her fully as she conducts her work on minority issues and with and on behalf of minority communities.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- N.A.
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- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- Several factors and challenges can exacerbate this exclusion of minorities, including deteriorating economic conditions, ethnic tensions and rising discrimination. In some countries, unequal regional distribution of resources and services as well as lack of basic infrastructure in regions where minorities live often have the effect of excluding them from fully exercising their economic and social rights. The past decade has also brought into the picture new and unanticipated challenges, including the global food and economic crises that have been proven to have a disproportionate impact on vulnerable groups and minorities.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
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- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 61
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- A frequent source of conflict worldwide is discrimination and inequality in relation to land and property. For minority communities, often located in remote rural areas, the land and territories on which they live are a source of food security and income generation as well as being vital to the preservation of minority cultures, traditions and collective identity. However, some minorities find that their rights to own, occupy and use land are limited or violated and they may find themselves displaced or evicted, in some cases to make way for national economic development schemes, the activities of multinational corporations or for natural resources development. Land and property issues should consequently be given close attention in respect of conflict prevention.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Environment
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Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 67
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- By its resolution 60/1 of 16 September 2005, the General Assembly adopted the 2005 World Summit Outcome, in which the States Members of the United Nations conceptualized a principle that is of prime importance to the protection of minorities: the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity, more commonly known as "the responsibility to protect". This concept recognizes the duty of the international community to intervene to protect populations when their own Governments cannot or lack the will to do so. It prioritizes above all the use of appropriate diplomatic, humanitarian and other peaceful means, before legitimate force is contemplated through Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 74
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- The mandate of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) does not explicitly encompass conflict prevention; however, UNICEF both generates and monitors country-specific data that reveal situations of emerging conflict. Its activities focusing on the most marginalized and vulnerable women and children position it uniquely to play the kind of early prevention role with respect to minority rights that is contemplated by this report. Given that minority children are often the most disadvantaged, there is a sound basis for the engagement of UNICEF in minority issues. With a wide network of offices worldwide, UNICEF is in an important position to encourage the introduction of minority issues on Government public policy agendas, to support Government efforts and directly deliver assistance to minority children and women. The UNICEF field presence is common in conflict zones, and its focus on protection issues makes it an institution with key relevance to conflict prevention. At UNICEF headquarters, there is a cluster of professionals whose portfolios include minority rights issues.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 92
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- In its work in the field the United Nations has developed some excellent practice with regard to minority issues. However, there is no mechanism for or consistent practice of ensuring that minority issues are mainstreamed across the in-country work of entities in the United Nations system, in accordance with article 9 of the Declaration, even in countries where those issues are at the core of local conflicts. At the Headquarters level, in the Department of Political Affairs and in the UNDP Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, know-how on minority rights could be enhanced to facilitate the development of policies and practices sensitive to minorities. Appropriate training programmes and resources are required for staff throughout the United Nations system, to assist in the early identification by decision makers at the highest level of tensions involving minorities.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 85
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- The Peace and Security Council mission recommended a meeting of regional Governments, representatives of the Mbororo and local affected communities, to develop a strategy that would help reduce tension in the most sensitive areas, to consider the delimitation of livestock corridors to be used by pastoralists and to discuss national projects to improve Mbororo integration in the national health and education systems, taking into account their lifestyle (mobile schools and health structures). As ever, the challenge remains the implementation of such recommendations, particularly in countries where resources are at a premium. There is a need for continued, sustained dialogue between Governments and communities concerned and an emphasis on follow-up on the recommendations of such fact-finding missions, ideally with the support of international humanitarian agencies.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 64
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- Although article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights guarantees the exercise of the right to public participation to citizens, it has come to be widely recognized that citizenship requirements can hamper effective participation in certain fields of public affairs. While it remains accepted for States to impose certain restrictions on non-citizens concerning the right to vote and to be elected, such restrictions should not be applied more widely than necessary. Denial of citizenship has been used by States to exclude minorities from the enjoyment of their rights. States should consider allowing non-citizens belonging to minorities to vote, stand as candidates in local elections and be members of the governing boards of self-governing bodies, while making sure that access to citizenship is regulated in a non-discriminatory manner. Positive examples of this kind exist in a number of States.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Protection of minority rights in conflict prevention 2010, para. 59
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- Economic exclusion and denial of access to quality education bring about a sense of despair and destroy hopes of upward mobility. As such they are often a central grievance and a source of tensions. International standards on non discrimination, including the Declaration, place an obligation on States to institute affirmative action policies to correct historical patterns of exclusion and enable members of minorities to achieve equality. Many States have recognized the corrosive nature of inequalities and have implemented such measures. Affirmative action programmes can, however, be a point of contention for majority communities, in particular when poorer members of majority communities perceive that they are losing out. It is important that Governments exercise leadership in educating the larger public, demonstrating that such programmes are based on the principles of justice and equal opportunity and result in fairer and more stable society.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 28
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- The right to effective participation is a fundamental human right, affirmed in a number of key international legal instruments. Effective participation underpins the realization of all human rights of women and men belonging to ethnic or national, religious and linguistic minorities. It is through effective participation that a person expresses and protects her or his identity, ensuring the survival and dignity of the minority. The right to effective participation recognizes the fact that the participation of minorities in various areas of life is essential for the development of a truly inclusive and just society.
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Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 40
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- The right to effective participation has more recently been strengthened with regard to groups strongly at risk of marginalization. Article 41 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families protects the rights of documented and regular migrant workers and their families to participate in the public affairs of their State of origin and to be elected through elections of that State. Perhaps more importantly, article 42 requires the States of employment to facilitate the consultation or participation of migrant workers and members of their families in decisions concerning the life and administration of local communities; States of employment may, moreover, grant migrant workers the enjoyment of political rights.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 48
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- Human rights treaty bodies and courts have dealt with a range of cases involving the right to effective participation of minorities and the related prohibition of discrimination. As regards requiring proficiency in an official language, the Human Rights Committee has held that a Government's failure to introduce legislation to permit the use of other languages disproportionately affected certain minority communities, since it denied them the use of their mother tongue in administration, justice, education, public life and Government, thus constituting a violation of article 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Committee concluded that the State was under an obligation to provide the community with an effective remedy, namely by allowing its officials to respond in languages other than the official one in a non-discriminatory manner. In another case, barring a member of a minority from standing in local elections on the grounds that her proficiency in the official language was not adequate, when such an assessment was conducted in a deficient and arbitrary way and when in fact the person already held a language certificate, was deemed by the Committee to be a violation of articles 2 and 25 of the Covenant. On the same issue of barring a member of a minority from standing in elections because of allegedly inadequate proficiency in the official language, the European Court of Human Rights has found that this can constitute a violation of article 3 of Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention. In the particular case, the Court held that it had grave doubts as to the legal basis for subjecting candidates holding language certificates to further tests. The Court also considered that the testing lacked objectivity and procedural fairness.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- The history of the development of minority rights at the United Nations has been closely linked to the need to address tensions between minorities and the State, and between population groups. The 1992 Declaration on Minorities states in its preamble that the promotion and protection of the rights of persons belonging to such minorities contribute to the political and social stability of States in which they live. The drafting of the Declaration began in 1978, and received added impetus with the break-up of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. The importance attached to the Declaration was summed up by the representative of Austria, who, speaking before the Third Committee, observed that it should not be filed and forgotten, but implemented and filled with life, so as to contribute to overcoming situations of tension relating to minorities (see A/C.3/47/SR.47, para. 89).
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The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 37
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- In 1994, States members of the Organization of African Unity reaffirmed their deep conviction that friendly relations among their peoples as well as peace, justice, stability and democracy, called for the protection of ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of all their people including national minorities and the creation of conditions conducive to the promotion of that identity. In the Americas, the Inter-American Democratic Charter stresses that the elimination of discrimination and respect for cultural diversity contribute to strengthening democracy and citizen participation, which in turn are necessary for ensuring peace, stability and development. In the Copenhagen Document of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, the participating States reaffirmed that respect for the rights of persons belonging to national minorities as part of universally recognized human rights was an essential factor for peace, justice, stability and democracy in the participating States.
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The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- Economic exclusion and denial of access to quality education bring about a sense of despair, destroy hopes of upward mobility and are often a central grievance and a source of tensions. International standards on non-discrimination place an obligation on States to institute affirmative action policies to correct historical patterns of exclusion and enable members of minorities to achieve equality. Many States have recognized the corrosive nature of inequalities and have implemented such measures. Affirmative action programmes can, however, be a point of contention for majority communities, in particular when poorer members of majority communities perceive that they are losing out. It is important that Governments exercise leadership in educating the larger public, demonstrating that such programmes are based on the principles of justice and equal opportunity and result in fairer and more stable society.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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Párrafo
Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 18
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- In its resolution 6/15 of 28 September 2007, the Human Rights Council established a Forum on Minority Issues ("the Forum"), inter alia to provide a platform for promoting dialogue and cooperation on issues pertaining to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities, as well as thematic contributions and expertise to the work of the independent expert on minority issues. The independent expert is required to guide the work of the Forum and prepare its annual meetings. The inaugural session took place on 15 and 16 December 2008 in Geneva with a thematic focus on "Minorities and the Right to Education".
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Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 30
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- It is for these reasons that the independent expert on minority issues chose effective political participation as the theme of the second session of the Forum on Minority Issues, held in Geneva on 12 and 13 November 2009. It should be underscored from the outset that the right of minorities to effective political participation does not encompass separatist movements. Rather, the intent is to ensure the inclusion of all persons belonging to minorities in a just and fair society. This background document summarizes the relevant basic international legal principles, the preconditions for ensuring effective political participation, and some of the models and conceptual tools that States are using in order to meet their international obligations.
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Minorities and effective political participation: a survey of law and national practices 2010, para. 53
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- A central issue in relation to the political participation of minorities is how to determine that the quality of participation is truly "effective". When considering whether participation of persons belonging to minorities is effective, two of the most important aspects of participation must be examined. The first relates to the means which promote full and effective equality of persons belonging to minorities. The second assesses the impact of these means on the situation of the persons concerned and on the society as a whole. This impact may be viewed differently by different actors, depending on their engagement in the processes. It is not sufficient for States to ensure formal participation of persons belonging to minorities; States must also ensure that the participation of minority representatives has a substantial influence on decisions which are taken, so that there is, as far as possible, a shared ownership of the decisions taken.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 50
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- The most appropriate system will depend on the specificities of the situation, including how populous the communities are, whether they are geographically dispersed or concentrated, the aspirations of the minority groups and how well integrated they are into the broader society. The flexibility of the minority rights framework makes it well suited to the compromises necessary in processes of negotiating solutions, diffusing tensions and avoiding violent conflicts. In November 2009, the second session of the Forum on Minority Issues focused on the issue of minorities and effective political participation and produced a set of practical recommendations for States and other actors (A/HRC/13/25, para. 5).
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The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 59
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- Consequently, the rights of minorities to participate effectively in economic life must be fully taken into account by Governments seeking to promote equality at every level. From implementing non-discrimination in employment to enforcing corporate responsibility principles and developing national economic development and international development assistance schemes, Governments face the constant challenge of ensuring that the rights of minorities are protected and that they benefit as equal stakeholders in society. In their response to the current global crisis, development agencies, financial institutions and other actors involved in international cooperation also face the challenge of ensuring that measures taken do not negatively impact minority rights.
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The role of minority rights protection in promoting stability and conflict prevention 2011, para. 75
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- The special procedures of the Human Rights Council, including the independent expert on minority issues, and the treaty monitoring bodies are well placed to identify the warning signs of impending conflicts, including those affecting minorities. In October 2009, a United Nations round table on special procedures entitled "Early Warning and Emerging Issues" was held in New York. Participants emphasized the contribution that these mechanisms can make to a better understanding of complex situations, for example involving systemic exclusion and discrimination of certain minority groups. Participants recommended strengthening the capacity of the special procedures to contribute to early warning, including by ensuring that their recommendations were communicated more effectively to the United Nations field presences, and ensuring that data revealing patterns of severe abuses were communicated as early warnings.
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- 2012 marks the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities. In March 2012, the Secretary-General's Policy Committee stressed that the twentieth anniversary should be used to raise awareness and promote implementation of the Declaration and endorsed the establishment of the United Nations Network on Racial Discrimination and Minorities to give strengthened attention to minority issues within the United Nations system. In many countries, examples of constructive approaches, national legislation and institutional attention exist for the implementation of minority rights, equality and the accommodation of diverse groups within society which could be replicated. However, in all regions significant challenges remain for minority communities.
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 10
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- Article 1 (1) of the Declaration requires that "States shall protect the existence and the national or ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic identity of minorities within their respective territories and shall encourage conditions for the promotion of that identity". Article 1 (2) requires that "States shall adopt appropriate legislative and other measures to achieve those ends". Article 2 (3) requires that minorities have the right to participate effectively in decisions on the national and, where appropriate, regional level concerning the minority to which they belong or the regions in which they live. Article 4 (2) requires that "States shall take measures to create favourable conditions to enable persons belonging to minorities to express their characteristics and to develop their culture, language, religion, traditions and customs". Article 5 (1) establishes that "(N)ational policies and programmes shall be planned and implemented with due regard for the legitimate interests of persons belonging to minorities".
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 15
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- In States in which minority populations are significant, where inter-community relations are complex, where long-term challenges persist, or where ethnic or religious tensions or conflict exist or have previously occurred, institutional attention may be particularly appropriate. In the European context, for example, it is acknowledged that the Roma require dedicated national attention so as to promote their inclusion in all fields of life, address disproportionate poverty and improve living conditions and health indicators. Discrimination and exclusion are key factors contributing to their disadvantaged situation. Solutions must take account not only of their unique circumstances and target community challenges and the impact of discrimination against Roma, but also of the causes and manifestations of discrimination in the wider society.
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 20
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- The Independent Expert highlights the need for increased attention to the rights and security of religious minorities and interfaith dialogue, particularly in countries experiencing tensions and violent attacks against religious minorities. Anti-religious extremism and hate speech encourage discrimination and violence and increase the urgency for human rights mechanisms that address the issues of religious minorities. The Human Rights Council universal periodic review has produced nearly 400 recommendations concerning religious freedom and the rights of religious minorities. Establishing institutional mechanisms to promote interfaith dialogue helps build bridges between faith groups that may have become increasingly polarized and distrustful. The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has stated that "it is becoming imperative for Governments to provide due political, social, economic and cultural space to minorities in their societies, including access to decision-making levels".
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 31
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- Governments can be important sources of support and funding for non governmental organizations. Even where Governments establish institutional attention to minority issues, they may consider providing institutionalized support to non-governmental organizations and community groups working with and on behalf of minorities, including in the context of specific services and projects. They should also assist in the establishment of, and provide support to, minority media that provide an essential service and information delivery mechanisms for minorities. However, service provision by non-governmental organizations should not be considered a viable substitute for dedicated Government attention to minority issues and Government-led provision of essential services and allocation of financial resources necessary to improve the living conditions and protect the rights of minorities.
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Regional intergovernmental bodies can promote national attention to minority issues. The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights can be interpreted as containing provisions for protection of minorities; however, in African States attention to minority issues is relatively weak. The African Commission has a Working Group on Indigenous Populations and is encouraged to consider creating a similar body to promote national attention to minorities. The Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is drafting a human rights declaration; and the Organization of American States has a working group to prepare a draft inter-American convention against racism and all forms of discrimination and intolerance. Inclusion of strong minority rights provisions in such regional standards could promote and require national attention to minority rights.
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 41
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- Where minorities face violence, the presence of local independent human rights bodies can be a deterrent and important monitoring mechanism. The Office of the Ombudsman of Colombia has a Division for Ethnic Minorities and undertakes activities to protect minority Afro-Colombian leaders and communities at risk or violence from illegal armed forces. Local representatives (defensores comunitarios) work in sensitive minority areas where the presence of State authorities is weak. They have developed the trust of communities and operate an early warning and risk assessment system (Sistema de Alerta Temprana) under which credible threats are identified and alerts are assessed by security forces and civil institutions, often resulting in protection measures. The present Government has continued the policy of institutional attention to Afro-Colombian issues implemented by previous administrations in creating a Presidential Programme for Afro-Colombian Issues.
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 12
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- In its general recommendation No. XXIX on article 1, paragraph 1, of the Convention (descent), relating to groups including caste-affected communities (see A/57/18, chap. XI.F), the Committee requests States to "(E)stablish statutory mechanisms, through the strengthening of existing institutions or the creation of specialized institutions, to promote respect for the equal human rights of members of descent-based communities". In its general recommendation No. XXVII on discrimination against Roma (see A/55/18, annex V.C), the Committee recommends numerous positive measures including the review and amendment of legislation, adoption and implementation of national strategies and programmes, establishment of effective remedies, and measures to ensure consultation, dialogue and participation of Roma. Their scope implies coordinated, proactive attention to Roma populations by appropriate institutions.
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- Minority rights institutions frequently have proactive mandates that include: reviewing and proposing domestic standards and providing expertise and information to legislation drafting and policymaking processes; monitoring laws and policies with respect to minority rights and recommending amendments or implementation measures; encouraging and coordinating programming on minority issues and strategies devised to address problems relating to minorities; promotion and education activities; developing good practice guides, information resources and reports; developing campaigns and outreach relating to minority rights; and forming a bridge between minority communities and public administration. Importantly, they should not act in isolation on minority issues but, should rather, actively promote mainstreaming of minority issues and cooperation across all relevant bodies.
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- The Forum on Minority Issues at its second session focused on effective political participation. It recognized that it is frequently necessary to adopt positive institutional measures designed to enhance minority participation in decision-making bodies. It recommended parliamentary arrangements, proportional representation and other appropriate electoral systems-related measures that can increase opportunities for minorities to participate. Reserved or shared seats have proved useful in ensuring minority representation in elected bodies. Where minorities are geographically concentrated, forms of devolved power or territorial or political autonomy can facilitate minority participation in regional or local institutions. Political parties are key actors and should adopt measures aimed at engaging minority communities, addressing minority issues and ensuring minority representation. The Forum recommended a specific mechanism or institutional procedure to survey and monitor progress on minority participation.
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- Social & Cultural Rights
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- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2012
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 27
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- Statistics Canada conducts census and other statistical surveys and includes questions relating to origin, ethnicity, religion and language, thereby allowing comparative analysis of the socioeconomic situation of minorities compared with other population groups. Labour-market activity data revealed disproportionately high unemployment rates among black, Western Asian and Arab communities, for example. An Ethnic Diversity Survey provided insights into how ethnic backgrounds affect participation in social and economic life, a potential resource for programme development. Where Government bodies are not mandated or permitted to collect disaggregated data, independent human rights and equality bodies should play a key role in compiling such information and should develop their own internal expertise.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 32
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- Expert national institutions can assist Governments in fulfilling international commitments, including reporting to United Nations treaty bodies, such as the Human Rights Committee, on minority rights under article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. States receive minority-related recommendations based on their consideration by treaty bodies, the universal periodic review, special procedures mandate holders and regional monitoring bodies. Specialist institutions can lead efforts to implement recommendations nationally. They also provide a valuable focal point through which guidance, tools and technical cooperation initiatives relating to minority rights may be channelled to the national level. Independent national human rights institutions frequently provide critical analysis of government policy and practice and make recommendations based on their minority rights expertise, including to the United Nations system and regional bodies.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- Equality & Inclusion
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- Lithuania informed the Independent Expert of its Division for National Minorities Affairs in the Ministry of Culture. The post of Vice-Minister of culture for national minorities affairs was introduced in 2011, demonstrating the Government's special attention to national minority issues. A Council of National Minorities operates under the Ministry of Culture and plays a key role in consultation on minority issues with public authorities. Twenty-nine recognized national communities are representatives in the Council, which analyses legal acts and makes recommendations concerning the preservation of national identity.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- Some States take approaches that allow varying degrees of regional, territorial or political autonomy. Where minorities are geographically concentrated, decentralized forms of government often allow minorities a stronger role in institutions and decision-making bodies. In appropriate circumstances, States have devolved power, and created autonomous or other sub-State divisions or federal systems that may enable minorities to have a more significant and direct impact on matters affecting them. The concept of "subsidiarity" promotes decision-making at the lowest level of government consistent with the goals to be attained and is highlighted as valuable in the context of minority rights, including in recommendations of the Forum on Minority Issues on minorities and effective political participation.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
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- 2012
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 72
- Paragraph text
- Institutions, including ministries, may decide to have dedicated advisers, consultant posts or focal points within their institutional structures that have responsibility for minority issues. While such posts provide relatively low-level institutional attention, compared with dedicated institutions or departments, they can nevertheless fulfil important functions, raise awareness of minority issues in key policy and programme areas, and demonstrate institutional will to respond to minority concerns. Where advisory posts or focal points exist in different ministries, they may have the potential to promote coordination and information-sharing and joint projects. Given the specialist nature of such roles, priority should be given to the recruitment of minorities, including minority women.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
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- Ethnic minorities
- Women
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- 2012
Párrafo
The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- Minorities are often poorly represented in institutions, including human rights bodies and ministries working on central concerns of minorities. Improving minority representation and participation is a vital component of improving the quality of institutional attention to minority rights. As previously noted, political participation is both a right of minorities and essential to their achieving wider inclusion and participation in decision-making at the national and local levels; and consequently, Governments should both monitor the participation of minorities and implement mechanisms and institutional arrangements that ensure their representation in political and decision-making bodies at local and national levels.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
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- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- Besides its National Human Rights Commission, Nepal also has a National Dalit Commission, which was established in 2002 in recognition of the fact that caste discrimination and untouchability practices continue. It promotes implementation of national and international law and advocated for the Caste-based Discrimination and Untouchability Act, adopted in May 2011, which criminalized such discrimination in private and public spheres. Among its activities was the organization of a 100-day campaign against caste discrimination, in collaboration with the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Nepal, launched in September 2011 by the President and the High Commissioner.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
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- 2012
Párrafo
The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- Institutional approaches are particularly important that seek to ensure coordinated policy and programming initiatives incorporating all relevant ministries and other national stakeholders. They may develop and take the lead in implementing a national policy framework and devise cross-ministerial strategies and programmes in consultation with minorities and other stakeholders. Holistic, coordinated approaches recognize the interconnected nature of such issues and ministerial priorities such as health and housing, education and employment, and may facilitate policy and programming responses that comprehensively address problems facing minorities and their underlying causes.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
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- Ethnic minorities
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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- The Committee for Ethnic Minority Affairs of Viet Nam is a ministerial-level body responsible for planning and implementation of ethnic policies and those for mountainous regions where minorities frequently live. It manages the development, implementation and monitoring of programmes, and coordinates liaison between ministries and with international agencies and donors. Its priorities include socioeconomic development programmes designed to address the causes of poverty, improving education and training local officials. It is part of an institutional structure including the Ethnic Council of the National Assembly, which advises the National Assembly on ethnic minority matters and reviews draft laws.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
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Párrafo
Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- The independent expert is particularly concerned about the situation of religious minorities in all regions. Information received by the mandate of the independent expert and the work of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion and belief, as well as other thematic mandates, have revealed disturbing attacks and violence against members of religious minorities and their places of worship, affecting Buddhist, Christian, Jehovah's Witnesses, Muslim, and other religious minorities in several regions. Such violent attacks have been documented in numerous countries and different regions and are not confined to any one region. Long-standing and new forms of anti-religious extremism and the use of the internet and social media to spread hate speech and encourage discrimination and violence must be condemned at the highest levels.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
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- 2012
Párrafo
Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- The independent expert recognizes the role and potential of young men and women within minority communities to inspire and promote change and develop positive relations across communities as well as being agents of change within their communities. Young people from both minority and majority communities have different experiences from those of older generations and bring different perceptions, including with regard to their national, ethnic, religious and linguistic and other aspects of their identity, and their interactions with those from communities that are not their own. In all aspects of her work as mandate holder, the independent expert will seek to engage with young people from minorities to learn about their views and ideas and to encourage them to take leadership roles and engage in positive activities to promote inter-cultural dialogue.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Youth
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- 2012
Párrafo
The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- A 2009 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) global survey of national human rights institutions revealed that minorities are poorly represented, with less than half rating their governing body as diverse. It also revealed that minorities are poorly represented as staff at all levels. Minority women are often particularly poorly represented and concrete measures should be taken, including outreach and training initiatives targeted at minorities and specifically at minority women. National institutions should lead by example and ensure that their staff and members fully and publicly reflect the diversity within society. They should be transparent and accountable in their processes to appoint senior representatives. Problems of legitimacy and community trust can result when appointments are considered to have been political or tokenistic and not to have involved minority communities or to have reflected their preferences.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Women
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- 2012
Párrafo
The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- The 2009 survey of national human rights institutions by the Office of the High Commissioner revealed that less than half of respondents described their relationship with marginalized groups as strong. In terms of online accessibility for minority groups, only 8 respondent institutions out of 61 indicated that their website was available in all minority languages. The large majority of respondents did not provide data relating to the proportion of complaints received from minorities or indigenous peoples, indicating that they did not gather disaggregated data relating to the use of services and lacked dedicated attention to such groups. Institutions should develop inclusive and participatory methodologies to ensure consultation with and participation of minorities in all relevant aspects of their work.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
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- Ethnic minorities
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- 2012
Párrafo
Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- Recognizing that globally some minorities have been relatively successful in organizing and mobilizing themselves in order to claim their rights in comparison to others, the independent expert considers it important to develop a greater understanding of how minorities organize and become successful in mobilizing for change at the national and international levels and implement successful advocacy strategies. More studies should look into these opportunities and experiences and the independent expert will pay special attention to such analyses. Minority communities that have established NGOs are frequently more successful at advocating for change, are better equipped to engage local and national government and are able to benefit from funding and support from national and external sources.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
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- Ethnic minorities
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- 2012
Párrafo
Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- Minority communities frequently experience discrimination and exclusion which leave them in situations of poverty and which require targeted solutions. The independent expert encourages States to recognize that one-size-fits-all solutions to achieve the MDGs will often not be effective for minorities who are frequently the poorest of the poor, who may live in remote or isolated localities and who may experience widespread discrimination in society resulting in entrenched exclusion and poverty. She will urge States to give specific attention to minority groups in the context of their efforts to achieve the Goals, to conduct rigorous needs assessments as well as research into the impact of Millennium Development Goal programmes and activities on minorities and to evaluate the extent to which progress has been made or remains required for minority groups.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
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- Ethnic minorities
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- 2012
Párrafo
Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- Network members would be an important source of information and expertise for the work of the independent expert and help to create awareness of the mandate across different regions and contribute systematically to the work of the mandate. A caucus would strengthen opportunities to share good practices and positive initiatives, improve information sharing by the United Nations to minorities relating to United Nations activities and events relevant to minorities, provide enhanced channels of communication regarding the provision of information relating to violations of the rights of minorities, and allow for joint initiatives. Reflecting on the need for effective early warning mechanisms to alert the international community to situations of concern involving minorities, the independent expert believes that the establishment of a global caucus could enhance efforts in this respect and improve timely provision of information on deteriorating situations.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
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Párrafo
Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- The independent expert encourages all United Nations Member States to consider undertaking activities in their countries and regions to mark the 20th anniversary and to promote awareness of the United Nations Declaration amongst minority communities and within wider society generally. Such activities could include the establishment of a national day for minorities during which the cultures and traditions of minority groups are celebrated and the contributions of minorities to society through history and in the present day are highlighted. Initiatives in the field of education and information for young people from all communities could also be envisaged.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Youth
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- 2012
Párrafo
Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 80
- Paragraph text
- Negative and stereotypical portrayals of minority girls and women - for example as uneducated, powerless, oppressed or unhygienic - largely influence their treatment in wider society and contribute to the perpetuation of discrimination. Minority women following different cultural, traditional and religious practices can easily face segregation or exclusion from various social services. If they only speak their minority language, they experience difficulties and discrimination even in basic life situations. Minority women may also face barriers to freedom of cultural expression and have limited access to social and cultural forums when compared with minority men.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
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- Girls
- Women
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- 2012
Párrafo
Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- Where patterns of violations against minorities are long established, there is a risk that the international community may view such tensions as intractable. This is particularly the case with religious minorities, the violations of whose rights may be considered an inevitable consequence of a particular State religion or State ideology. States with a shared State religion or ideology pattern may be blind to such violations, and other States may be reluctant to intervene. International human rights law needs to reclaim the full equality of religious minorities and not concede their human rights as part and parcel of particular power or demographic relations.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
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- Ethnic minorities
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- 2013
Párrafo
Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- The independent expert wishes to expand the group of minority activists and experts cooperating with her mandate and providing information to it. Building on the work of her predecessor she will seek to develop and update the civil society database of OHCHR with national organizations working in the area of minority rights and with minority communities, including those in countries in which official visits have been undertaken. This will enhance the independent expert's ability to maintain regular channels of communication with such actors and provide advisory and other services to them and to assist them with their access to her mandate, other relevant special procedures mandates, treaty bodies and other human rights bodies and mechanisms that are relevant to work on minority issues and country situations involving minorities.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- Civil & Political Rights
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Párrafo
Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- The violations faced by religious minorities lie at the intersection of a number of realities, including the State's religion or ideology relationship, the State's demographic makeup, the constitutional and legislative framework, the personal status laws, intercommunal relationships and the role of non-State actors - each of them and their combined effect have a profound impact on the human rights situation of religious minorities. Historical, geopolitical and inter-State factors may in some cases exacerbate the discrimination, exclusion and vulnerability experienced by religious minorities. National and international human rights responses to the challenges faced by religious minorities must seek to uphold their equal enjoyment of international human rights, including through the protection and promotion of minority rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- Equality & Inclusion
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Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 33
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- Positive obligations of States are further emphasized in the requirement for States to take measures to create favourable conditions to enable persons belonging to minorities to express their characteristics and to develop their culture, language, religion, traditions and customs (art. 4, para. 2). States are also called upon to take measures in the field of education, in order to encourage knowledge of the history, traditions, language and culture of the minorities existing within their territory (art. 4, para. 4). Article 5 requires national policies and programmes to be planned and implemented with due regard for the legitimate interests of persons belonging to minorities, as well as programmes of cooperation and assistance among States.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- Equality & Inclusion
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Párrafo
Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- In some societies, minority women shoulder complex burdens of poverty, ethnic or religious prejudice and gender-based restrictions, which can frequently result in greater challenges to the right to an adequate standard of living, including adequate housing. For instance, minority women in rural or remote areas in some countries may be confronted by a profound degree of isolation created by several different factors, including the boundaries of the home, lack of education and language barriers. Access to and use and management of land and property are central to women's economic independence, social status and political influence, not only with regard to their own status but also to that of men in their community.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
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- Ethnic minorities
- Women
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Párrafo
Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- Recalling that 2012 marks the 20th anniversary of the adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, the independent expert urges all stakeholders, including United Nations Member States, civil society and minorities themselves to undertake efforts and initiatives to increase awareness of the Declaration amongst all people within their respective States and regions, and to actively promote its implementation and the full enjoyment of all human rights by persons belonging to minority communities.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
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- Equality & Inclusion
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Priorities for the work of the Independent Expert and the twentieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 2012, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- It is notable that the Declaration states in its preambular paragraphs that "the promotion and protection of the rights of persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities contribute to the political and social stability of States in which they live" and that "the constant promotion and realization of the rights of persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities, as an integral part of the development of society as a whole and within a democratic framework based on the rule of law, would contribute to the strengthening of friendship and cooperation among peoples and States".
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 85
- Paragraph text
- The Minority Rights Group International has documented the impact of conflict and instability on religious minorities in Iraq, including Muslim minorities, Baha'is, Christians, Armenians, Chaldo-Assyrians, Faili Kurds, Palestinians, Jews, Sabean Mandaeans, Turkmen, Yazidis and others. The Group states that minorities in Iraq have continued to be targeted on the grounds of their religion or ethnicity since the United States-led invasion and fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003. They have suffered from killings, kidnappings, torture, harassment, forced conversions and the destruction of homes and property. Women have been subjected to rape and forced to wear hijab. Persecution, human rights violations and targeted attacks have led to vast numbers of internally displaced persons and a mass exodus of some religious communities to neighbouring countries where they continue to experience challenges as religious minorities.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Persons on the move
- Women
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Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 91d
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- [The Independent Expert provides the following broad recommendations to national Governments and the international community:] States should undertake research and data-gathering exercises, including in the context of national census surveys, aimed at compiling detailed information on the demographic and socioeconomic situation of religious minorities in their country. Such data should be quantitative and qualitative in nature and include considerations of the situation of religious minorities relative to other members of society. It should have the objective of providing a comprehensive mapping of religious communities, their situations and the challenges affecting them, and it should be carried out in consultation with and the voluntary participation of minorities;
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 39
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- At the regional level, some positive practice exists, for example the European Union Employment Equality Directive, adopted in 2000, which requires Member States to protect against discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief in employment, occupation and vocational training. All Member States were required to transpose the Directive into domestic law by 2 December 2003 and monitor and report on its implementation. Such developments are to be welcomed as concrete steps towards ensuring the rights of religious minorities. However, implementation at the national level remains problematic in some States. Strengthening regional provisions and monitoring for the protection of religious minorities in all regions would provide a valuable impetus for States to improve legislation and policy and practice.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
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- Ethnic minorities
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Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- Religious minorities - like all minorities - should be able to educate their children about their beliefs, practices, history and culture. Positive practices result in educational environments that are welcoming and appropriate to those from diverse religious communities. However, the educational rights of religious minorities are routinely violated around the world. Minority children may be ridiculed and humiliated by school authorities. School texts may exclude reference to religious minorities or misrepresent historical facts about them. In extreme cases, such texts cruelly stereotype them, falsify their religious texts, or accuse them of being politically suspect. Religious minorities may be denied meaningful access to tertiary education owing to their religious affiliation, thus denying them access to some professions.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- In the regional context, protection of the rights of linguistic minorities via regional standards is well developed in Europe. The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages provides principles and objectives upon which States parties must base their policies, legislation and practice relating to regional or minority languages. It also provides a series of concrete undertakings relating to specific areas relevant to minority language use, including education, engagement with judicial and administrative authorities, access to public services, media, cultural activities and facilities, economic and social life, and cross-border exchanges. The Charter has been ratified by 25 States and signed by another 8 States. A committee of experts monitors its implementation in each State and makes recommendations for improvements in legislation, policy and practice.
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- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
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- Special Procedures' report
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Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- In some States, religious minorities may be at significantly greater risk of arbitrary arrest and detention on the basis of their religion, their religious or social functions or their activities to claim their rights or peacefully protest. Several communications by Special Procedures to States have been based on allegations regarding arrest and sentencing (including death sentences) of members of religious minorities on the grounds of their religion or legitimate religious or human rights activities. Information provided alleged that in such cases trials often do not comply with international standards of fair trial and due process. Another context of insecurity is the situation of religious minorities during incarceration. Standards upholding the freedom of religion or belief rights of prisoners must be upheld, as noted by the Human Rights Committee (see CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4, para. 8).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- Historical factors such as colonialism have had a huge global impact on languages, resulting in the marginalization of indigenous and minority languages and a rapid decline in their use. The introduction of colonial languages in Africa, Asia and the Americas initiated the marginalization of native and minority languages. Colonial languages were promoted in education, administration, political life and communications. Minority and indigenous languages were often seen as backwards, a barrier to colonial hegemony, or as slowing national development. It can also be argued that today globalization is having a direct and detrimental impact on minority languages and linguistic diversity, as global communications and marketplaces require global understanding.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo