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Conflit et droit à l’alimentation
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2022
- Code du document
- A/HRC/52/40
- Date ajouter
- 18 déc. 2023
Document
Le rôle du droit à l’alimentation dans le relèvement et la transformation des systèmes alimentaires
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2023
- Code du document
- A/78/202
- Date ajouter
- 18 déc. 2023
Document
Le droit à l’alimentation et la pandémie de maladie à coronavirus
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2022
- Code du document
- A/77/177
- Date ajouter
- 18 déc. 2023
Document
Semences, droit à la vie et droits des agriculteurs
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2021
- Code du document
- A/HRC/49/43
- Date ajouter
- 18 déc. 2023
Document
Systèmes alimentaires et droits de l'homme
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2021
- Code du document
- A/76/237
- Date ajouter
- 18 déc. 2023
Document
Vision des sujets de préoccupation et des questions prioritaires
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2020
- Code du document
- A/HRC/46/33
- Date ajouter
- 18 déc. 2023
Document
Le droit à l’alimentation dans le contexte du droit et de la politique du commerce international
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2020
- Code du document
- A/75/219
- Date ajouter
- 18 déc. 2023
Document
Rapport de la Rapporteuse spéciale sur le droit à l’alimentation au Conseil des droits de l'homme sur la réflexion analytique sur les systèmes alimentaires, les crises alimentaires et l’avenir du droit à l’alimentation
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2020
- Code du document
- A/HRC/43/44
- Date ajouter
- 18 déc. 2023
Document
Additif - Rapport de mission en Azerbaïdjan : observations de l'État sur le rapport de la Rapporteuse spéciale
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2020
- Code du document
- A/HRC/43/44/ADD.3
- Date ajouter
- 18 déc. 2023
Document
Additif - Rapport de mission au Zimbabwe : observations de l'État sur le rapport de la Rapporteuse spéciale
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2020
- Code du document
- A/HRC/43/44/ADD.4
- Date ajouter
- 18 déc. 2023
Document
Rapport de la Rapporteuse spéciale sur le droit à l’alimentation à l'Assemblée générale (les objectifs de développement durable)
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2019
- Code du document
- A/74/164
- Date ajouter
- 18 déc. 2023
Document
Rapport de la Rapporteuse spéciale sur le droit à l’alimentation au Conseil des droits de l'homme (les travailleurs du secteur de la pêche)
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2019
- Code du document
- A/HRC/40/56
- Date ajouter
- 18 déc. 2023
Document
Rapport à l'Assemblée générale sur la reconnaissance du droit à l’alimentation des travailleurs agricoles
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2018
- Code du document
- A/73/164
- Date ajouter
- 18 déc. 2023
Document
Rapport au Conseil des droits de l'homme (les effets des catastrophes sur le droit à l’alimentation)
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2018
- Code du document
- A/HRC/37/61
- Date ajouter
- 18 déc. 2023
Document
Additif - Rapport de mission en Zambie
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2018
- Code du document
- A/HRC/37/61/Add.1
- Date ajouter
- 18 déc. 2023
Document
Rapport d’activité de la Rapporteuse spéciale sur le droit à l’alimentation
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2017
- Code du document
- A/72/188
- Date ajouter
- 18 déc. 2023
Document
Right to food and nutrition
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2016
- Code du document
- A/71/282
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Document
Assessing a decade of progress on the right to food
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2013
- Code du document
- A/68/288
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Document
Fisheries and the right to food
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2012
- Code du document
- A/67/268
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Document
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2016
- Code du document
- A/HRC/31/51
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Document
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2012
- Code du document
- A/HRC/19/59
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Document
Impact of climate change on the right to food
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2015
- Code du document
- A/70/287
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Document
Effects of pesticides on the right to food
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2017
- Code du document
- A/HRC/34/48
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Document
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2015
- Code du document
- A/HRC/28/65
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Document
The transformative potential of the right to food
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2014
- Code du document
- A/HRC/25/57
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Document
Women’s right and the right to food
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2013
- Code du document
- A/HRC/22/50
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Document
Acroecology and the right to food
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2011
- Code du document
- A/HRC/16/49
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Document
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2011
- Code du document
- A/66/262
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Document
Vision of the mandate
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2014
- Code du document
- A/69/275
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Document
Vision of the mandate 2014, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- In general, food and nutrition security policies continue to treat women primarily as mothers, focusing on the nutrition of infants and young children or pregnant women, rather than addressing constraints on women’s economic and social participation. Teenage mothers, women without children and women of post-reproductive age with specific nutritional needs are generally not considered within those policies, and this must change
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Adolescents
- Children
- Infants
- Women
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to land and the right to food
- Organe
- Rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l'alimentation
- Status juridique
- Droit souple non-négocié
- Type de document
- Rapport des procédures spéciales
- Année
- 2010
- Code du document
- A/65/281
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Document
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 6
- Paragraph text
- Contract farming has gained importance in recent years in both developed and developing countries. Buyers see it as a means of strengthening control down the supply chain in order to respond to an increased need for production traceability and food product standardization, as quality and food safety standards have gained in importance and as consumers express concerns about the environmental and social aspects of production. Controlling contracted farmers to prevent extra-contractual marketing or the diversion of inputs received for uses other than crop production under the contract may be costly, but the costs are generally offset by the improved reliability and more consistent quality of supplies compared with products purchased on the open market. Contract farming can minimize firms' risks with respect to changes in supply and demand and allows firms to promote safety standards and other quality requirements. Contracts also enable firms to schedule the delivery of products at optimal times for their business, something that they cannot control when relying on the spot market.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to land and the right to food 2010, para. 43a (ii)
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur also makes the following recommendations to the international community:] Establish adequate governance instruments to operationalize the commitments set out in the Final Declaration of the International Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development. The Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land and other Natural Resources could make a significant contribution, provided that they: Provide for the systematic and comprehensive interpretation of existing provisions of international human rights and environmental law that protect the rights of land users in all categories, whether indigenous peoples or other rural groups such as peasants, pastoralists and fisherfolk. The international recognition of the rights of these groups is scattered among various instruments and lacks systematic interpretation. The FAO Committee on World Food Security could also play an important role by: a. Establishing a mechanism for follow-up to the Conference commitments; b. Commissioning an independent review by the Committee's High-level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of best practices in agrarian reform;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Ethnic minorities
- Année
- 2010
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The transformative potential of the right to food 2014, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- Such strategies are a key component for the governance of the transition towards sustainable food systems that can contribute to the eradication of hunger and malnutrition. Indeed, regardless of how innovative they may be, local initiatives can only succeed, and be "scaled out" by successful experiments being replicated across large regions, if they are supported, or at least not obstructed, by policies adopted at the national level. Moreover, poor nutritional outcomes are explained by a range of factors, and combating hunger and malnutrition requires taking into account the full set of immediate, underlying and basic causes, at the individual, household and societal level respectively: this calls for a multisectoral approach, involving the full range of relevant ministries. Finally, because food systems are in need of reform, it is not sufficient to protect existing entitlements or to preserve the status quo. Instead, transformative strategies must be adopted, with a view to guaranteeing access to adequate food for all by simultaneously supporting small-scale food producers' ability to produce food sustainably, improving employment opportunities in all sectors and strengthening social protection.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 91
- Paragraph text
- Several helpful initiatives exist to assist policymakers in ensuring nutrition accountability. For example, the WHO global database on the implementation of nutrition action set forth national policy actions and strategies to eliminate all forms of malnutrition. Similarly, the International Network for Food and Obesity/ Non Communicable Diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS), an international collaboration of universities and global non governmental organizations, seeks to monitor, benchmark and support actions to create healthy food environments and reduce diet-related non-communicable diseases. It uses the healthy food environment policy index to monitor government actions. While currently at the pilot-testing stage, such tools will assist civil society in holding Governments and the food industry to greater account for creating healthier food environments. The Nourishing Framework, created by World Cancer Research Fund International, is an interactive tool to promote healthy diets, allowing a selection and tailoring of policy options for different populations. Finally, WHO regional offices have developed regional nutrient profiling models, which can be used in policymaking to improve the overall nutritional quality of diets.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- Recent years have witnessed various attempts to regulate the impact of business activities on human rights outside of the territorial boundaries of the home State. Notably the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (2011) underlined that States "should set out clearly the expectation that all business enterprises domiciled in their territory and/or jurisdiction respect human rights throughout their operations" and clarified the responsibility of TNCs and other business enterprises to respect human rights. Similarly The United Nations Global Compact (2000) urges TNCs to respect workers' rights and human rights; and the OECD Guidelines call on enterprises to respect human rights. In 2011, a group of experts in international law and human rights adopted the Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which provide that States are responsible for violations of economic, social and cultural rights by non-State actors, including corporations in cases where these non-State actors act under the instructions or direct control of the State, or are empowered by the State to exercise elements of governmental authority.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- The constitutional jurisprudence of India provides for the justiciability of economic, social and cultural rights based on "the right to life". This constitutional right was central to the case of People's Union for Civil Liberties ("PUCL") v. Union of India. In mid-2001, public food and employment programmes failed to provide food to deprived people in the impoverished and drought-stricken State of Rajasthan. The Supreme Court of India was petitioned by PUCL to compel the Government to respond to the hunger emergency. In response to the submissions, the Supreme Court held that the right to food was enshrined in the Constitution under the right to life provision in article 47, which requires that the State undertake measures to improve the nutritional state of the population. The Court handed down a series of resolutions which commenced in 2001 requiring State governments in India to implement food distribution programmes for the most disadvantaged. The Court's resolution had a considerable impact on the realization of the right to food in India, and provides an example of the influential role played by the judiciary in encouraging a legislative body to develop human rights legislation.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Poverty
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 108
- Paragraph text
- Civil society should inform the general public about adverse impact of pesticides on human health and environmental damage, as well as organizing training programmes on agroecology.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 107p
- Paragraph text
- [States should:] Provide incentives for organically produced food through subsidies and financial and technical assistance, as well as by using public procurement;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- Moreover, agricultural labour is one of the most dangerous sectors in which to work, particularly for women. It is physically demanding and safety standards are often low or non-existent, and protective equipment and clothing are often designed with men in mind. Women are also most often engaged on a piecework basis, which motivates them to put their health at risk to complete as much work as possible. In Guatemala, allegations of serious breaches of this kind were received by the UN Country Office in 2014, referring to the widespread practice of tying wages to productivity goals, which in turn affected women proportionally more, as they were often forced to work in an unrecognized manner, helping the men reach those goals. Women agricultural workers also face rights violations related to their reproductive roles. Exposure to certain chemicals used in agriculture can cause spontaneous abortions, premature births and affect child and infant development through exposure to toxic chemicals in utero and also by way of breastmilk. As a result of discriminatory hiring practices, women often hide their pregnancies and employers often hire women on short-term contracts in order to avoid paying maternity benefits.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 68
- Paragraph text
- Recent evidence from the REDD-plus mechanism shows that smallholder coffee farmers and forest communities can make a significant contribution to the mitigation of climate change. However, existing mechanisms have failed to offer effective avenues for benefiting these actors and in some cases even threaten to undermine their livelihoods. The principal method for compensating these actors would be a system of carbon credits; however, such a system is unlikely to be suitable to support the mitigation potential of traditional agriculture given the high transaction costs and low returns. In some cases, participating in the REDD-plus process has backfired terribly. For example, according to reports received, the indigenous Dayak community, which participated in the Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership through the REDD-plus process, lost access to the forest and its resources and questions have been raised as to whether the project adhered to the requirement of prior informed consent. Similarly, a massive palm oil farm in Cameroon has inflamed tensions between locals, investors and the State as a result of environmental destruction and resource conflicts as well as uncertainties about who will ultimately be the beneficiary of the carbon credits.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Personnes concernées
- Ethnic minorities
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The transformative potential of the right to food 2014, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- The role of CFS should gain in importance in the future, as we become more aware of the interdependence of efforts at the local, national, regional and global levels, and of the need to accelerate learning. Indeed, just as local-level initiatives cannot succeed without support from national-level right-to-food strategies, efforts at the domestic level require international support to bear fruit. Together with the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, the Special Rapporteur has argued, for instance, for the establishment of a Global Fund for Social Protection, for overcoming financial obstacles and building international solidarity in order to fulfil the right to food and the right to social protection in developing countries, particularly those where vulnerability to covariant risks such as drought and food price volatility are high. The initiative was presented at the thirty-ninth plenary session of CFS in October 2012, and to the Social Protection Inter-Agency Cooperation Board, as well as in various other forums. The proposal was supported by the European Parliament and was among the key recommendations that emerged from global consultations led by the High-level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The transformative potential of the right to food 2014, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- On the one hand, food systems must be reshaped in order to be more inclusive of small-scale food producers, who have generally been disadvantaged in the past, both as a result of inequitable food chains and because agricultural technologies have not taken into account their specific needs. With this aim in mind, the Special Rapporteur noted the importance of addressing imbalances of power in food chains, in particular by regulating buyer power in situations where dominant positions may be a source of abuse: this has been an entirely forgotten dimension of the reforms that have been promoted since 2008 (A/HRC/9/23, paras. 35-38; and A/HRC/13/33). He also sought to define the conditions under which contract farming - based on long-term agreements between agricultural producers and buyers - could benefit small-scale farmers, suggesting a variety of business models that could usefully be implemented to support the inclusion of small-scale food producers in the food systems (A/66/262) and noting the importance of supporting farmers' organizations. He called for reforming a regime of intellectual property rights on plant varieties that can make commercially bred varieties inaccessible to the poorest farmers in low-income countries (A/64/170).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The transformative potential of the right to food 2014, para. 1
- Paragraph text
- The right to food is the right of every individual, alone or in community with others, to have physical and economic access at all times to sufficient, adequate and culturally acceptable food that is produced and consumed sustainably, preserving access to food for future generations. Individuals can secure access to food (a) by earning incomes from employment or self-employment; (b) through social transfers; or (c) by producing their own food, for those who have access to land and other productive resources. Through these channels, which often operate concurrently, each person should have access to a diet that "as a whole contains a mix of nutrients for physical and mental growth, development and maintenance, and physical activity that are in compliance with human physiological needs at all stages throughout the life cycle and according to gender and occupation". Thus, the normative content of the right to food can be summarized by reference to the requirements of availability, accessibility, adequacy and sustainability, all of which must be built into legal entitlements and secured through accountability mechanisms. The Special Rapporteur's country missions have been situated within this analytical framework.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Vision of the mandate 2014, para. 4
- Paragraph text
- In setting out the mandate of the Special Rapporteur in resolution 6/2, the Human Rights Council encouraged close cooperation with all stakeholders, including non-State actors. Accordingly, during her first month in office, the Special Rapporteur held consultations on a preliminary and informal basis with representatives from the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), academic experts and representatives of member States and civil society organizations based in Geneva. She also had occasion to meet with representatives from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), including the Director-General, members of the senior management team and members of the team working on the right to food, as well as the Chair of the Committee on World Food Security and members of the Bureau and Advisory Group of the Committee. The Special Rapporteur wishes to express her gratitude to those with whom she met and appreciates their warm welcome. She is encouraged by the dedication of many States, organizations and individuals working towards the eradication of hunger and the realization of the right to adequate food and she looks forward to cooperating with all stakeholders on issues relevant to her mandate over the coming years.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Assessing a decade of progress on the right to food 2013, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- The emergence of a global right to food movement is an opportunity to be seized. Together with the adoption of framework laws on the right to food and of rights-based national food strategies, it represents a chance to move towards policies that are designed in a more participatory fashion and are therefore better informed and reach all intended beneficiaries; that guarantee legal entitlements and are therefore monitored by the beneficiaries themselves; that ensure the appropriate coordination and synergies - between the short-term aim of eradicating hunger and the long-term objective of removing its causes, between different sectors of government, and between the local and the national levels. The right to food has come to the fore as Governments realize that their efforts to combat food insecurity and hunger have been failing and realize the urgent need to strengthen national legal, institutional and policy frameworks. As the examples highlighted in the present report show, the tools are starting to be put into use. However, additional steps must be taken to make effective and sustainable progress in the fight against hunger and malnutrition.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Assessing a decade of progress on the right to food 2013, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- Latin America has been leading the movement towards the adoption of framework laws in support of the realization of the right to food. Food and nutrition security laws grounded in the right to food have been adopted in rapid succession in Argentina (2003), Guatemala (2005), Ecuador (2006 and 2009), Brazil (2006), Venezuela (2008), Colombia (2009), Nicaragua (2009) and Honduras (2011). Most recently, following the launch in Mexico of the "Crusade against Hunger" - itself anchored in the right to food as inserted in the Constitution in 2011 - and after the Legislative Assembly of the Federal District of Mexico adopted a framework law in 2009, a decree adopted on 22 January 2013 by the Secretariat of Social Development established the National System for the Crusade against Hunger. The decree creates the Interministerial Commission for the Implementation of the Crusade against Hunger (composed of 19 ministerial departments/institutions); establishes a National Council of the Crusade against Hunger, an inclusive body allowing for a permanent dialogue with the private and social sectors, the academic community and international actors; and creates community committees composed of beneficiaries of social programmes.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Assessing a decade of progress on the right to food 2013, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- Despite the significant progress made in recent years, some dimensions of the right to food remain underdeveloped. This is especially the case as regards its extraterritorial dimensions. According to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the duties associated with the right to food extend to all situations, whether located on a State's national territory or abroad, over which a State may exercise influence without infringing on the sovereignty of the territorial State (see E/C.12/2000/4, para. 39, E/C.12/2002/11, para. 31 and E/C.12/2011/1). This is reaffirmed in the Maastricht Principles on the extraterritorial obligations of States in the area of economic, social and cultural rights, adopted by a group of international law experts on 28 September 2011, as well as in the Guiding Principles on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights, endorsed by the Human Rights Council on 27 September 2012 (see A/HRC/21/39, para. 61). Yet, the mechanisms allowing victims of violations of the right to food in extraterritorial situations are often non-existent or hardly accessible in practice. On the whole, however, the examples above show a remarkable progress of the right to food since the Right to Food Guidelines were adopted.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus 2012, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- In addition to encouraging Governments to adopt national plans to scale up nutrition in their various sectoral policies, SUN includes the establishment of partnerships linking business, civil society and Government to foster scaling up nutrition through nutrition-sensitive interventions along the value chain at the country level. Private-sector interventions include the production of fortified food products, the promotion of nutritionally healthy behaviour, the shaping of work environments allowing women to ensure good nutrition for themselves and their children, ensuring that lower-income groups can access nutritionally valuable products, and building local capacity through the transfer of knowledge and technology. Some of these partnerships are supported by the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN). A public-private partnership, GAIN was launched at the 2002 special session of the General Assembly on children. It has since established links with 600 companies across 36 large projects in more than 25 countries to improve access to missing micronutrients in diets. According to GAIN promoters, it reaches nearly 400 million people with nutritionally enhanced food products.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Women
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- This report focuses on the vertical dimension of scaling up agroecology, namely, the establishment of an enabling framework - although this is both a condition and a driver of horizontal scaling up. Governments have a key role to play in this regard, beyond supporting access to land, water and seeds for small-scale farmers. This section identifies a number of principles that could support the scaling up of agroecological practices. Encouraging a shift towards sustainable agriculture may be a delicate process associated with transition costs, since farmers must learn new techniques that move away from the current systems, which are more specialized, less adaptive, and have a lower innovation capacity. Therefore, the following principles should be applied with flexibility. The incentive structures which such policies create to encourage the shift towards sustainable farming should be regularly tested and re-evaluated with the participation of the beneficiaries, transforming policy into a mode of "social learning rather than an exercise of political authority." The move towards agroecology should be based on the farmers themselves - its main beneficiaries. Agroecological techniques are best spread from farmer to farmer, since they are often specific to an agroecological zone.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- Agroecological approaches can be labour-intensive during their launching period, due to the complexity of the tasks of managing different plants and animals on the farm, and recycling the waste produced. However, research shows that the higher labour-intensity of agroecology is a reality particularly in the short term. In addition, while labour-saving policies have generally been prioritized by governments, creation of employment in rural areas in developing countries, where underemployment is currently massive, and demographic growth remains high, may constitute an advantage rather than a liability and may slow down rural-urban migration. Moreover, the cost of creating jobs in agriculture is often significantly lower than in other sectors: in Brazil, data from INCRA, the agency responsible for land reform, showed that each job generated in a settlement costs the government 3.640 USD, while the cost would be 128 per cent more expensive in industry, 190 per cent more in trade, and 240 per cent more in services. According to peasant organizations, agroecology is also more attractive to farmers, because it procures pleasant features for those working the land for long hours, such as shade from trees or the absence of smell and toxicity from chemicals.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- Contract farming should increasingly seek to promote agroecological forms of production and provide adequate knowledge as well as biological inputs. Contract farming will increase its sustainability if it is based on sustainable, knowledge-intensive modes of production that rely on on-farm fertility generation and pest management rather than on external inputs. Where the contract provides for highly input-intensive modes of production, specific requirements should ensure that the reliance of the producer on external inputs (in particular, improved varieties of seeds and chemical fertilizers) does not lead to a situation of increased dependency for the contracting farmer: (a) when inputs are provided by the buyer, reasonable prices should be charged, never exceeding commercial prices; (b) farmers should be offered the possibility of seeking insurance to protect them from changes in the price of the inputs they are sold; and (c) other forms of support, particularly technical advice, should be prioritized, ensuring that sustainable practices are tested and promoted, including biological control, composting, polycropping or agroforestry.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- To satisfy the first condition above and because small-scale farmers are in a comparatively weaker bargaining position, they should have the opportunity to contribute to the wording of contract provisions, ensuring that the contracts reflect the farmers' needs and that obligations are written in terminology that the farmers will understand. Farmers' organizations may have a key role to play in supporting the negotiation of contracts and in providing advice, and the bargaining position of farmers is strengthened by their being organized in cooperatives that negotiate on behalf of the members. This also lowers the transaction costs for buyers, and may reduce the risk of farmer defaults by providing group lending and improved communication. Once contracts are drafted, farmers must be provided with a copy of the contract. In the case of illiterate parties, the written contract should be reviewed by farmers' representatives, a farmers' organization or a supporting non governmental organization. Copies should also be made available to relevant governmental agencies to ensure appropriate oversight and reduce the risk of abusive clauses.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to land and the right to food 2010, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- Individual titling appears to matter less to the poor than security of tenure, reflecting the fact that "[a]t low levels of income and in the absence of other social security mechanisms, land serves as a social safety net for the rural poor and provides them their basic means of livelihood". In other words, while security of land tenure and recognition of land rights may correspond to strong demand, as illustrated by a number of country experiences, the same cannot be said of individual titling and the alienability of land. On the contrary, the limiting of land sales can protect smallholders from pressure to cede their land; it can also protect use rights regarding communal land and preserve communal forms of land management. There is growing experience with the use of low-cost, accessible tools for recording local land rights, or at least land transactions, to ensure security of tenure through the recognition of use rights rather than full ownership. Examples include the "Plan foncier rural", implemented in Benin and tested in Burkina Faso, and the $1 registration process leading to the issuance of certificates in some Ethiopian states. An interesting illustration of the decentralized management of land rights is Law 2005-019 of Madagascar, setting forth the status of land.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2010
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 107o
- Paragraph text
- [States should:] Encourage farmers to adopt agroecological practices to enhance biodiversity and naturally suppress pests, and to adopt measures such as crop rotation, soil fertility management and crop selection appropriate for local conditions;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 107k
- Paragraph text
- [States should:] Take necessary measures to safeguard the public’s right to information, including enforcing requirements to indicate the type of pesticides used and level of residues on the labels of food and drink products;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 107h
- Paragraph text
- [States should:] Closely monitor agricultural pesticide use and storage to minimize risks and ensure that only those with the requisite training are permitted to apply such products, and that they do so according to instructions and using appropriate protective equipment;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 107g
- Paragraph text
- [States should:] Guarantee rigorous and regular analysis of food and beverages to determine levels of hazardous residues, including in infant formula and follow-on foods, and make such information accessible to the public;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 107c
- Paragraph text
- [States should:] Establish impartial and independent risk-assessment and registration processes for pesticides, with full disclosure requirements from the producer. Such processes must be based on the precautionary principle, taking into account the hazardous effects of pesticide products on human health and the environment;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 107b
- Paragraph text
- [States should:] Establish systems to enable various national agencies responsible for agriculture, public health and the environment to cooperate efficiently to address the adverse impact of pesticides and to mitigate risks related to their misuse and overuse;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 107a
- Paragraph text
- [States should:] Develop comprehensive national action plans that include incentives to support alternatives to hazardous pesticides, as well as initiate binding and measurable reduction targets with time limits;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 106d
- Paragraph text
- [The international community must work on a comprehensive, binding treaty to regulate hazardous pesticides throughout their life cycle, taking into account human rights principles. Such an instrument should:] Place strict liability on pesticide producers.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 106c
- Paragraph text
- [The international community must work on a comprehensive, binding treaty to regulate hazardous pesticides throughout their life cycle, taking into account human rights principles. Such an instrument should:] Promote agroecology;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 106b
- Paragraph text
- [The international community must work on a comprehensive, binding treaty to regulate hazardous pesticides throughout their life cycle, taking into account human rights principles. Such an instrument should:] Generate policies to reduce pesticide use worldwide and develop a framework for the banning and phasing-out of highly hazardous pesticides;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 106a
- Paragraph text
- [The international community must work on a comprehensive, binding treaty to regulate hazardous pesticides throughout their life cycle, taking into account human rights principles. Such an instrument should:] Aim to remove existing double standards among countries that are particularly detrimental to countries with weaker regulatory systems;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 104
- Paragraph text
- While efforts to ban and appropriately regulate the use of pesticides are a necessary step in the right direction, the most effective, long-term method to reduce exposure to these toxic chemicals is to move away from industrial agriculture.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 98
- Paragraph text
- Replacing highly hazardous pesticides with less hazardous pesticides is necessary and overdue but not a sustainable solution, as many pesticides initially considered relatively “benign” are later found to pose very serious health and environmental risks.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- Despite their widespread use, chemical pesticides have not achieved reduction in crop losses in the last 40 years. This has been attributed to their indiscriminate and non-selective use, killing not only pests but also their natural enemies and insect pollinators. Efficacy of chemical pesticides is also greatly reduced owing to pesticide resistance over time.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 95
- Paragraph text
- Agroecological farming can help secure livelihoods for smallholder farmers and those living in poverty, including women, because there is no heavy reliance on expensive external inputs. If properly managed, biodiversity and efficient use of resources can enable smallholder farms to be more productive per hectare than large industrial farms (A/HRC/16/49).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Poverty
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 92
- Paragraph text
- Agroecology, considered by many as the foundation of sustainable agriculture, replaces chemicals with biology. It is the integrative study of the ecology of the entire food system, encompassing ecological, economic and social dimensions. It promotes agricultural practices that are adapted to local environments and stimulate beneficial biological interactions between different plants and species to build long-term fertility and soil health.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- Pesticide waste is also a major challenge. There are thousands of tonnes of obsolete pesticides around the world, some of which are nearly 30 years old, presenting a major health hazard, particularly in developing countries. Existing data indicate that more than 20 per cent of obsolete pesticide stockpiles consist of persistent organic pollutants, which are highly toxic and made up of organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 79
- Paragraph text
- The repackaging of pesticides into smaller amounts for retail is also of grave concern. Pesticides are often transferred from labelled containers that meet safety standards into unlabelled, mislabelled or inappropriate containers, such as old water bottles, to be sold alongside foodstuffs.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- Warning labels on pesticides may also be ineffective owing to the small size of print used on container labels, failure to translate instructions into local languages and low literacy rates among pesticide users. While pictograms and other creative labelling tactics may try to address some of these problems, without training, agricultural workers may still have difficulty deciphering colour codes or warning symbols.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- Personal protective equipment may be unsuitable for local working conditions, for example extreme heat and humidity, steep terrain and thick vegetation. Other factors may include pressure to work as fast as possible, lack of training on the health risks of exposure or trainings conducted in non-native languages, coupled with high turnover of workers.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 76
- Paragraph text
- Pesticide companies and Governments often argue that exposure risk to pesticides is generally low if personal protective equipment is properly used. Yet in reality, compliance with recommended personal protective equipment practices is generally low, for a number of reasons.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- All major pesticide companies are members of the United Nations Global Compact, reporting yearly to the United Nations through the Global Reporting Initiative. While it is somewhat encouraging that they are willing to join corporate social responsibility schemes, such arrangements lack any enforcement or accountability measures and allow companies substantial freedom in choosing what they wish to adhere to.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- Conventions of the International Labour Organization on the protection of agricultural workers also provide some safeguards against dangerous pesticides. For example, article 12 of the Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention, 2001 (No. 184) is dedicated to the sound management of chemicals, while article 13 imposes regulatory obligations with regard to preventive and protective measures for the use of chemicals.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- The Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters is also relevant to the regulation of pesticides and derives many of its core obligations from human rights law. Article 1 sets out detailed obligations with respect to the matters covered by the Convention.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- In addition, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants provides for global prohibitions and restrictions for a certain set of hazardous pesticides. However, while the treaty has expanded from banning or restricting the use of an initial set of 12 largely obsolete industrial chemicals and pesticides, its coverage is still limited and many highly hazardous pesticides do not fall within its scope.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- Given the severe, negative impact of the use of hazardous pesticides on people and the planet, an international legally binding instrument to regulate, in international human rights law, the activities of transnational corporations would be important to strengthen the international accountability framework.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- The Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights provides individuals with a grievance mechanism at the international level to claim violations of any of the rights set forth in the Covenant and to submit complaints to the Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- Furthermore, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the International Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and other international human rights instruments all contain provisions that require States to provide adequate protection, information and remedies in the context of pesticide use.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Movement
- Personnes concernées
- Ethnic minorities
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- The Convention on the Rights of the Child also includes specific provisions to protect children from environmental contaminants and supports childhood development. Article 6 highlights the obligation of Governments, to the maximum extent possible, to ensure that children survive and develop in a healthy manner.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- The right to adequate food embraces the notion that its realization must not interfere with the enjoyment of other human rights. Therefore, arguments suggesting that pesticides are needed to safeguard the right to food and food security clash with the right to health, in view of the myriad negative health impacts associated with certain pesticide practices.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- In its general comment, the Committee furthermore asserts that sustainability is intrinsically linked to the notion of adequate food, implying that food must be accessible for both present and future generations. As outlined in the present report, pesticides are responsible for biodiversity loss and water and soil contamination and for negatively affecting the productivity of croplands, thereby threatening future food production.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- Water contamination can be equally damaging. In Guatemala, for example, contamination of the Pasión River with the pesticide malathion, used on palm oil plantations, killed thousands of fish and affected 23 species of fish. This in turn deprived 12,000 people in 14 communities of their primary source of food and livelihood.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- Pesticides contaminate and degrade soil to varying degrees. In China, recent studies released by the Government show moderate to severe contamination from pesticides and other pollutants on 26 million hectares of farmland, to the extent that farming cannot continue on approximately 20 per cent of arable land.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- Pesticides can persist in the environment for decades and pose a global threat to the entire ecological system upon which food production depends. Excessive use and misuse of pesticides result in contamination of surrounding soil and water sources, causing loss of biodiversity, destroying beneficial insect populations that act as natural enemies of pests and reducing the nutritional value of food.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- Certain pesticides, such as organotins, accumulate and magnify through marine food web systems. As a result, people who depend on or consume greater amounts of seafood tend to have particularly high concentrations in their blood, causing significant health risks.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Pesticides may also bioaccumulate in farmed animals through contaminated feed. Insecticides are often used in poultry and eggs, while milk and other dairy products may contain a range of substances through bioaccumulation and storage in the fatty tissues of the animals. This is of particular concern as cow’s milk is often a staple component of human diets, especially for children.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- Pesticides can also pass through breast milk. This is particularly worrying, as breast milk is the only source of food for many babies and their metabolism is not well developed to fight against hazardous chemicals. Pesticides are also found in baby formula, or in the water with which it is mixed.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Infants
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- In various countries, agribusinesses have taken over lands belonging to indigenous and minority communities and instituted pesticide-dependent intensive agriculture. As a result, communities may be forced to live in marginal situations alongside such farms, regularly exposing them to pesticide drift.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- Ethnic minorities
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- Agricultural workers are routinely exposed to toxic pesticides via spray, drift or direct contact with treated crops or soil, from accidental spills or inadequate personal protective equipment. Even when following recommended safety precautions, those applying pesticides are subject to higher exposure levels. Families of agricultural workers are also vulnerable, as workers bring home pesticide residues on their skin, clothing and shoes.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Families
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- Unfortunately, there are no reliable, global statistics on the number of people who suffer from pesticide exposure. Recently, the non-profit organization Pesticide Action Network estimated that the number of people affected annually by short- and long-term pesticide exposure ranged between 1 million and 41 million.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 4
- Paragraph text
- While scientific research confirms the adverse effects of pesticides, proving a definitive link between exposure and human diseases or conditions, or harm to the ecosystem presents a considerable challenge. This challenge has been exacerbated by a systematic denial, fuelled by the pesticide and agroindustry, of the magnitude of the damage inflicted by these chemicals, and aggressive, unethical marketing tactics remain unchallenged.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 90h
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur provides the following recommendations: In order for States to address discrimination against women in terms of equal labour opportunities, States should:] Promote accelerated efforts in terms of financial aid, in order to ensure that gender equality is mainstreamed throughout all climate change programs in all sectors.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 90f
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur provides the following recommendations: In order for States to address discrimination against women in terms of equal labour opportunities, States should:] Ensure gender mainstreaming in all adaptation and mitigation responses to climate change and encourage policy-makers to work with both women and men taking their views into consideration at all levels.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 90e
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur provides the following recommendations: In order for States to address discrimination against women in terms of equal labour opportunities, States should:] Ensure that women fishers, and livestock owners have equal access to State sponsored benefits, facilities and services.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 90d
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur provides the following recommendations: In order for States to address discrimination against women in terms of equal labour opportunities, States should:] Ensure a sound policy and enabling environment to address the gender gap in agriculture, including the provision of training for women and ensure that their specific needs are taken into account.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 90c
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur provides the following recommendations: In order for States to address discrimination against women in terms of equal labour opportunities, States should:] Develop comprehensive measures to tackle discrimination and violence in the workplace and ensure implementation of these measures at the domestic level.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 90b
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur provides the following recommendations: In order for States to address discrimination against women in terms of equal labour opportunities, States should:] Ensure investment in basic social protection, services and infrastructure, including health care and the provision of childcare services, which can allow women to participate in paid work.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- More needs to be done to improve opportunities for women to participate in the green economy, notably through ensuring that women benefit equally from employment opportunities arising from development projects focusing on clean technology and renewable energy.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 72
- Paragraph text
- Despite women's role in collecting biofuels for household use, women are often excluded from energy plans and policies because energy is associated with electricity and fossil fuels and is therefore considered to be within men's domain.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Gender
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- Crop failure caused by slow-onset disasters such as land degradation and drought has resulted in the increase of men's out-migration in developing world. Women are often left behind to struggle to feed their families to take on men's traditional roles and responsibilities. This increases women's work, but does not grant women equal access to financial, technological, and social resources to lessen the burden.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 67
- Paragraph text
- The impact of environmental degradation and biodiversity loss on common property resources threatens household food security and livelihoods. Women who lack land tenure depend on common resources, for subsistence. This decreases the time available for food production and preparation, and threatens women's safety, with consequences for household food security and nutritional well-being.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- In Central America and the Caribbean, women assume leadership roles in food distribution during emergencies, yet emergency decision-making processes after disasters often exclude women. Women's limited participation restricts their engagement in political decisions that impact their specific needs and vulnerabilities, and relief workers often view women as victims rather than potential agents of change, thus reinforcing gender inequalities.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Humanitarian
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- Climate change itself intensifies psychological stress associated with disasters, increasing women's risks of situations of violence, sexual harassment and trafficking. Some women are forced into prostitution and research has shown increased HIV prevalence in drought-ridden areas of rural Africa.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- However, the system still needs to incorporate a human rights approach, including participatory monitoring systems to evaluate standards as well as mechanisms to seek remedy for violations of human rights, particularly for women. A human rights approach emphasizes local self-determination that frustrated by externally imposed ownership and promotes control over critical and traditional local resources like water, land, and biodiversity.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- Women have multiple responsibilities as heads of households, caregivers, and subsistence farmers, and balancing these roles is increasingly challenging in the face of climate change. Women also participate in a wide range of activities that support sustainable agricultural development, such as soil and water conservation, agro-ecology, afforestation and crop domestication and are vital to adaptation and mitigation policies.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- It is widely acknowledged that climate change impacts are not gender-neutral. As already marginalized individuals in virtually every society, women face discrimination and are subject to human rights abuses at a disproportionate rate, further accelerated by climate change.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- Climate change is one of the foremost contemporary threats to food security. The agriculture sector is under substantial stress from climate change-induced increases in temperature, variability in rainfall?and extreme weather events that trigger crop failures, pests and disease outbreaks, as well as the degradation of land and water resources.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- In the absence of additional support for care work at home, women dependents - children and the elderly - may be further disadvantaged by women working outside the home to earn an income. Daughters, for example, may dropped off from school to fill the care gap. Clearly, this speaks to the discrimination of women in participation in the labour market, if care work remains the main or sole responsibility of women.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- Similarly, fisherwomen contribute significantly to the work carried out at the different stages within the fishing industry the role they play is largely undervalued. Despite their direct contribution to fishing economy, women fishers are categorically excluded from state-sponsored benefits, facilities and services.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- Many food producers and agricultural labourers are unable to feed their families as commercial farmers "relentlessly" try to save on labour costs through the casualization of the labour force. State support intended to ameliorate this problem is also lacking.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- The food security of women in farming households and landless labourers is dependent on the adequacy of their wages. Rural labour markets are highly gender-segregated and women are more likely to work in low- wage sectors, with inadequate social protection, in temporary, seasonal and casual work, and in activities that require relatively unskilled labour.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- Much of the discrimination against women agricultural workers is partly due to the fact that women are absent from supervisory structures and unions. Women involved in unions can face retaliation from their employers. Migrant women workers with precarious immigration status are particularly vulnerable and may prefer not to engage in activities potentially challenging employer-authority, including joining unions and reporting sexual abuse.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- Most of the world's poor who live and work in rural areas are employed in the agriculture sector. Globally, 20 - 30% of the 450 million waged agricultural workers are women, as are 30 % of those employed in the fishing sector and this number is increasing. Yet, women face difficulty in engaging in market behavior when cultural norms make it socially unacceptable for women to interact with men.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- Woman food producers have been particularly disadvantaged by these policies and there is limited recourse, since the WTO Agreement on Agriculture requires member States to "refrain from introducing new forms of domestic support for agricultural production," most of which are designed to help support small scale and subsistence women farmers.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- The fact that 73% of the world's seed supply is owned and patented by these corporations and are therefore non-renewable, presents women with a major dilemma being. They are accustomed to seed saving and sharing, and would have o chose between discontinuing the traditional practice of saving and exchanging seeds or risk punishment for an intellectual property crime.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- As a result of IPR laws, seeds that would have once been saved and shared are now the intellectual property of corporations. Recent litigation demonstrates that corporations are willing to appeal to the law to protect their property. Since 1997, Monsanto reports that it has filed 147 lawsuits against those farmers who failed to "honor this agreement," i.e. Monsanto's intellectual property rights.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Meanwhile, global agribusiness and biotechnology corporations have transformed the global commercial seed market into a multi-billion dollar industry and four companies alone account for 50% of this market. With such lucrative monopolies at stake, these international corporations have actively exercised the IPR regime to secure exclusive access to, and thus royalties from, patented seeds.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- Globally, women have bred more than 7,000 species of crops. In India alone, seed saving has enabled women to breed 200,000 varieties of rice. Biodiversity offers the genetic variation necessary to protect against diseases, pests, and weather events that threaten to wipe out food supplies.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- Furthermore, the IPR regime does not readily acknowledge the value of women's traditional knowledge, which may cover a broad range of agricultural practices, technologies and techniques. In addition, women are faced with the threat of bio-piracy: the practice of co-opting and patenting traditional knowledge, without awarding appropriate compensation.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- Between 1990 and 2010, many Latin American and sub-Saharan African countries engaged in land reform to establish formal laws that recognize and protect women's rights to land. According to the 2015 UNWOMEN's Progress of the World's Women Report, "by 2014, 128 countries had laws that guarantee married women's equality when it comes to property, and in 112 countries daughters had equal inheritance rights to sons".
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- Women's property ownership is a significant indicator of poverty, and a key factor in securing increased participation in household decision making. Granting women the autonomy to make everyday choices has been proven to improve reproductive health, family nutrition, and child welfare. Land ownership also helps strengthen women's roles in community affairs and women's bargaining power.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Gender
- Poverty
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- Rather than enabling women to secure stable livelihoods, both formal and customary laws are often barriers to women's economic independence. As noted by the FAO, "credit markets are not gender-neutral", and women may find themselves prohibited from entering into contracts, opening bank accounts, or from entering into loan agreements.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- Women additionally face numerous legal barriers in domestic law, which prevents them from fully realizing their right to food, including property rights, land rights and intellectual property rights. These legal barriers also prevent women from maintaining livelihoods that provide sustainable incomes necessary to purchase food, thus challenging women's right to food and ability to achieve food security.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- For example, indigenous women living in rural areas are more likely to be particularly disadvantaged in terms of the fulfillment of their rights, a trend seen in Sub-Saharan Africa where indigenous women lack access the same level of rights to land, health, and education as non-indigenous women of this country.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Ethnic minorities
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 7
- Paragraph text
- Improving this situation for women would lead to important advantages for society as a whole. It is estimated that closing the gender gap in agricultural yields would increase agricultural output in developing countries by between 2.5 and 4 percent. This in turn, could reduce the number of undernourished people in the world in the order of 12-17 percent, or as much as 150 million people.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- On the other hand, female farmers are responsible for cultivating, ploughing and harvesting more than 50% of the world's food. In sub Saharan Africa and the Caribbean, women produce up to 80% of basic foodstuffs and in Asia women constitute 50-90 percent of the labour force dedicated to rice production. Moreover, in many parts of the world majority of female farmers mainly engaged in subsistence farming.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 90a
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur provides the following recommendations: In order for States to address discrimination against women in terms of equal labour opportunities, States should:] Recognize, reduce and redistribute women's unpaid care and domestic work, in order to create more opportunities for them to enter the labour market.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- Women lack access to information about climate change, and this knowledge is critical to support adaptation, promote well-being and increase resilience to climate change. Women are more likely than men to adopt climate-adaptive and resilient practices, but most women do not have access to formal sources of information, such as extension agents.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 99m
- Paragraph text
- [With a view to respecting, protecting and fulfilling the right to adequate food and nutrition, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] The Human Rights Council endorse the WHO guidance on ending the inappropriate promotion of foods for infants and young children, presented at the World Health Assembly in May 2016.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Infants
- Youth
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 99l
- Paragraph text
- [With a view to respecting, protecting and fulfilling the right to adequate food and nutrition, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] All States incorporate the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes in its entirety into their legal systems and ensure adequate monitoring to ensure implementation;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 99k
- Paragraph text
- [With a view to respecting, protecting and fulfilling the right to adequate food and nutrition, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] The empowerment of women be firmly embedded within nutrition strategies, for example by providing paid maternity leave, social recognition of unpaid work, prevention of early and forced marriages and protection of women's sexual and reproductive rights;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 99j
- Paragraph text
- [With a view to respecting, protecting and fulfilling the right to adequate food and nutrition, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] Recognizing the particular vulnerability of women to malnutrition, the international human rights framework protect women's right to adequate food and nutrition, beyond pregnancy and breastfeeding;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 99i
- Paragraph text
- [With a view to respecting, protecting and fulfilling the right to adequate food and nutrition, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] States adopt an initiative similar to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control to regulate the food and beverage industry and protect individuals from the negative health and nutrition effects of highly processed foods;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 99h
- Paragraph text
- [With a view to respecting, protecting and fulfilling the right to adequate food and nutrition, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] States ensure the political and financial commitments needed to shift from current industrial agricultural systems to nutrition-sensitive agroecology that is healthy for people and sustainable for the planet;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 99e
- Paragraph text
- [With a view to respecting, protecting and fulfilling the right to adequate food and nutrition, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] Internationally agreed guidelines on how to manage public-private partnership and monitor accountability be established, based on independent assessments of the impact of commercial sector engagement in nutrition;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 99d
- Paragraph text
- [With a view to respecting, protecting and fulfilling the right to adequate food and nutrition, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights be implemented to ensure corporate responsibility of the food and nutrition industry and enforce the rights of victims to redress human rights violations, including cross-border cases;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 98
- Paragraph text
- A holistic approach to nutrition requires national policymakers to create an environment conducive to nutritious, healthy diets, including through education, and dietary guidelines. Finally, a comprehensive approach should encourage adjustments in food supply and changes in food systems to increase the availability and accessibility of healthier food that is both sustainable and nutrition sensitive.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Education
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 97
- Paragraph text
- Recognizing that industry self-regulation is ineffective, Governments should impose strong regulatory systems to ensure that the food industry does not violate citizens' human rights to adequate food and nutrition. It is recognized, however, that such efforts may face formidable resistance from a food industry seeking to protect its economic interests.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 95
- Paragraph text
- Such a system must include safeguards against potential negative influences of market forces and powerful economic actors in the food and nutrition industries with respect to the human right to adequate food and nutrition, and promoting a system to manage conflicts of interest that arise from private sector involvement in nutrition initiatives.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 92
- Paragraph text
- To promote meaningful change, actions must also be directed at the food system level to make it more "nutrition sensitive". It is imperative that global food systems move away from agro-industrial production methods that are responsible for dietary monotony and reliance on ultraprocessed food and beverages towards a system that supports food sovereignty, small-scale producers and local markets, based on ecological balance, agro-biodiversity and traditional practices. Food sovereignty allows peoples to define their own policies and strategies for sustainable production, distribution and consumption of food. Globally, the majority of food is supplied by local farmers. Therefore, efforts to combat malnutrition should support smallholder farmers and promote nutrition-sensitive production. Agroecology ensures food and nutrition security without compromising the economic, social and environmental needs of future generations. It focuses on maintaining productive agriculture that sustains yields and optimizes the use of local resources while minimizing the negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts of modern technologies. It is imperative to support ambitious research initiatives to establish the scientific basis for claiming that agroecology is capable of nutrition-sensitive production while promoting local livelihoods and the environment.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 87
- Paragraph text
- Taxation, import restrictions, subsidies and labelling initiatives may, however, be scrutinized for violation of trade agreements. They may also give rise to debates as to whether such governance tools intrude unreasonably on personal and individual freedoms and differing cultural understandings of "nutrition".
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- Much remains to be done to end the inappropriate marketing of breast milk substitutes, and countries are encouraged to adopt, amend and strengthen legal measures in line with the International Code and relevant World Health Assembly resolutions. In particular, it is necessary to ensure that national legislation adequately covers substitute products aimed at children older than 12 months.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Older persons
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- The protection and promotion of breastfeeding is also enshrined in the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, adopted by the World Health Assembly in 1981. The Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding, adopted in 2002, sets out the obligations of States to develop, implement, monitor and evaluate comprehensive national policies addressing infant and young child feeding, accompanied by a detailed action plan.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Infants
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- In 2010, the Scaling Up Nutrition movement, a new type of multi-stakeholder and multisectoral partnership, was launched by the Secretary-General together with donors, businesses, researchers, Governments and civil society to provide support to 57 Member States to improve food policies during the first 1,000 days of child feeding. While the movement's goals are welcomed and have seen success in reducing child malnutrition in several countries, especially in increased funding, capacity-building, advocacy and establishing a civil society network and coordinating with the United Nations, the initiative has also been subject to criticism. As a self-described "movement", it has no accountability to the United Nations or other intergovernmental body or process. While business partnerships are promoted, there is no careful management of corporate involvement to ensure that it is confined to implementation, without influencing public health and nutrition policymaking. Conflicts of interest have also been identified where businesses involved in the initiative were simultaneously marketing foods leading to obesity and non-communicable diseases. While efforts were recently made, for example by excluding infant formula manufacturers that violate the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, it remains unclear as to how the initiative prevents companies from gaining improper access to markets and policymaking, or how violations are detected and evaluated.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- The private sector has significantly exerted its influence over nutrition governance through public-private partnerships, which may blur the line between public interest and financial gain. Involvement by the private sector may be driven by direct financial returns, such as tax breaks, market penetration and positive public relations, as well as increased corporate influence in nutritional policymaking.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- Ensuring adequate financing is also a struggle. For example, to reach the World Health Assembly goal on stunting by 2025, a doubling of government funding and a quadrupling of donor spending is necessary. Technical knowledge, political will and efficient accountability systems are needed to reach existing nutrition goals.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- While ambitious targets have been set to ensure global governance of nutrition, much more is needed to live up to the challenge of sustainability while providing each person with enough food to live a healthy and productive life, as targeted by the Sustainable Development Goals. Several shortcomings within the existing system should be addressed.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- On 1 April 2016, following the recommendations of the Conference, the General Assembly proclaimed 2016-2025 the United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition. The Decade presents a unique opportunity to centralize globally agreed targets, align actors around implementation and address the shortcomings identified in the current nutrition governance system.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- As suggested, the root causes of malnutrition go beyond a lack of sufficient and adequate food, and to combat them requires actions similar to those embedded in a variety of interrelated development goals, including those pertaining to health, access to resources, environmental degradation, climate change and women's empowerment. The Sustainable Development Goals cannot be achieved without special attention to nutrition, and vice versa.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- In 2011 the WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non Communicable Diseases initiated action to tackle malnutrition comprehensively, including unbalanced nutrition and obesity. In 2012, the World Health Assembly endorsed six global nutrition targets to improve maternal, infant and young child nutrition by 2025. Commitment to reach those targets was reaffirmed at the Second International Conference on Nutrition, held in Rome in 2014.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Infants
- Youth
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- At the height of the food price crises in 2008, it was suggested that global governance of nutrition was dysfunctional. Since then, significant initiatives have been undertaken at the global level. Examples include the Scaling Up Nutrition movement and two major campaigns of the Secretary-General: "Every woman, every child" and the Zero Hunger Challenge.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- It is also critical to address malnutrition in all its forms as one issue to avoid policy fragmentation. In a recent study among 139 low- and middle-income countries for example, only 39.6 per cent had nutrition policies that addressed all forms of malnutrition, despite facing the effects of a "nutrition transition".
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- To respond to universal malnutrition challenges, a coordinated multisectoral policy response is needed at every level. This requires dialogue between all relevant sectors and actors, including nutritionists, development actors, civil society, donors, the private sector and government officials. Furthermore, it is important to establish accountability mechanisms to assess planning, budgeting and the results of nutrition-related interventions.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- Junk food companies tend to use tactics similar to those used by tobacco companies in the 1980s, when science began linking smoking to serious health problems. Some companies even fund scientific research, manipulating results in support of their products, or add minimal amounts of healthy ingredients to enable them to present their products as "healthy".
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- There are also concerns that pesticides and additives in food may contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals. While this requires further research, it is suspected that such chemicals are associated with abnormal growth patterns and neurodevelopmental delays in children and may also increase susceptibility to non communicable diseases.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- Increases in unhealthy eating habits are outpacing increases in healthy ones throughout most of the world. While improvements in diet quality have been greatest in high-income nations, people living in many of the wealthiest countries still have among the poorest-quality diets in the world, because they have some of the highest consumption rates of unhealthy food. An alarming pattern is also emerging in formerly low-income countries as they become richer.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- In the Rome Declaration on Nutrition, it was acknowledged that current food systems were being increasingly challenged to provide adequate, safe, diversified and nutrient-rich food for all that contributed to healthy diets due to, inter alia, constraints posed by resource scarcity and environmental degradation, as well as by unsustainable production and consumption patterns, food losses and waste, and unbalanced distribution.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- There are significant differences in malnutrition rates between countries. In 2014 almost all wasted children lived in Asia and Africa, while stunting affected predominantly Asia, as well as Africa. In 2013, it was estimated that close to 31 million overweight children lived in developing countries.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- At the same time, there were 41 million overweight children under the age of 5. If this trend continues, 70 million infants and young children will be overweight or obese by 2025. Economic and cultural factors contribute to childhood obesity. Energy-dense foods are often more affordable and aggressively marketed towards children, while some cultures may associate higher weights in children with being healthy.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Infants
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- WHO has concluded that malnutrition is the underlying contributing factor in about 45 per cent of all child deaths. While the world has made progress in addressing undernutrition, for example by reducing stunting by more than a third since 1990, this progress is not fast enough. In 2014, there were 159 million stunted and 50 million wasted children in the world, and by 2030, stunting is expected to affect 129 million children.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- Women are more vulnerable to malnutrition than men because of different physiological requirements. Although women require 35 per cent less dietary energy per day than men, they need at least the same amount of nutrients. Consequently, a woman's ideal diet contains significantly more nutrients than those of a male counterpart.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- Unbalanced nutrition occurs when the body is exposed to too much dietary energy and leads to overweight and obesity. It may result from eating too much or too many of the wrong things, as well as insufficient exercise, and can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and diet-related cancers.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 7
- Paragraph text
- Micronutrient deficiency describes a condition in which there is a lack or shortage of vitamins and minerals. Also referred to as "hidden hunger", it increases vulnerability to infection, birth defects and impaired development and can lead to premature death. For example, iron deficiency leads to anaemia, vitamin A deficiency weakens the immune system, and iodine deficiency interferes with brain development.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur wishes to acknowledge the important contributions made to this topic by the former Special Rapporteur on the right to food and the former Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health in their respective reports on the right to an adequate diet (A/HRC/19/59) and on unhealthy foods, non communicable diseases and the right to health (A/HRC/26/31).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- The Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security also encourage States to take steps to prevent overconsumption and unbalanced diets that may lead to malnutrition, obesity and degenerative diseases. Many States are taking steps in the right direction to regulate the food industry, including through labelling initiatives, advertising restrictions and economic measures.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- Recent initiatives, such as a 2014 high-level commission on ending childhood obesity and recommendations towards a global convention to protect and promote healthy diets by the World Obesity Federation and Consumers International, as well as Global Nutrition Reports, indicate the need for stronger accountability mechanisms at the national level, considering that voluntary corporate initiatives are proving ineffective.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- The Guiding Principles underline that the responsibility of companies to respect human rights exists independently of the abilities and/or willingness of States to fulfil human rights obligations, and hence to prevent them from taking advantage of weak legislative environments. However, ensuring accountability and access to effective remedies for victims remains a major challenge.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 68
- Paragraph text
- The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, endorsed by the Human Rights Council in 2011, formally recognize the responsibility of enterprises to avoid infringing on the human rights of others and to address adverse human rights impacts with which they are involved. Logically, this responsibility includes the adverse impacts of the food industry with respect to the right to adequate food.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- Article 12 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women obliges States to ensure appropriate services during pregnancy and lactation. Unfortunately, it fails to protect a woman's individual right to adequate food and nutrition beyond the parameters of pregnancy and breastfeeding. Considering their increased sensitivity to malnutrition, it is vitally important to ensure this right.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 72l
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Consider requesting an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice to determine the legal obligations relating to the extraterritorial implementation of the right to food.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 72k
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Enable further clarification on States' extraterritorial obligations in relation to non-regulatory means; identify best practices regarding cooperation between States; and adopt within the Human Rights Council a resolution to draw attention to the Maastricht Principles;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 72j
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Develop the necessary legal structure in order to protect resources directly related to the right to access adequate and nutritious food, such as water sources, access to land and seed production;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 72i
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Ensure policy coherence when implementing national food strategies, paying particular attention to the correlation between trade and investment policies, and economic development plans;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 72h
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Develop awareness-raising campaigns to ensure that rights holders have access to information pertaining to the right to food and the obligations pertaining thereto;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 72g
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Cooperate with civil society organizations to organize training programmes for rights holders and duty bearers in order to operationalize the justiciability of the right to food;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 72f
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Ensure that everyone, without discrimination, is afforded access to social protection as a means of offering economic, social, and cultural rights;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 72e
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Ensure the empowerment of women by guaranteeing their basic right to access adequate food and take steps to implement gender-mainstreaming in relation to domestic policies on agricultural, property and inheritance rights;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 72b
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Ensure recognition of the justiciability of the right to food by judicial and quasi-judicial bodies at the national, regional and international levels;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 72a
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] For those that have not already done so, ratify the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as a matter of priority;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- The legally binding nature of voluntary rules may also emerge with the help of national law. Voluntary standards can often be enforced in accordance with competition or consumer laws, where they include relevant representations to the consumer. Thus, a corporation's non-adherence to its own codes can be enforced before courts in the country of the corporation's headquarters.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- Some States have failed to take vigorous steps to ensure that victims have access to judicial remedies for human rights abuses that have arisen extraterritorially owing to the activities of businesses or their subsidiaries. By creating or allowing these obstacles and barriers to remain, States have failed in their duty to protect human rights by ensuring access to effective remedy through the judicial process.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- Although international human rights law presupposes the consent of a State to establish an obligation, the evolution of human rights has included the extension of duties under international law directly to non-State actors, including individuals and business enterprises.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- In recent years the scope of a State's human rights obligations has progressively evolved to include duties to exercise jurisdiction over activities that are connected to one State but have an impact in another. In principle, corporations can also be held accountable either by States responsible for regulating, monitoring and preventing human rights violations; or through intergovernmental instruments or voluntary codes of conduct.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- Within the food and agriculture sector, approximately ten corporations control and monopolize the commercial seed and global pesticide markets, as well as food retailers. In addition to their financial power, TNCs significantly influence law and policymaking processes both at the international and national level. Similarly, IFIs exercise considerable influence over national decision-making in relation to food and agricultural policies. Many developing countries are compelled to implement projects that jeopardize economic, social, and cultural rights in return for economic and financial aid. In recent decades, there have been significant efforts to alter the policy approach undertaken by IFIs, especially the World Bank, in relation to supporting development projects that have a harmful effect on human rights and the environment. Moreover, bilateral, and regional foreign trade agreements have facilitated the privatization, deregulation and growth of extractive industries around the globe, a development that has had significant impacts on food security and health. Globalization has highlighted and exacerbated socioeconomic disparities throughout the world, with the result that global social inequality is not only expressed in terms of inter-State justice, but as implicating human rights obligations as well. States are
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- In addition to a lack of awareness of their rights, victims of violations face considerable institutional and structural barriers. For many, particularly for those living in rural and remote areas and peri-urban settings, simply accessing a court is in itself a significant challenge. In many countries, municipal courts do not exist and the legal epicentre is located in the capital only, with logistical and monetary implications for those who live beyond the city. In countries where municipal and subnational mechanisms are available, a lack of affordable and dedicated legal assistance and judicial corruption often hinders access. In cases where rights holders have the means to submit a case, often ordinary courts, which are more accessible for families facing food security, are unaware of the issue - with the right to food not considered as related to other citizen's rights. Complex and inflexible court systems also have a significant impact on victims, often requiring a high burden of proof for applicants. Some courts may also be averse to accepting collective, or public interest mechanisms or innovative fact-gathering or remedial procedures. In such cases, victims are dissuaded from submitting claims. Some countries, however, have tackled the problem by establishing public interest litigation procedures that authorize individual and collective claims.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Families
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- While the ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Covenant represented a significant step in terms of ensuring justice for the victims of violations of economic, social and cultural rights, to date only 15 States are currently party thereto, in comparison with 115 parties to the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. This in itself is representative of the fact that many States have failed to develop a judicial culture of recognition in practice, or the necessary legal frameworks required to ensure that the rights enshrined in the Covenant, including the right to food, are justiciable. In some countries, it is the case that international human rights conventions are not considered as formal sources of law and, even where they may be incorporated into national law, these rights may not provide criminal punishment or financial compensations, but rather expresses a moral conviction without legal force. In some States, even when justiciable rights are enshrined in the Constitution, there is a reluctance to acknowledge their relevance. There is also certain reluctance at the regional level, with many European States failing to recognize the direct applicability of the Covenant in domestic law. In Africa, the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights provides no option for complaints relating to the violation of the right to food.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- Over the last few years, there has been an important increase in the number of States that have adopted provisions containing explicit recognition of the right to food or freedom from hunger. The following section will provide an overview of some recent examples of case law in relation to the justiciability of the right to food at the domestic and regional level.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- Constitutional provisions and framework laws can be effective means of promoting the progressive realization of the right to food at the domestic level. The adoption of sectoral legislation will ensure that States adequately address various sectors that impact significantly on various dimensions of food security.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- Victims of violations now have a means of making effective appeals through an international mechanism, once they have exhausted the grievance mechanisms within their own countries, or if there is an excessive delay in processing their claims through national procedures. The Optional Protocol also provides for interim measures for victims in exceptional circumstances in order to prevent irreparable damage to victims (art. 5).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 9
- Paragraph text
- The Optional Protocol is intended to complement rather than replace national legal systems and should not be considered as the principal means of seeking justice. The Optional Protocol grants individuals, or groups of individuals under the jurisdiction of a State party, the right to submit communications about alleged violations of any economic, social or cultural right to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (art. 2).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- The justiciability debate continues to provoke controversy at the international level. However despite strong opposition from a number of States an Optional Protocol to the Covenant, establishing an individual complaints procedure, was finally adopted in 2008. Its subsequent entry into force in May 2013 was hailed as "potentially one of the most important developments in human rights protection at the UN level in a generation".
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- While some critics suggest that the voluntary nature of the Right to Food Guidelines limits their usefulness, they were adopted by member States of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) by consensus. States cannot therefore claim to be unaware of or refuse to comply with the guidelines. Over the years, in many formal settings, the Governments have reiterated their commitment to and support for the guidelines.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 89n
- Paragraph text
- [In this context, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] The adaption of culturally appropriate diets that rely less on resource-intensive food be promoted by civil society and Governments as a means of reducing excessive consumption and eliminating food waste.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 89m
- Paragraph text
- [In this context, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] Governments evaluate their agricultural and trade policies to avoid price volatility and financial vulnerabilities in a time of climate change;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 89l
- Paragraph text
- [In this context, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] Scientific research institutions and Governments greatly increase financial allocations to agroecology so as to demonstrate that it can feed the world without destroying the environment and at the same time reduce the adverse impact of climate change;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 89j
- Paragraph text
- [In this context, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] Knowledge and information as well as technology transfer and appropriate training in relation to changing climatic conditions be prioritized and available to smallholder farmers, women and indigenous communities;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- Ethnic minorities
- Women
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 89i
- Paragraph text
- [In this context, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] The pivotal roles in food production of smallholder farmers, women and indigenous and local communities be recognized and protected and their acute vulnerability to climate change acknowledged;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- Ethnic minorities
- Women
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 89h
- Paragraph text
- [In this context, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] Alternative energy and other non-food production agriculture that requires the acquisition of large tracts of land be regulated and local communities protected against asymmetrical negotiations with multinational companies while extraterritorial implementation of human rights is put in place;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 89g
- Paragraph text
- [In this context, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] Alternative energy and mitigation policies, including biofuel and biomass mandates, be scaled back to eliminate perverse incentives and that strict sustainability criteria be applied for both first- and second-generation biofuels;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 89e
- Paragraph text
- [In this context, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] A human rights impact assessment be carried out before mitigation and adaptation projects are authorized and public participation therein facilitated;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 89d
- Paragraph text
- [In this context, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] A separate category of "climate refugees" be recognized in international law and the necessary legal adjustments made to avoid further human catastrophe;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Persons on the move
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 89c
- Paragraph text
- [In this context, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] Public policies that promote subsidies and production targets resulting in artificial increases in the demand for biofuel production be reviewed in light of their negative impact on the right to food and questionable impact on emission reduction;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 89a
- Paragraph text
- [In this context, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change respect, protect, promote and fulfil human rights in all climate change-related actions and ensure that human rights language is included in the climate agreement to be reached in Paris;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 87
- Paragraph text
- As outlined in the present report, there is a need to encourage a major shift from current industrial agriculture to transformative activities such as conservation agriculture (agroecology) that support the local food movement, protect smallholder farmers, empower women, respect food democracy, maintain environmental sustainability and facilitate a healthy diet.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 80
- Paragraph text
- Despite the availability of widely endorsed good practices, many Governments, development agencies, donors and policymakers are still focusing on large-scale, high-input solutions that marginalize small-scale farmers because of existing political biases, trade rules and policies that limit the ability of Governments to support smallholder farmers and agroecological practices through investment, research funding and legal solutions to land tenure.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- Similarly, in Cuba, farmers have embraced agroecology through initiatives that support the sharing of experiences and the creation of networks. From 1995 to 2004, Cuba increased its food production by 37 per cent through agricultural development policies, farmer networks and sharing of information rather than through a reliance on the use of chemical fertilizers and heavy machinery.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- Climate change adaptation policies aim to reduce the vulnerability of social and biological systems by preventing or minimizing the damage caused. Adaptation policies related to food production should focus on helping farmers reduce their exposure and vulnerability to these impacts and strengthen their resilience.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- First-generation biofuels are of particular concern, as they are responsible for developing "food v. fuel conflicts". While the shift towards second-generation biofuels is an improvement, it does not necessarily solve the problem. In seeking to achieve positive greenhouse gas mitigation outcomes, climate-mitigation strategies deprive some of the poorest people on the planet of food security.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- Climate change mitigation refers to efforts to reduce or prevent greenhouse gases. Mitigation measures may be problematic when they rely on resources that are currently devoted to food production and have a negative impact on the right to food. One of the most significant examples of this is the production of biofuel as a method of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- Furthermore, the 2014 report of Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change addresses the impacts of climate change on people in the context of food security, health, access to water and personal security, noting that the poor and marginalized are most vulnerable.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- The food system as a whole is a significant contributor of greenhouse gas emissions. Crop and livestock agriculture currently account for about 15 per cent of global emissions. Direct greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture include methane (CH4) emissions from flooded rice fields and livestock, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from the use of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from loss of soil and organic carbon in croplands as a result of agricultural practices and in pastures as a result of increased grazing intensity. In addition to these direct emissions, agriculture and food production are also responsible for an increase in indirect emissions that are accounted for in other sectors (industry, transport, energy supply, etc.), which can misleadingly understate the environmental footprint of agriculture. The production of fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides as well as energy consumption for tillage, irrigation, fertilization, harvesting and transport contribute to 60 per cent of total food system emissions globally, although there is significant regional variation. The expansion of agricultural areas and changes in land use contribute an additional 15-17 per cent of emissions. It is further estimated that future income and population growth will increase agricultural emissions dramatically unless low-emissions growth strategies for agriculture are found.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- The previous sections illustrate how climate change can undermine the right to food. The following section will provide an overview of the ways in which agriculture and food systems can negatively affect climate change, endangering the full enjoyment of the right to food.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Understanding the specific impacts of climate change on food security is challenging because vulnerabilities are unevenly spread across the world and depend ultimately on the ability of communities to manage risks and develop resilience. Moreover, climate change is undermining the right to food, having disproportionate impacts on those who have contributed least to global warming.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change further notes that in Central America, north-east Brazil and parts of the Andean region, increases in temperature and decreases in rainfall could lower productivity by 2030, aggravating food security among the poorest members of society.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The transformative potential of the right to food 2014, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- National strategies grounded in the right to food should be conceived as participatory processes, co-designed by all relevant stakeholders, including in particular the groups most affected by hunger and malnutrition - smallholder producers, fisherfolk, pastoralists, indigenous people, the urban poor, migrants and agricultural workers. Interministerial bodies should be provided with recommendations that can support local initiatives that support the transition to sustainable food systems (A/68/288, paras. 42-46). The strategies should set out objectives that are specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and time-bound. Their rights-based dimensions require that they identify which actor is responsible for which action, and that implementation be supported by independent monitoring in the hands of national human rights institutions or, perhaps preferably, food security and nutrition councils. Because gender-based discrimination violates the right to food of women and girls, the empowerment of women and gender equality, as well as the adoption of social protection schemes that are transformative of gender roles, should be a priority of such strategies. Enhancing the role of women in decision-making at all levels, including within the household, moreover, improves nutritional and health outcomes. And women must be better supported as economic agents in the food systems (A/HRC/22/50).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Ethnic minorities
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The transformative potential of the right to food 2014, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- The modernization of food supply chains, together with the implementation of agricultural policies focused more on the production of commodities than on food, has led to the marginalization of local food systems over recent years (A/HRC/13/33, paras. 6-9). This trend must be reversed. Small-scale food producers must be provided with greater opportunities to sell on the local markets, which they can more easily supply without having to be dependent on large buyers. Furthermore, the poorest consumers, who now often rely on large retailers or fast food outlets to feed themselves, must have the possibility to purchase food that is fresh and nutritious, and therefore healthier. These include the urban poor, but in developing countries they also include many small-scale farmers, who often are net food buyers and combine other activities with their role as food producers. Local food systems can be rebuilt through appropriate investments in infrastructure, packaging and processing facilities, and distribution channels, and by allowing smallholders to organize themselves in ways that yield economies of scale and allow them to move towards higher-value activities in the food supply chain. This would support rural development and the reduction of rural poverty, and slow down rural-to-urban migration.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Poverty
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The transformative potential of the right to food 2014, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- There is a strong overlap between the recommendations made in these various reports and the Declaration of the Rights of Peasants - Women and Men, adopted in 2008 by the international network of peasant organizations, Via Campesina, which the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee attached to its final study on the advancement of the rights of peasants and other people working in rural areas, submitted in 2012 (A/HRC/19/75). This declaration now forms the basis of the discussions launched on 15 July 2013 within the open-ended intergovernmental working group mandated by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 21/19 to negotiate a United Nations declaration on the rights of peasants and other people working in rural areas. The Special Rapporteur strongly supports this process. In his first report to the Human Rights Council, he already noted that peasants formed a particularly vulnerable group, because of the increased competition for the resources on which they depend, because of the pressures of industrial agriculture and because of their weaker ability to organize themselves and, thus, to gain a voice in the political process (A/HRC/9/23, para. 17). The declaration under preparation can be an important tool to improve their protection and to give greater visibility to the specific threats that they face.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The transformative potential of the right to food 2014, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- A second priority is to constrain the demand for liquid biofuels in the transport sector of high-income countries. Mandates for the consumption of biofuels in transport fuels in the United States of America and the European Union, and support to the production of biofuels in the form of subsidies, have significantly increased demand for agricultural commodities over the past 10 years. This has represented a major source of price volatility on agricultural markets and one of the most important factors explaining the global food price crisis of 2008, in part because these policies have strengthened the links between the food and energy markets: the conversion of crops for ethanol or biodiesel represents an economic opportunity especially where oil prices are high, which in itself already impacts on food prices. The push for biofuels has also exacerbated pressures on natural resources, as the production of energy crops competes for land and water with other uses, including the production of food, feed and fibre, environmental conservation and carbon sequestration, and urbanization or industrial projects (A/65/281). Foresight studies have suggested that, if current mandates are implemented, the price of cereals and other crops could be 35 per cent higher by 2030 than under a reference scenario where biofuel consumption remained constant at 2008 levels, putting an estimated 136 million more people at risk of hunger.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The transformative potential of the right to food 2014, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- Agroecology refers to a range of agronomic techniques, including intercropping, the recycling of manure and food scraps into fertilizers, and agroforestry, that reduce the use of external inputs and maximize resource efficiency. It is consistent with, and complementary to, genetic improvement, as done by the CGIAR (formerly known as the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) research centres through marker-assisted breeding, and as done by generations of farmers cultivating landraces. There are strong environmental arguments in favour of agroecology. But agroecology also provides other social and health benefits. Diverse farming systems contribute to more diverse diets for the communities that produce their own food, thus improving nutrition. Because agroecology reduces the cost of farming by minimizing the use of expensive inputs, it improves the livelihoods of farming households, particularly the poorest households. And it supports rural development: because it is knowledge-intensive and generally more labour-intensive, it creates employment opportunities in rural areas. Though easier to implement on smaller-sized farms, agroecological techniques can be disseminated on a large scale, and should also inspire reforms in how large production units operate.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The transformative potential of the right to food 2014, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- Indeed, many least developed countries have succumbed to a vicious cycle. As they were confronted from the 1960s to the 1990s with strong population growth and rural-to-urban migration, their governments had no choice but to depend more on food aid or to import more food products. This made it even more difficult for their own farmers to make a decent living from farming, as they faced increased dumping of heavily subsidized foodstuffs on domestic markets. In effect, the import of low-priced food products functioned as a substitute for improved wages for workers in the non-agricultural sectors, and for the establishment of social protection floors for all. As the Special Rapporteur noted in the report he prepared following his mission to WTO (A/HRC/10/5/Add.2), this was perhaps a convenient solution so long as the prices of basic food commodities remained stable or were declining. However, with higher and increasingly volatile prices, it results in new threats to the right to food of net food buyers and is a recipe for social and political instability. Furthermore, the increased reliance on food imports is a major cause of "nutrition transition" in the developing world, by which nutritionists mean the shift to processed foods richer in salt, sugar and saturated fats - foods that have a long shelf life and are attractive to urban populations and younger generations, but are often less nutritious and less healthy.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Food & Nutrition
- Movement
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The transformative potential of the right to food 2014, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- The consequences are well known. Because small-scale farming was not viable under these conditions, many rural households were relegated to subsistence farming, surviving only by diversifying their incomes. Others migrated to the cities, a rural exodus that in Africa accounted for at least half of all urban growth during the 1960s and 1970s and about 25 per cent of urban growth in the 1980s and 1990s. At the same time, the dependence of low-income countries on food imports grew significantly. Many of the least developed countries are still primarily agricultural, yet, in part because they have to repay their foreign loans in hard currency, they export a narrow range of commodities and therefore find themselves highly vulnerable to price shocks on international markets for these products. Their food bills have soared - the combined result of population growth and a lack of investment in local agricultural production and food processing to meet local needs. When the prices of agricultural products suddenly increased in 2008 in the wake of higher oil prices and speculation, the least developed countries found themselves trapped. The imbalances in the food system, which had been building up over the previous forty years, suddenly became visible, and the human consequences too important to ignore (see A/HRC/9/23 and A/HRC/12/31).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The transformative potential of the right to food 2014, para. 6
- Paragraph text
- The most potentially devastating impacts of industrial modes of agricultural production stem from their contribution to increased greenhouse gas emissions. Together, field-level practices represent approximately 15 per cent of total human-made greenhouse gas emissions, in the form of nitrous oxide (N2O) from the use of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers, methane (CH4) from flooded rice fields and livestock, and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the loss of soil organic carbon in croplands and, due to intensified grazing, on pastures. In addition, the production of fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides, the tillage, irrigation and fertilization, and the transport, packaging and conservation of food require considerable amounts of energy, resulting in an additional 15 to 17 per cent of total man-made greenhouse gas emissions attributable to food systems. The resulting climate changes could seriously constrain the potential productivity of current agricultural methods. For some countries, the changing climate conditions of the past thirty years already appear to have offset a significant portion of the increases in average yields that arose from technology, carbon dioxide fertilization and other factors. Under a business-as-usual scenario, we can anticipate an average of 2 per cent productivity decline over each of the coming decades, with yield changes in developing countries ranging from -27 per cent to +9 per cent for the key staple crops.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The transformative potential of the right to food 2014, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- The exclusive focus on increasing agricultural production has also had severe environmental impacts. The twentieth-century "Green Revolution" technological package combined the use of high-yielding plant varieties with increased irrigation, the mechanization of agricultural production and the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers and pesticides. Thanks to State support in the form of subsidies and marketing, this was effective in increasing the production volumes of major cereals (particularly maize, wheat and rice) and of soybean. The Green Revolution was an attempt to meet the challenge as it was framed at the time: to ensure that increases in agricultural productivity would match population growth and the dietary transition facilitated by rising incomes. It led, however, to an extension of monocultures and thus to a significant loss of agrobiodiversity and to accelerated soil erosion. The overuse of chemical fertilizers polluted fresh water, increasing its phosphorus content and leading to a flow of phosphorus to the oceans that is estimated to have risen to approximately 10 million tons annually. Phosphate and nitrogen water pollution is the main cause of eutrophication, the human-induced augmentation of natural fertilization processes which spurs algae growth that absorbs the dissolved oxygen required to sustain fish stocks.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The transformative potential of the right to food 2014, para. 4
- Paragraph text
- Calorie intake alone, moreover, says little about nutritional status. Lack of care or inadequate feeding practices for infants, as well as poor health care or water and sanitation, also play a major role. As detailed by the Special Rapporteur (see A/HRC/19/59), even when food intake is sufficient, inadequate diets can result in micronutrient deficiencies such as a lack of iodine, of vitamin A or of iron, to mention only the deficiencies that are the most common in large parts of the developing world. Globally, over 165 million children are stunted - so malnourished that they do not reach their full physical and cognitive potential - and 2 billion people globally lack vitamins and minerals essential for good health. Too little has been done to ensure adequate nutrition, despite the proven long-term impacts of adequate nutrition during pregnancy and before a child's second birthday, both in low-income countries where undernutrition is the major concern and in middle- and high-income countries. Moreover, inadequate diets are a major contributing factor to the increase of non-communicable diseases occurring now in all regions of the world. Worldwide, the prevalence of obesity doubled between 1980 and 2008. By 2008, 1.4 billion adults were overweight, including 400 million who were obese and therefore at heightened risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease or gastrointestinal cancers.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Infants
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The transformative potential of the right to food 2014, para. 2
- Paragraph text
- Because of the various channels though which access to food can be achieved, the creation of decent jobs in the industry and services sectors plays an essential role in securing the right to food, as does the provision of social protection. The right to food overlaps in this regard with the right to work and the right to social security, guaranteed under articles 6 and 9 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. While addressing these issues in his thematic reports, the Special Rapporteur has focused most of his work on how food systems might be reformed to ensure a fuller realization of the right to adequate food. Indeed, the beginning of his mandate coincided with the global food price crisis of 2008, and the Special Rapporteur made it a priority to ensure that global and national efforts to address the crisis would be grounded in the right to food. While most of the initiatives that were adopted to strengthen the ability of countries to increase their own production and meet a greater share of their own food needs focused on supporting small-scale farmers, they did not include mechanisms for monitoring progress and accountability, or for ensuring that food producers and consumers participated in policymaking processes. They did not focus on the most vulnerable and they often failed to guarantee the transformation of support schemes into legal entitlements.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Vision of the mandate 2014, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- In order to advance the implementation of the right to adequate food, renewed political commitment is essential and stakeholders must look to those countries that have made significant progress in adopting policies and legislation in this regard. The post-2015 sustainable development goals should give priority to sustainability and the adoption of a vigorous human rights approach.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Vision of the mandate 2014, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- The High-level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security stresses the importance of reducing food waste.24 The Special Rapporteur supports the call for the development of global protocols to measure food loss and waste, with due sensitivity to the large number of variables and national specificities, so as to improve the reliability, comparability and transparency of the data.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- States' obligation to remove all discriminatory provisions in the law, and to combat discrimination that has its source in social and cultural norms, is an immediate obligation that must be complied with without delay. This should be combined with the use of temporary special measures to accelerate the achievement of gender equality, and with effective remedies for women who are victims of discrimination. In addition, as detailed in chapter V of this report, States should (a) make the investments required to relieve women of the burden of the household chores they currently shoulder; (b) recognize the need to accommodate the specific time and mobility constraints on women as a result of their role in the "care" economy, while at the same time redistributing the gender roles by a transformative approach to employment and social protection; (c) mainstream concern for gender in all laws, policies and programmes, where appropriate, by developing incentives that reward public administrations which make progress in setting and reaching targets in this regard; (d) adopt multisector and multi-year strategies that move towards full equality for women, under the supervision of an independent body to monitor progress, relying on gender-disaggregated data in all areas relating to the achievement of food security.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- In previous reports, the Special Rapporteur emphasized the added value of a gender impact analysis of trade and investment agreements and contract farming schemes (A/HRC/19/59/Add.5, principle 5, and A/66/262, para. 21). All public policies that address food security - whether social programmes, agricultural policies or rural development policies - should ensure that greater attention is paid to women. This should not be simply in order to reach them more effectively, but also to ensure that their views are systematically sought in the design, implementation and evaluation of programmes. One way in which this could be encouraged is by incentivizing public administrations to set targets related to gender equality, and rewarding, through a system of premiums, public officials who reach the targets. Chile's Program for Improved Public Management (PIPM) provides an example: since 2002, almost every ministry is required to establish specific goals incorporating the gender dimension into their public policies. The Women's Service assesses the efforts made and the tools used, and the Ministry of Finance establishes the corresponding monetary bonuses. In addition, the programme is complemented by the incorporation of gender advisors in each ministry, as well as a Women´s Agenda and a long-term Plan for Equal Opportunities.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- Under asset transfer schemes, productive assets, such as small livestock, are provided to poor households to support their income generation activities. Bangladesh's Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction - Targeting the Ultra Poor (CFPR) programme, launched in 2002 by the non-governmental organization Building Resources Across Communities (BRAC), demonstrates the benefits of adopting a gender-sensitive approach. For instance, it takes into account the fact that female-headed households are often more labour-constrained (both due to "care" responsibilities of women and the lower ratio of income earners to dependents in those households) and provides assets, such as poultry, which require less labour to maintain and become a source of income. BRAC also seeks to strengthen the beneficiary's capacity to use the assets productively, and encourages the political empowerment of the poor. The programme provides for the establishment of seven-member Village Poverty Reduction Committees, comprising representatives of BRAC, beneficiaries of CFPR, as well as respected individuals drawn from the landed and wealthy elites of the local community. Instead of aiming to reduce the power of the local elites as part of the priorities of poverty-reduction interventions, the programme seeks the active involvement of local notables in order to enlist their support.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Gender
- Poverty
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 27d
- Paragraph text
- Women should be involved in the design and evaluation of public works programmes. This could ensure that the right balance is struck between the need for a gender-sensitive approach and the risk of reinforcement of gender stereotyping. It could also help determine the modes of payment, in particular whether payment should be in the form of food or cash. While cash payments leave the beneficiaries greater choice, it may also facilitate the appropriation by men of women's wages, especially if the payment is not deposited electronically into a bank account in the woman's name. Also, cash payment may not be the preferred solution if purchasing food is time-consuming or if markets are unreliable due, for instance, to the lack of stability of supply of certain staple foods or the high volatility of prices in the market. Indeed, women may express a preference for payment in the form of food rations or payment on a daily basis, rather than on a monthly basis, especially if their priority concern is the daily subsistence of their families. Such issues can only be addressed through effective participation of women in the shaping of programmes intended to benefit them. Participation is thus both an end in itself - a source of empowerment - and a means - as it can significantly increase the effectiveness of the programmes and their ability to make a difference to women.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- Women's access to employment in the industry or the services sectors of the economy requires improved access to education for girls; and infrastructural and services investments that relieve women from part of the burden of the household chores that women shoulder disproportionately. Millennium Development Goal 1, on the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, includes a target (1.B) to "achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people," an implicit recognition that women, due to discrimination and lack of educational opportunities, are generally disadvantaged in access to employment. In September 2010, Heads of State and Government at the High-level Plenary Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals pledged to invest in "infrastructure and labour-saving technologies, especially in rural areas, benefiting women and girls by reducing their burden of domestic activities, affording the opportunity for girls to attend school and women to engage in self-employment or participate in the labour market," as well as to remove "barriers and expanding support for girls' education through measures such as providing free primary education, a safe environment for schooling and financial assistance such as scholarships and cash transfer programmes".
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Gender
- Poverty
- Personnes concernées
- Girls
- Women
- Youth
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- Women also are subject to other forms of discrimination, including refusal by employers to hire women who are pregnant, leading seasonal pregnant workers to sometimes hide their pregnancy in order to maintain their access to income. They are particularly exposed to violence and harassment because of their impossibility to move away from the plantation.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- In previous reports, the Special Rapporteur has explained the obstacles that farmworkers face in enjoying their right to adequate food (see A/HRC/13/33, paras. 10-27). But women farmworkers, who represent 20 to 30 per cent of the approximately 450 million people employed worldwide as waged agricultural workers (the proportion is higher, at around 40 per cent, in Latin America and the Caribbean), face specific difficulties.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Assessing a decade of progress on the right to food 2013, para. 58h
- Paragraph text
- [In particular, the Special Rapporteur encourages:] National social protection systems to redefine benefits as legal entitlements so that individual beneficiaries are informed about their rights under social programmes and have access to effective and independent grievance redressal mechanisms;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Assessing a decade of progress on the right to food 2013, para. 58g
- Paragraph text
- [In particular, the Special Rapporteur encourages:] Non-judicial accountability mechanisms to be established in the form of social audits that can operate through community-based monitoring at the local level;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Assessing a decade of progress on the right to food 2013, para. 58f
- Paragraph text
- [In particular, the Special Rapporteur encourages:] National human rights institutions and other comparable independent mechanisms to integrate more fully the right to food in their work, assigning human and financial resources to that endeavour;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Assessing a decade of progress on the right to food 2013, para. 58e
- Paragraph text
- [In particular, the Special Rapporteur encourages:] States to ratify the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the entry into force of which will further encourage the development of a jurisprudence protecting the right to food;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Assessing a decade of progress on the right to food 2013, para. 58d
- Paragraph text
- [In particular, the Special Rapporteur encourages:] Courts to recognize the justiciable nature of the right to food, in all its dimensions, as illustrated by the examples collected in the present report;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Assessing a decade of progress on the right to food 2013, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- The mobilization of civil society and social movements has played a key role in support of the legal developments described in the present report. The 2011 reform that led to the insertion of the right to food in the Constitution of Mexico followed 20 years of advocacy by civil society groups, initiated in 1992 when 130 organizations forming the Mexican Front for the Right to Food presented to the national Chamber of Deputies a petition for the constitutional recognition of the right to food; the same coalition is now actively preparing a food and nutrition security framework law. Similarly, in Brazil, the proposal that led to the 2010 constitutional amendment recognizing the right to food was initially presented by a member of Parliament in 2003 and subsequently promoted by the President of the national Parliamentary Front for Food and Nutrition Security, Mr. José Nazareno Fonteles, with the support of various civil society organizations. In India, the right to food case before the Supreme Court led to the emergence of a broad network of individuals and organizations, the Right to Food Campaign, which has played an essential role in providing the court with information about the implementation of social programmes and in monitoring compliance with its orders.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Assessing a decade of progress on the right to food 2013, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- Second, they allow for a whole-of-government approach, in which various policies in the areas of health care, education, employment and social protection, agriculture and rural development are coordinated. This favours the identification of synergies among programmes that fall under the responsibility of different departments, such as school-feeding programmes that source from local small-scale producers or food-for-work programmes that improve rural infrastructures. This coordinating function is also important in States with a federal structure, to improve alignment among policies pursued at different levels of government: in Mexico, one of the tasks of the Interministerial Commission for the Implementation of the Crusade against Hunger is to promote integrated agreements between entities at the federal and municipal level. Similarly, in an increasing number of States, food policy councils are being established at the local level, either at the initiative of municipalities or by citizens. These multi-stakeholder councils have a key role to fulfil in democratizing the food systems and in identifying synergies among different policy sectors at the local level: national-level strategies can support this by ensuring that such local-level initiatives are strengthened, rather than undermined, by various sectoral policies.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Assessing a decade of progress on the right to food 2013, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- Such a legal framework may allow for the ring-fencing of resources, ensuring that the policies that are integrated within food security strategies will be funded, without being taken hostage by changing political majorities. In Argentina, for instance, Law No. 25.724 establishing the National Programme for Food and Nutrition Security sets up a Special Food and Nutrition Fund for the implementation of the Programme. The Fund is financed through annual budget allocations from the national budget and contributions from external donors. However, the Fund is of "intangible character": if the funds available appear insufficient to achieve the objectives of the Programme, the Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers may reallocate any additional funds needed. Similarly, the draft national food security bill prepared by civil society in Malawi anticipates the creation of a specific trust fund to finance food security policies placed under the umbrella of the council that the bill aims to create. In Mali, the 2006 Law on Agricultural Policy created a National Fund for Agricultural Development, to ensure adequate financing of agricultural policies. Similar provisions for special Funds are included in Nicaragua's 2009 Law on Food and Nutritional Security and Sovereignty, although implementation measures still must be adopted.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Assessing a decade of progress on the right to food 2013, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- Lastly, there are a range of measures that, in the circumstances of each case, may be identified as measures that are available to the State and that it therefore must take in order to discharge its duties to fulfil the right to food. For instance, recognizing that "illicit capital flight undermines the capacity of States parties to implement the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and to attain the Millennium Development Goals", the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights has called upon States parties to that Charter "to examine their national tax laws and policies towards preventing illicit capital flight in Africa". Similarly, insufficiently progressive levels of taxation or the failure to adopt certain practices that have proved to be effective in comparable contexts may be considered a violation of the duty to fulfil. This would be the case, for example, if a State fails to call upon international assistance in situations of natural disaster or where, for whatever reason, it is unable with its own resources to guarantee the basic freedom from hunger. There is a growing consensus on the appropriate methodologies for concretely identifying when the resources dedicated to the fulfilment of economic and social rights are insufficient. The duty to move "as expeditiously as possible" towards that end is increasingly considered to lend itself to independent monitoring, including by courts.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Assessing a decade of progress on the right to food 2013, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- The obligation to fulfil has two components. First, States must "proactively engage in activities intended to strengthen people's access to and utilization of resources and means to ensure their livelihood, including food security" (see E/C.12/1999/5, para. 15).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus 2012, para. 53b
- Paragraph text
- [The Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Transition Team and stakeholders involved in SUN should:] Take appropriate steps to ensure that such interventions strengthen local food systems and favour the switch to sustainable diets.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus 2012, para. 52b
- Paragraph text
- [WHO, in discharging the mandate assigned to it by the General Assembly, should:] Consider the findings of the present report in preparing recommendations for a set of voluntary global targets for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus 2012, para. 51d
- Paragraph text
- [The private sector, consistent with its responsibility to respect the right to adequate food, should:] Shift away from the supply of HFSS foods and towards healthier foods and phase out the use of trans-fatty acids in food processing.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus 2012, para. 51c
- Paragraph text
- [The private sector, consistent with its responsibility to respect the right to adequate food, should:] Ensure, in the sourcing chains of fortified foods and nutrition-based interventions, that workers are paid living wages, and that farmers are paid fair prices for their products to ensure the right to adequate food of all people affected by the interventions;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus 2012, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur concludes that current food systems are deeply dysfunctional. The world is paying an exorbitant price for the failure to consider health impacts in designing food systems, and a change of course must be taken as a matter of urgency. In OECD countries in particular, where farm subsidies remain at high levels, the current system is one in which taxpayers pay three times for a system that is a recipe for unhealthy lives. Taxpayers pay for misguided subsidies that encourage the agrifood industry to sell heavily processed foods at the expense of making fruits and vegetables available at lower prices; they pay for the marketing efforts of the same industry to sell unhealthy foods, which are deducted from taxable profits; and they pay for health-care systems for which non-communicable diseases today represent an unsustainable burden. In developing countries, the main burdens remain undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency, but these countries, too, are victims of these failed policies. They are witnessing a rapid shift to processed foods, which are often imported, and the abandonment by the local population of traditional diets. This shift has reduced the opportunities for local farmers to live decently from farming.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus 2012, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- This shift can be brought about by adequate infrastructure investments-roads and transport facilities linking local food producers to urban consumers-and support for farmers' markets, but also by local sourcing of healthy foods for public institutions such as schools. In 2003, African Governments endorsed the Home Grown School Feeding component of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme, and the 2005 World Summit listed "the expansion of local school meal programmes, using home-grown foods where possible" as part of the "quick-impact initiatives" for the realization of the Millennium Development Goals. In Brazil, where the National School Feeding Program (Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar) is a major component of the Zero Hunger strategy, municipalities in charge of implementing the programme increasingly take into account the need to combat overweight and obesity in their sourcing policies. In the United States, the 2010 Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act tasks the Department of Agriculture with developing nutritional guidelines for "all foods provided on each school campus" (sect. 9A (b)(2)). In 2008, WHO presented its School Policy Framework, providing useful guidance for the development of nutritional standards for school food. School gardens can also serve this objective.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus 2012, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- As noted by WHO, local food systems to improve urban consumers' access to fresh and nutritious foods, particularly fruits and vegetables, has a key role to play in making a shift towards healthier diets (A/66/83, para. 60). This begins by improving the links between local farmers and the urban consumers, although urban and peri-urban agriculture can also make a significant contribution. The urban and rural agendas both can gain by rebuilding local food systems that provide healthy and sustainable diets at affordable prices for consumers. Such diets also can be more easily achieved by shorter supply chains, because such chains are not controlled by large retailers or food processing companies and do not have to depend on national policies that respond to broader economic interests. In addition, shorter food chains can improve access to markets and incomes for small-scale local farmers, both in low-income and higher-income countries. They encourage the enhancement of agrobiodiversity because local food crops can expand, rather than being crowded out by homogenized commodities for the global markets. And they reduce the dependency of food systems on the considerable amounts of energy required for the packaging, processing and transport of food.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus 2012, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- The WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health refers to the need to rethink fiscal and agricultural policies to align them with public health concerns (paras. 41 (2) and (4)). The introduction of food taxes and subsidies to promote a healthy diet constitutes a cost-effective and low-cost population-wide intervention that can have a significant impact (A/66/83, para. 42). As acknowledged by the recent introduction of such taxes in Denmark, Finland, France and Hungary, the taxation of HFSS foods and beverages can be an effective tool. Price is an important determining factor in consumption levels, and demand elasticity is especially high for snacks and drinks consumed outside the home. Research shows that a 10 per cent tax on soft drinks, which have considerable negative health impacts, could lead to an 8 to 10 per cent reduction in purchases of these beverages. The standard concern raised when such taxes are discussed is that they could penalize the poorest segment of the population, who spend proportionally more of their incomes on food and often are pushed into adopting unhealthy diets. But that concern can be met by using the public revenue from the tax to make healthy foods more affordable, for it is relative prices that must change. The poor are penalized for being poor, both because HFSS foods and soft drinks are cheap and because healthy diets are expensive.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus 2012, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- While the globalization of food chains has meant that a diversity of foods are available year-round to certain consumers, it has had negative impacts on local food systems and increased the ecological footprint of food systems. It has also led many consumers to shift towards an increased consumption of staple grains, meat and dairy products, vegetable oil, salt and sugar, and a lower intake of dietary fibre. For instance, the rapid increase in vegetable oil consumption (and thus of fats in diets) can be explained largely by the sudden availability of vegetable oil (particularly soybean oil) at low prices on the world market. Increased foreign direct investment in the processing industry and supermarket expansions have made processed foods, including in particular soft drinks, accessible to a larger range of consumers (albeit not to the poorest among them). For instance, following the entry into force of the North American Free Trade Agreement, United States companies massively increased investments in the Mexican food processing industry (from $210 million in 1987 to $5.3 billion in 1999) and sales of processed foods in Mexico soared at an annual rate of 5 to 10 per cent in the period from 1995 to 2003. The resulting rise in soft drink and snack consumption by Mexican children is at the source of the very high rates of child obesity in the country.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus 2012, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- The discussion surrounding the contributions made by GAIN provides an illustration. One reason companies partner with GAIN is to reach the "bottom of the pyramid," i.e., potential customers who are too poor to constitute a solvent market in the short term. GAIN-supported initiatives, however, should not bar the emergence of sustainable and equitable solutions in which people are served by local producers. Some GAIN projects do build the capacity of local partners and can continue in the long term without external support. But any such interventions should include a clear exit strategy to empower communities to feed themselves. In this regard, donors should make their support to GAIN conditional upon such a requirement of subsidiarity and upon the adoption of a clear exit strategy. In particular, as noted in the proposal for a draft code of conduct for sustainable diets, "when ecosystems are able to support sustainable diets, nutrition programmes, policies and interventions supporting the use of supplements, RUTF [ready-to-use therapeutic foods], fortificants, and infant formulas are inappropriate and can lead to malnutrition, and ... the marketing of these food substitutes and related products can contribute to major public health problems".
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus 2012, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- A number of recent efforts have sought to address micronutrient deficiency, moving beyond the classic focus on low calorie intake. The World Food Programme and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) launched in 2006 the Ending Child Hunger and Undernutrition Initiative. In 2008, FAO, WHO and UNICEF launched the Renewed Efforts against Child Hunger and Undernutrition (REACH) initiative, which aims to scale up interventions addressing child undernutrition through the coordinated action of United Nations agencies, civil society, donors and the private sector, under country-led plans. The Secretary-General's 22-member High-Level Task Force on Food Security has now updated the Comprehensive Framework for Action so that it explicitly addresses food and nutrition security with a focus on links between agriculture, food systems and nutritional outcomes. Finally, the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) multi-stakeholder initiative, which was launched in 2009 and has gained momentum since the presentation of the SUN Framework in April 2010, seeks to promote targeted action and investment to improve nutrition for mothers and children in the 1,000-day period from pregnancy to age 2, when better nutrition can have a life-changing impact on a child's future.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus 2012, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- The health impacts of bad diets are well known. Diets rich in salt and alcohol, combined with a lack of exercise, often result in higher blood pressure, which in turn increases the risks of stroke, heart disease and kidney failure. About 51 per cent of strokes worldwide and 45 per cent of ischaemic heart diseases are attributable to high blood pressure, which affects particularly middle-income European and African countries. Diets high in saturated fats and physical inactivity can increase cholesterol levels, also a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and responsible for 2.6 million deaths each year. Changed diets and lack of physical exercise may cause resistance to insulin or otherwise increase blood glucose, which is responsible for 6 per cent of deaths globally, as this exposes the individuals affected to diabetes, heart disease or stroke. A predisposition to diabetes could be caused by infant formulas that are much higher in advanced glycation end than milk. Finally, unhealthy diets increase the risks of cancers of the breast, colon, prostate and other organs. Low intake of fruits and vegetables, for instance, increases the risks not only of cardiovascular diseases, but also that of gastrointestinal cancers.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Fisheries and the right to food 2012, para. 64a
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur encourages the FAO Committee on Fisheries:] To ensure that the international guidelines for securing sustainable small-scale fisheries, to be negotiated in 2013, involve the active and meaningful participation of fishers' organizations and are consistent with existing international human rights norms and standards;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Fisheries and the right to food 2012, para. 63c
- Paragraph text
- [To preserve the long-term sustainability of fishing and the availability of local fish as food, in particular by combating overfishing, all States should:] Support the establishment of co-management and community-based schemes wherein public entities engage with fishing communities in designing and implementing sustainable approaches to managing fishing intensity and ecosystem impacts;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Fisheries and the right to food 2012, para. 61g
- Paragraph text
- [Coastal States and landlocked States with inland fisheries should:] Conduct human rights impact assessments involving the participation of the fishing communities who could potentially be affected before fishing access agreements are concluded (see A/HRC/19/59/Add.5).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Fisheries and the right to food 2012, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- Past co-management projects have a mixed record. Some have been notable successes, in both developed and developing countries, while others have led to less positive outcomes. Failures in co-management are partly explained by the fact that communities have been involved only in the implementation of policy, rather than in setting objectives of policy and ensuring that policymaking and evaluation are based on local knowledge of fish and marine ecosystems. The failure to integrate fishing communities into the design of policies affecting them, the top-down creation of community-based organizations to carry out functions for the State and approaches that are excessively donor-driven or that are captured by elites have all disappointed expectations. The solution to these difficulties is not to abandon co management, but to build it in a more participatory way, based on the needs of the fishing communities. This in turn will be successful only if the livelihoods of fishers are also better secured, taking into account that the environment in which they operate, and the markets on which they depend, are increasingly risky. Only by linking fisheries management to the broader improvement of the economic and social rights of fishers, in a multisectoral approach that acknowledges how fishing fits into the broader social and economic fabric, can progress be made towards robust and sustainable solutions.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Fisheries and the right to food 2012, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur has identified three areas in which the right to adequate food may guide efforts to improve fisheries management: policies aimed at combating overfishing; the management of export-oriented fishing, including access agreement negotiations; and the protection of small-scale fisheries. They are discussed below.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Fisheries and the right to food 2012, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- Second, States have an obligation to protect the right to food. They must ensure that enterprises or individuals do not deprive individuals of their access to adequate food. In the context of fisheries policies, this requires States, in particular, to protect the access rights of traditional fishing communities from industrial fishing and to control private actors that could affect the lands, territories and water on which these communities depend.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Fisheries and the right to food 2012, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- While the global production figures for wild-capture fisheries provided by FAO appear stable, these data may not always provide a complete picture, given that they exclude unreported and illegally caught fish and that catches by small-scale inland fisheries often go underreported. Moreover, production levels over the past few decades have been achieved partly by shifting fishing efforts to other, normally smaller fish. As a result of fishing down marine food webs (or the increasing dominance of catches by low-trophic-level species), 90 per cent of all large predatory fish species in parts of the world's oceans have disappeared since 1950. In addition, the growth of commercial fisheries since the 1950s has meant that commercial fisheries from traditionally powerful fishing entities (the European Union, Japan, North America and the Russian Federation) have been deployed to almost all areas of the globe, searching for new fishing opportunities as old ones have been exhausted. This geographical displacement has intensified with the rise of new distant-water fishing fleets, such as those of China and the Republic of Korea. Such displacement also occurs at the micro level, given that in many coastal areas of the world fishers are responding to localized depletion by travelling further, spending more time at sea (thereby using more fuel) and migrating to neighbouring countries.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- Agroecology is knowledge-intensive. It requires the development of both ecological literacy and decision-making skills in farmer communities. Investments in agricultural extension and agricultural research are key in this regard. While agricultural spending is among the four top contributors to increasing rural welfare, along with public spending in education, health and roads, agricultural research has the greatest overall impact on poverty and agricultural productivity in developing countries. Agricultural research had "the largest impact on agricultural production and second-largest impact on poverty reduction (after rural education) in China, and the second-largest impact on poverty reduction in rural India (after investment in roads)." Research in agroecological practices, in particular, should be prioritized, because of the considerable and largely untapped potential of such practices. Modern science combines with local knowledge in agroecological research. In Central America for instance, the coffee groves grown under high-canopy trees were improved by the identification of the optimal shade conditions, minimizing the entire pest complex and maximizing the beneficial microflora and fauna while maximizing yield and coffee quality. However, perhaps because such practices cannot be rewarded by patents, the private sector has been largely absent from this line of research.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Poverty
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- Farmer field schools have been shown to significantly reduce the amounts of pesticides use, as inputs are being replaced by knowledge. Large-scale studies from Indonesia, Vietnam and Bangladesh recorded 35 to 92 per cent reduction in insecticide use in rice, and 34 to 66 per cent reduction in pesticide use, combined with 4 to 14 per cent better yields recorded in cotton production in China, India and Pakistan. Farmer field schools have also proven to be empowering by helping farmers to organize themselves better, and stimulating continued learning. The successful dissemination of the push-pull strategy (PPS) in East Africa, promoted by the International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), is largely due to the demonstration of fields managed by model farmers, which attracts visits by other farmers during field days, and to partnerships with national research systems in Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia and other countries that have made research and development efforts to bring about the necessary adaptations such as choice of maize cultivars. The growth of the Campesino a Campesino movement in Cuba relied on technical advisers and coordinators supported by the National Association of Small Farmers (ANAB). Between 2001 and 2009, the number of "promotores" increased from 114 to 11,935, and a total of 121,000 workshops on agroecological practices were organized.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- Sometimes, seemingly minor innovations can provide high returns. In Kenya, researchers and farmers developed the "push-pull" strategy to control parasitic weeds and insects that damage the crops. The strategy consists in "pushing" away pests from corn by inter-planting corn with insect-repellent crops like Desmodium, while "pulling" them towards small plots of Napier grass, a plant that excretes a sticky gum which both attracts and traps pests. The system not only controls pests but has other benefits as well, because Desmodium can be used as fodder for livestock. The push-pull strategy doubles maize yields and milk production while, at the same time, improves the soil. The system has already spread to more than 10,000 households in East Africa by means of town meetings, national radio broadcasts and farmer field schools. In Japan, farmers found that ducks and fish were as effective as pesticide for controlling insects in rice paddies, while providing additional protein for their families. The ducks eat weeds, weed seeds, insects, and other pests, thus reducing weeding labour, otherwise done by hand by women, and duck droppings provide plant nutrients. The system has been adopted in China, India, and the Philippines. In Bangladesh, the International Rice Research Institute reports 20 per cent higher crops yields, and net incomes on a cash cost basis have increased by 80 per cent.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- Such resource-conserving, low-external-input techniques have a proven potential to significantly improve yields. In what may be the most systematic study of the potential of such techniques to date, Jules Pretty et al. compared the impacts of 286 recent sustainable agriculture projects in 57 poor countries covering 37 million hectares (3 per cent of the cultivated area in developing countries). They found that such interventions increased productivity on 12.6 millions farms, with an average crop increase of 79 per cent, while improving the supply of critical environmental services. Disaggregated data from this research showed that average food production per household rose by 1.7 tonnes per year (up by 73 per cent) for 4.42 million small farmers growing cereals and roots on 3.6 million hectares, and that increase in food production was 17 tonnes per year (up 150 per cent) for 146,000 farmers on 542,000 hectares cultivating roots (potato, sweet potato, cassava). After UNCTAD and UNEP reanalyzed the database to produce a summary of the impacts in Africa, it was found that the average crop yield increase was even higher for these projects than the global average of 79 per cent at 116 per cent increase for all African projects and 128 per cent increase for projects in East Africa.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- As a way to improve the resilience and sustainability of food systems, agroecology is now supported by an increasingly wide range of experts within the scientific community, and by international agencies and organizations, such as the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), UNEP and Biodiversity International. It is also gaining ground in countries as diverse as the United States, Brazil, Germany and France.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- Agribusiness enterprises should incorporate the seven good practices identified in section III in their dealings with small-scale farmers.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- This should be seen as part of a larger enterprise of developing local food systems and thus of creating alternative outlets for small-scale farm production.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 52b
- Paragraph text
- [In addition, Government agencies should:] Link their support for contract farming to compliance with certain environmental conditions, such as reduced use of chemical fertilizers or the planting of trees, or to the adoption of a business plan that provides for a gradual shift to more sustainable types of farming.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 52a
- Paragraph text
- [In addition, Government agencies should:] Monitor labour conditions in contract farming and ensure that the expansion of such farming does not lead to the overexploitation of cheap family labour or to indirect downward pressure on the labour rights of agricultural workers;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- Families
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- Governments could also encourage preferential sourcing from small-scale farmers through fiscal incentives or by making access to public procurement schemes conditional on the bidders' compliance with certain sourcing requirements.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 49b
- Paragraph text
- [Governments have a duty to support the realization of the right to food, to the maximum extent of their available resources, by providing small-scale farmers with appropriate support, including by:] Supporting traditional and wholesale markets;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- Direct-to-consumer food marketing is an even more innovative way of linking small-scale farmers to markets in conditions that allow them to increase their incomes and at the same time to control their production. Although still relatively marginal, local food systems have made spectacular progress in recent years in a range of developed countries. In the United States of America, direct-to-consumer food sales more than doubled in 10 years, moving from $551 million in 1997 to $1.2 billion in 2007, and the number of farmers' markets rose from 2,756 in 1998 to 5,274 in 2009. In 1986 there were two community-supported organizations, whereas now there are an estimated 1,400 such organizations. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates that in 2007, 136,817 farms were selling directly to consumers. Modern community-supported agriculture emerged in Japan with the teikei system, and now shows a strong growth in several countries, including Canada and France, where the network of "Associations pour le maintien d'une agriculture paysanne" now includes 1,200 community-supported agriculture schemes. Although they are often linked to the increased consumer demand for organic products, such initiatives ensure farmers a guaranteed outlet for their produce and stable revenues.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- Joint ventures, however, are not a panacea. A number of studies indicate that this model does not necessarily deliver better livelihoods for small-scale farmers or improve rural development and the realization of the right to food. The firm frequently controls all business decisions, and the joint venture might manipulate accounts to avoid paying out dividends. Questions arose in South Africa, for instance, after the beneficiaries of the post-1994 land restitution and redistribution programmes were encouraged to establish joint ventures with agribusinesses or to conclude leaseback agreements granting the former landowners use of their lands in conditions sometimes deemed unfair, and in Malaysia, after the Government, under the "Konsep Baru" (New Concept) scheme, encouraged production of palm oil on land under native customary rights in Sabah and Sarawak, in the form of a three-way joint venture among a private plantation company (60 per cent of the shares), a local community (30 per cent) and a parastatal agency (10 per cent) in which the local communities in effect relinquished all day-to-day decision-making power within the joint venture.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Collective ownership models can give small-scale farmers more autonomy over their land and production than traditional contract farming arrangements and can also cut out middlemen that might take a large percentage of earnings. Collective farming can also empower women farmers, strengthen their claims to land and protect their right to work.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- What is in the interest of the parties to certain contractual arrangements or business models may not be in the interest of the community as a whole, and the solutions may not be sustainable. For instance, contract farming may divert agricultural production towards cash crops that, while potentially increasing revenue for some producers, may also lead to local food price increases, as less food would be produced for local consumption, with the risk that food would become unaffordable for the poorest in some communities. This may be in violation of the requirement that "every man, woman and child, alone or in community with others, have physical and economic access at all times to adequate food or means for its procurement" (see E/C.12/1999/5, para. 6). The specialization in cash crops frequently entails a loss of biodiversity and a shift away from diversity and towards mono-cropping in farming systems that may be detrimental to the biotic activity of the soil and may accelerate soil erosion. States have a duty to "protect ecological sustainability and the carrying capacity of ecosystems to ensure the possibility for increased, sustainable food production for present and future generations, prevent water pollution, protect the fertility of the soil, and promote the sustainable management of fisheries and forestry" (E/CN.4/2005/131, annex, para. 8.13).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Women
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- States should also support farming communities by providing certain goods and services required to achieve an adequate standard of living through farming. Although private investors may provide some of the same goods and services, leading some commentators to view contract farming as a means to ensure the more efficient distribution of such goods and services, it would be misplaced to view contract farming as a substitute for the indispensable role of the State in this regard. Guideline 2.6 of the Voluntary Guidelines on the right to food recalls the duties of the State where poverty and hunger are predominantly rural. It is expected that States, for instance, will provide technical assistance to farmers through public agricultural extension services, ensure access to reliable and assured credit for small-scale farmers at reasonable rates and help to create basic price support mechanisms for small-scale farmers. Contract farming should not become a driver of the privatization of extension services, or serve as an excuse for Governments to neglect their duty to support farmers with the provision of public goods, since it is precisely the most marginalized farmers who would suffer most from the retreat of State support.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- A considerable number of small-scale farmers have joined such schemes. In part as a result of the withdrawal or reduction of public extension services over the past 30 years, contract farming often represents the only viable option to improve livelihoods, as such agreements guarantee access to markets as well as to good-quality inputs (often supplied at lower wholesale prices) and technical advice, and facilitate both access to certification schemes and meeting standards. The shift to higher-value crops, improved productivity and the lowering of their marketing and transaction costs may result in higher incomes. Contract farming may also improve farmers' access to credit, either because firms directly provide credit or because banks accept farmers' contracts as collateral. Depending on the particular type of arrangement, contract farming can provide a guarantee that farming revenues will be relatively stable and insulated from market price fluctuations. In addition, firms sometimes pay farmers a premium to ensure that they do not engage in selling outside the contract. As a model of direct procurement, which generally cuts out the middleman, contract farming may also be seen as a winning solution for consumers, firms and farmers alike.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Human rights criteria for making contract farming and other business models inclusive of small-scale farmers 2011, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- Contract farming has been defined as an agreement between farmers and processing and/or marketing firms for the production and supply of agricultural products under forward agreements, frequently at predetermined prices.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to land and the right to food 2010, para. 42c
- Paragraph text
- [In order to ensure the enjoyment of the right to food, States should:] Establish specialized recourse mechanisms at the local level that are accessible, work transparently and include safeguards against corruption.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2010
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to land and the right to food 2010, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- For these groups, the existence of commons is vital. As noted by the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor, in some legal cultures, community-based ownership of natural resources such as grazing lands, forests, water, fisheries and surface minerals is a traditional and effective way to grant control and proprietary rights to persons who have little or no other property. Such systems should be both recognized and fully protected against arbitrary seizure. Indeed, under existing international law, the requirements applicable to indigenous peoples may have to be extended to at least certain traditional communities that entertain a similar relationship with their ancestral lands, centred on the community rather than on the individual. That would encourage the management of common-pool resources at the local level by the communities directly concerned, rather than through top-down prescriptions or privatization of the commons. When such arrangements are institutionalized, the decentralized management of common-pool resources, recognizing their function as collective goods, is recognized as highly effective. Those negotiating the modalities of the use of the commons have the best information about its carrying capacity, and thus about uses that are sustainable, and the users have strong incentives to monitor the use of the commons and to report infractions.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- Ethnic minorities
- Année
- 2010
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to land and the right to food 2010, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- It has been argued that improving security of tenure encourages smallholders to invest in the land, and in principle it could lower the cost of credit by increasing the use of land as collateral. It could also encourage more sustainable farming, particularly through the planting of trees and through more responsible use of the soil and water resources. The real question, however, is not whether security of tenure should be improved, but how. The classical approach has consisted of individual titling, combined with the establishment of cadastres, or land registries, to facilitate and secure transactions related to land. That approach is linked to the idea that security of tenure is primarily a means to promote integration into the market: once property has been legally recognized, it can be alienated or mortgaged so that the beneficiaries can leave agriculture or obtain cash to make the necessary investments in the land. In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s - and more recently, under the influence of the writings of Hernando de Soto, international financial institutions promoted land registration and titling as part of their structural adjustment programmes, in the hope that successful land markets would ensure efficient land allocation and spur economic growth, which in turn was seen as the key to addressing rural poverty and food insecurity.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2010
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to land and the right to food 2010, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- Indigenous peoples are increasingly victims of the exploitation of natural resources on their lands, which are often regarded as belonging to the State. The demarcation of their lands and territories is a lengthy process that includes many obstacles. Participation is generally lacking. Yet, International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 169, concerning indigenous and tribal peoples in independent countries, which entered into force in 1991, provides for a number of guarantees related to land. Although the Convention has been insufficiently ratified, that has been compensated for in part through the adoption on 13 September 2007 by the General Assembly, in its resolution 61/295, of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which contributes to the formation of international customary law on this issue. The Declaration provides, in its article 8 (2) (b), that States should prohibit "any action which has the aim or effect of dispossessing [indigenous peoples] of their lands, territories or resources", a requirement that replicates article 18 of ILO Convention No. 169. It also prohibits, in its article 10, any forcible removal of indigenous peoples from their lands or territories, imposing the requirements of free, prior and informed consent, agreement on just and fair compensation and, where possible, the option of return (for relocations).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Ethnic minorities
- Année
- 2010
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to land and the right to food 2010, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- The conclusions presented in the present report are based on civil society consultations held in Bamako from 8 to 10 December 2009, in Kuala Lumpur on 23 and 24 March 2010, and in Chennai, India, on 28 and 29 March 2010. They also result from the analysis of 117 cases sent to the Special Rapporteur by non governmental organizations following a public appeal made by the Special Rapporteur on 15 December 2009. The Special Rapporteur expresses his deep gratitude to the Governments that responded to a questionnaire sent on 4 March 2010, including Albania, Belarus, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Georgia, Germany, Guyana, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Malawi, Mexico, Montenegro, Norway, Oman, Peru, the Republic of Moldova, Saudi Arabia, the Syrian Arab Republic, Switzerland, Turkmenistan, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and Uruguay. The Special Rapporteur also benefited from expert briefs prepared at his request. Finally, the report takes into account a lesson that can be drawn from the communications sent to Governments or non-governmental entities by the Special Rapporteur and his predecessor: during the period from 2003 to 2009, as an indication of the importance of the issue of land with respect to the right to food, 115 of the 183 communications sent by the mandate-holders concerned rights related to the use of land and the right to food.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2010
