agencies and other autonomous organizations of the United Nations system, particularly for posts at the senior level. 191. By political parties: (a) Consider examining party structures and procedures to remove all barriers that directly or indirectly discriminate against the participation of women; (b) Consider developing initiatives that allow women to participate fully in all internal policy-making structures and appointive and electoral nominating processes; (c) Consider incorporating gender issues in their political agenda, taking measures to ensure that women can participate in the leadership of political parties on an equal basis with men. 192. By Governments, national bodies, the private sector, political parties, trade unions, employers’ organizations, research and academic institutions, subregional and regional bodies and non-governmental and international organizations: (a) Take positive action to build a critical mass of women leaders, executives and managers in strategic decision-making positions; (b) Create or strengthen, as appropriate, mechanisms to monitor women’s access to senior levels of decision-making; (c) Review the criteria for recruitment and appointment to advisory and decision-making bodies and promotion to senior positions to ensure that such criteria are relevant and do not discriminate against women; (d) Encourage efforts by non-governmental organizations, trade unions and the private sector to achieve equality between women and men in their ranks, including equal participation in their decision-making bodies and in negotiations in all areas and at all levels; (e) Develop communications strategies to promote public debate on the new roles of men and women in society, and in the family as defined in paragraph 29 above; (f) Restructure recruitment and career-development programmes to ensure that all women, especially young women, have equal access to managerial, entrepreneurial, technical and leadership training, including on-the-job training; (g) Develop career advancement programmes for women of all ages that include career planning, tracking, mentoring, coaching, training and retraining; (h) Encourage and support the participation of women’s non-governmental organizations in United Nations conferences and their preparatory processes; (i) Aim at and support gender balance in the composition of delegations to the United Nations and other international forums. -82-