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 100
- Paragraph text
- Success must be calculated in terms other than economic profitability, and take into consideration the costs of pesticides on human health, the economy and the environment. Agroecology prevents direct exposure to toxic pesticides and helps improve air, soil, surface water and groundwater quality. Less energy intensive, agroecology can also help mitigate the effects of climate change by reducing emissions of greenhouse gasses and by providing carbon sinks.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- Studies in developed countries show that annual acute pesticide poisoning affects nearly 1 in every 5,000 agricultural workers. Globally, however, it is unknown what percentage of farmworkers experience acute pesticide poisoning owing to a lack of standardized reporting. Poor enforcement of labour regulations and lack of health and safety training can elevate exposure risks, while many Governments lack the infrastructure and resources to regulate and monitor pesticides.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- Even when women successfully earn income to support their families, men often respond by withdrawing their contribution to the household budget in order to purchase luxuries. A recent study in Nicaragua showed that if mothers contributed considerably to household income the likelihood of moderate and severe food insecurity decreased by 34 percent, and, if mothers were the main decision-makers over household income this decrease amounted to 60 percent.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- Disadvantages for women in both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors undermine their right to food. Women's income possibilities are more constrained than men's; the women's participation in the labour force is lower than men on a global scale - 70 percent of working age men are in the labour force compared to only 40 percent of working age women and the labour force participation rates have stagnated around the world in the past two decades.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- The trade liberalization policies heavily favor large corporate agribusinesses and a large-scale model of agricultural production, at the expense of the most vulnerable and marginalized small-scale agricultural producers. Women tend to engage in agricultural production on a scale that is not compatible with a large, corporate model of farming, holding smaller plots than men, which are, on average, 20 - 30 percent less productive than plots managed by men.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- When land is purchased during a marriage, women may lack equitable ownership. Societies with customary law often exclude joint ownership based on the belief that women are not capable of owning land. In market economies, when societal norms have recognized community property between spouses, joint ownership of property acquired during marriage is commonly accepted but patriarchal norms can still result in elusive recognition of gender-equal property rights.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 82
- Paragraph text
- Since 2011, Armenia, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Kenya, Kuwait, South Africa and Viet Nam have adopted comprehensive measures to incorporate all of the International Code provisions, sometimes even going beyond its minimum standards. The proportion of countries with comprehensive legislation on the Code is highest in South-East Asia, followed by Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean, while the Americas, Western Pacific and European regions have the lowest proportions.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- Today's nutrition governance also lacks effective mechanisms to regulate private sector involvement in nutrition programmes. The corporate influence on national and international food and nutrition policy spaces has become increasingly visible as programmes seek multi-stakeholder arrangements. Both the Sustainable Development Goals and the Second International Conference on Nutrition mention the importance of "multi-stakeholder partnerships" with private sector participation.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- Leaders at the Conference also recognized the importance of integrating their political commitments with the post-2015 development agenda and of anchoring nutrition targets in the Sustainable Development Goals. The Goals have a universal character and cannot be achieved without special attention to nutrition. While Goal 2 explicitly refers to "nutrition" and Goal 3 to non-communicable diseases, nutrition is arguably interwoven within all 17 Goals, as well as 50 indicators.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Trade liberalization and foreign direct investment (FDI) by transnational corporations in the processed food industry have played a large role in increasing the availability of ultraprocessed foods on the global market. The removal of policies to protect domestic markets has strongly affected the increase in production of certain unhealthy foods, as well as their availability and cost. Countries that embrace market deregulation experience a faster increase in unhealthy food consumption.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- Some countries, such as Australia, the Republic of Korea and the United States, require restaurant chains to include information on energy and nutrient content or warning labels on sodium content. Clear standards are also needed on the use of nutrition and health claims to prevent consumers from being misled. In the United States, public demand for increased transparency has led to several attempts to implement mandatory-labelling schemes for genetically engineered foods.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- In its general comment No. 12, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights views the right to adequate food to imply food "free from adverse substances" (para. 8), which "sets requirements for food safety and for a range of protective measures by both public and private means … at different stages throughout the food chain" (para. 10). Considering the adverse health impacts, "food safety" should be interpreted to include the nutritional value of food products.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- While on the whole European countries have been more reluctant to accept the justiciability of economic, social and cultural rights, there have been some significant cases. For example, in the 2012 German Federal Constitutional Court judgment 1 BvL 10/10, the court ruled on whether cash benefits for asylum seekers provided by the Asylum Seekers Benefit Act were compatible with its Constitution. The court relied on earlier decisions to reiterate that the State is under an obligation to ensure a "dignified minimum existence", defined as a "comprehensive fundamental rights guarantee" which includes access to food, clothing, household items, housing, heating, hygiene health and social assistance to persons in need. The benefits awarded to the asylum seekers under the law in question were deemed insufficient to guarantee a dignified minimum existence. The court also reaffirmed that benefits must be calculated on the basis of "real and actual needs" and thus be measured realistically. The court noted that the benefits prescribed under the Asylum Seekers Benefit Act had not increased since 1993, even though the cost of living in Germany had risen by 30 per cent in that period. As a result, a number of provisions of the act were declared unconstitutional. The court ordered the enactment of new legislation that would ensure a dignified minimum standard of living and introduced a transitional scheme that would provide higher cash benefits in the interim.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- Persons on the move
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- Article 2 of the Optional Protocol requires that authors of communications must be under the jurisdiction of the State party responsible for the violation, and that the State must have ratified both the Covenant and the Optional Protocol. However, the Covenant indicates no restriction to territorial jurisdiction and it will remain to be seen whether the cases to be examined under the Optional Protocol concentrate principally on the territorial link.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- Significant political, legal and judicial initiatives have been taken with a view to the next round of climate negotiations to take place in Paris. For instance, a recent study involving 66 countries found that most jurisdictions have taken important legislative steps to mitigate climate change. However, despite the fact that a considerable number of climate change-related laws and regulations have been adopted in several regions, they have rarely been enforced.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 9
- Paragraph text
- An increase of just 1°C in temperature can have devastating impacts on crop yields and the ability to maintain current levels of agricultural production. Currently, negotiations within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are limiting projections to an increase of 2°C. However, this is not adequate, given that in some regions, including sub-Saharan Africa, summer temperatures are projected to reach 5°C above the baseline temperature by 2100.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The transformative potential of the right to food 2014, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- As noted above, these developments have come at a high ecological cost. Due to the links between agriculture, diets and health, they also impose a considerable burden on health-care systems. They have led, finally, to the depopulation of rural areas. Yet, because these different components of the food systems shaped during the past half-century have strengthened one another, they have become lock-ins, seemingly blocking any real transformative possibilities.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Vision of the mandate 2014, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- The threat posed by climate change to fresh water supplies, combined with the overuse of water in agriculture, is having a detrimental impact on food security. The consequent effects on food production are significant, putting the livelihoods of rural communities and the food security of city dwellers at risk. With the global population expected to increase to 9.5 billion by 2050, the world's food calorie production will need to increase by 68 per cent in order to meet growing demand.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Vision of the mandate 2014, para. 1
- Paragraph text
- The mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food was established by the Commission on Human Rights in resolution 2000/10. In September 2007, the Human Rights Council, in resolution 6/2, reviewed and extended the mandate for three years. In resolution 6/2, the Council instructed the Special Rapporteur to: (a) promote the full realization of the right to food and the adoption of measures at the national, regional and international levels for the realization of the right to food; (b) examine ways and means of overcoming obstacles to the realization of the right to food; (c) continue mainstreaming a gender perspective and take into account an age dimension in the fulfilment of the mandate; (d) submit proposals that could help the realization of Millennium Development Goal 1; (e) present recommendations on possible steps towards achieving progressively the full realization of the right to food; (f) work in close cooperation with all States, intergovernmental and non governmental organizations, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and other relevant actors to take fully into account the need to promote the effective realization of the right to food for all; and (g) continue participating in and contributing to relevant international conferences and events with the aim of promoting the realization of the right to food. The mandate of the Special Rapporteur was subsequently endorsed by the Council in resolutions 13/4 and 22/9, renewing the mandate for periods of three years.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 27a
- Paragraph text
- Women may choose not to participate in such programmes because of the heavy demands it would impose on them and the difficulties they may have in reconciling the work with their responsibilities in the "care" economy. A system of quotas may be ineffective to address this. The difficulties women may face to participate in public works programmes should therefore be taken into account: their responsibilities in the "care" economy should be recognized and accommodation measures should be adopted. Furthermore, work schedules should take into account the specific time constraints faced by women, and institutionalized child care should be implemented to attract more women. Where child care at the work site is under the responsibility of women who are labour-constrained, because of age or disability, this can further increase the opportunities the programme offers to women. Thus, the MGNREGA includes a provision that "in the event that there are at least five children under the age of six at the worksite, one of the female workers shall be deputed to look after them and paid the same wage as other NREGA workers." However, the implementation of this clause remains highly uneven as most women joining the programme are discouraged from bringing their children to work, and a social audit of the implementation of MGNREGA revealed that 70 per cent of the women interviewed had no access to child-care facilities on the worksite, while 65 per cent were not aware of this provision in the Act.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Women
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Assessing a decade of progress on the right to food 2013, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- Such framework laws may set targets for Governments to achieve, allocating responsibilities for taking action to different branches of government and coordinating their action. Typically, however, these framework laws are procedural in nature: they establish institutions and define a process, without prejudging the outcome, and leaving it to the actors involved to design a cross-sectoral right to food strategy. These framework laws ensure that such strategies are designed and continuously monitored through an inclusive and participatory process involving government and civil society organizations. They do so by establishing national food security councils, often linked to the highest level of government and including as members both representatives from relevant ministerial departments and civil society. It is not unusual for such councils to provide recommendations to an interministerial task force, ensuring intersectoral coordination across departments. In Brazil, the National Council on Food and Nutrition Security, two thirds of the members of which represent civil society organizations, has a consultative nature, addressing recommendations to the Inter-Ministry Chamber of Food and Nutrition Security, the interdepartmental task force in charge of implementing the national food security strategy (see A/HRC/13/33/Add.6, para. 14). In other countries, such as Guatemala and Ecuador, the body can make binding decisions (for Guatemala, see A/HRC/13/33/Add.4).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Assessing a decade of progress on the right to food 2013, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- The remarkable progress achieved over the past decade in Latin America is the result of the combined efforts of civil society, social movements, parliamentarians and national human rights institutions. FAO support to the Hunger-Free Latin America and the Caribbean Initiative played a major role, together with the support given to this process by the FAO Right to Food Unit and OHCHR, including through its country and subregional offices in the region.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Assessing a decade of progress on the right to food 2013, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- The obligation to respect requires that the State refrain from interfering with the existing levels of enjoyment of the right to food and that it guarantee existing entitlements, for instance, by ensuring that those who produce their own food be secure in their access to the resources, including land and water, on which they depend, or by ensuring that those who could have access to income-generating activities allowing them to purchase food are not denied such access.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Fisheries and the right to food 2012, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- It is unclear whether these efforts are well guided. First, while illegal, unreported and unregulated industrial fishing is a problem, most of the catch of small-scale fishers goes unreported. Analogizing these catches to illegal fishing underestimates their role in contributing to food security and does not encourage the fishers concerned to shift to more responsible practices. Approaches to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing should also acknowledge the function of fishing as an occasional activity for some coastal communities (including inland coastal communities), where it is an essential safety net in times of crisis. Second, the current approaches are not particularly effective in reducing illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing because of capacity gaps and weak governance in developing countries and lack of commitment by home countries of distant-water fishing fleets in investigating and prosecuting fishing firms abroad. Third, the structural causes of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, such as overcapacity in the world's fishing fleet and inadequate support for communities who depend on fishing for their livelihoods, remain unaddressed. Without access to adequate social protection, without fair prices or if they are priced out of approaches based on the allocation of fishing rights through licences, these communities are not in a position to participate in regimes that seek to reduce overfishing or to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to land and the right to food 2010, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- The pressures referred to above exacerbate conflicts over land and lead to a worrisome criminalization of social movements aimed at carrying out agrarian reforms "from below", including by claiming land that is unused and, in their view, should be distributed more equitably. As a result, serious violations of a range of human rights occur, including murders of peasants connected to such activities, which the Special Rapporteur has documented in a number of communications to States. But the increased pressures on land are also a source of concern because of the weak protection of those who depend most on the land for their survival: smallholders, traditional fisherfolk, pastoralists and peoples (including indigenous and tribal peoples) that rely on the products of the forest. The present report first addresses the situation of indigenous peoples, which is specific insofar as the right of such peoples to have their lands demarcated and protected is recognized under international law. It then considers the position of smallholders, who cultivate the land in conditions that are often insufficiently secure, and that of other land users, such as fisherfolk, pastoralists and herders, who are particularly dependent on commons. The key message is that, while security of tenure is important and should be seen as crucial to the realization of the right to food, individual titling and the creation of a market for land rights may not be the most appropriate means to achieve it.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- Ethnic minorities
- Année
- 2010
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 90g
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur provides the following recommendations: In order for States to address discrimination against women in terms of equal labour opportunities, States should:] Provide increased access to information for women in relation to climate change, since the generally have less access to information in order for them to support adaptation, promote well-being and increase resilience to climate change.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Right to food and nutrition 2016, para. 99g
- Paragraph text
- [With a view to respecting, protecting and fulfilling the right to adequate food and nutrition, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] States be encouraged to use existing tools established by the United Nations, as well as by non-governmental organizations and academic networks, to create a "national master plan for nutrition" with a time frame and budgetary targets specifically tailored to meet domestic needs;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 72d
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Provide mechanisms that offer adequate, effective and timely remedies in cases of violations of the right to food, in particular to groups such as communities living in remote rural areas, communities living in situations of extreme poverty, persons with disabilities and indigenous communities, either through collective or public interest remedies;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Poverty
- Personnes concernées
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons with disabilities
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 72c
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Ensure renewed political commitment to the progressive realization of the right to adequate food by adopting policies, constitutional principles and framework laws that provides an appropriate institutional structure; and sectoral legislation addressing various sectors that impact significantly on levels of food security in this regard;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 89b
- Paragraph text
- [In this context, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] Policy coherence at the international level be ensured by fostering cooperation between the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and other international treaties relevant to climate change and food security, while providing a human rights approach in the entire agenda to promote climate justice and the right to food;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The transformative potential of the right to food 2014, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- The eradication of hunger and malnutrition is an achievable goal. Reaching it requires, however, that we move away from business as usual and improve coordination across sectors, across time and across levels of governance. Empowering communities at the local level, in order for them to identify the obstacles that they face and the solutions that suit them best, is a first step. This must be complemented by supportive policies at the national level that ensure the right sequencing between the various policy reforms that are needed, across all relevant sectors, including agriculture, rural development, health, education and social protection. In turn, local-level and national-level policies should benefit from an enabling international environment, in which policies that affect the ability of countries to guarantee the right to food - in the areas of trade, food aid, foreign debt alleviation and development cooperation - are realigned with the imperative of achieving food security and ensuring adequate nutrition. Understood as a requirement for democracy in the food systems, which would imply the possibility for communities to choose which food systems to depend on and how to reshape those systems, food sovereignty is a condition for the full realization of the right to food. But it is the paradox of an increasingly interdependent world that this requires deepening the cooperation between States.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus 2012, para. 51a
- Paragraph text
- [The private sector, consistent with its responsibility to respect the right to adequate food, should:] Comply fully with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, abstaining from promoting breast-milk substitutes, and comply with the WHO recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children, even where local enforcement is weak or non-existent;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus 2012, para. 50h
- Paragraph text
- [States, in accordance with their obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the right to adequate food for all, should:] Complete the reform of the Standing Committee on Nutrition, in order to ensure that adequate attention is paid to nutrition throughout the United Nations system under multilateral guidance by Governments, with adequate participation of civil society organizations, including farmers' organizations.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus 2012, para. 50c
- Paragraph text
- [States, in accordance with their obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the right to adequate food for all, should:] Adopt statutory regulation on the marketing of food products, as the most effective way to reduce marketing of foods high in saturated fats, trans-fatty acids, sodium and sugar (HFSS foods) to children, as recommended by WHO, and restrict marketing of these foods to other groups;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus 2012, para. 50b
- Paragraph text
- [States, in accordance with their obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the right to adequate food for all, should:] Transpose into domestic legislation the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and the WHO recommendations on the marketing of breast-milk substitutes and of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children, and ensure their effective enforcement;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Fisheries and the right to food 2012, para. 64b
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur encourages the FAO Committee on Fisheries:] To ensure that the guidelines include a mechanism to facilitate discussion of both good practices and issues of concern with regard to their implementation, based on the participation of and information provided by fishing communities, given that such a mechanism would strengthen the implementation of the guidelines and accelerate collective learning among States.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Fisheries and the right to food 2012, para. 63b
- Paragraph text
- [To preserve the long-term sustainability of fishing and the availability of local fish as food, in particular by combating overfishing, all States should:] Implement their commitments under the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, including to reduce their fishing capacity and to create marine protected areas, while taking into account the food security of coastal fishing communities;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Fisheries and the right to food 2012, para. 62a
- Paragraph text
- [Flag States should protect labour rights in the fishing industry, including by ratifying and implementing the Convention concerning Work in the Fishing Sector (Convention No. 188). In addition, flag States should:] Combat exploitative labour conditions that affect undocumented migrants in particular and ensure the implementation of all labour rights, including the rights to collective bargaining, living wages and basic labour benefits;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Movement
- Personnes concernées
- Persons on the move
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Fisheries and the right to food 2012, para. 61a
- Paragraph text
- [Coastal States and landlocked States with inland fisheries should:] Respect the existing rights of artisanal and small-scale fishing communities, consistent with article 5 (i) of the 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement and article 6.18 of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, in addition to the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- [The research community, including centres of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research and the Global Forum on Agricultural Research, should:] train scientists in the design of agroecological approaches, participatory research methods, and processes of co-inquiry with farmers, and ensure that their organizational culture is supportive of agroecological innovations and participatory research;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe