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Agenda setting of the work of the Special Rapporteur
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2015
- Document code
- A/HRC/29/38
- Date modified
- Sep 19, 2019
Document
The first decade of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2014
- Document code
- A/HRC/26/37
- Date modified
- Sep 19, 2019
Document
Stocktaking exercise on the work of the mandate on its tenth Anniversary
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2014
- Document code
- A/69/269
- Date modified
- Sep 19, 2019
Document
The right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2011
- Document code
- A/66/283
- Date modified
- Sep 19, 2019
Document
The right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2011
- Document code
- A/HRC/17/35
- Date modified
- Sep 19, 2019
Document
Due diligence and trafficking in persons
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2015
- Document code
- A/70/260
- Date modified
- Sep 19, 2019
Document
The issue of trafficking in persons for the removal of organs
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2013
- Document code
- A/68/256
- Date modified
- Sep 19, 2019
Document
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2017
- Document code
- A/HRC/35/37
- Date modified
- Sep 19, 2019
Document
Prevention of trafficking in persons
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2010
- Document code
- A/65/288
- Date modified
- Sep 19, 2019
Document
The issue of human trafficking in supply chains
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2012
- Document code
- A/67/261
- Date modified
- Sep 19, 2019
Document
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2016
- Document code
- A/HRC/32/41
- Date modified
- Sep 19, 2019
Document
A human rights-based approach to the administration of criminal justice in cases of trafficking in persons
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2012
- Document code
- A/HRC/20/18
- Date modified
- Sep 19, 2019
Document
Integration of a human rights-based approach in measures to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, and which leads to human trafficking
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2013
- Document code
- A/HRC/23/48
- Date modified
- Sep 19, 2019
Document
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2016
- Document code
- A/71/303
- Date modified
- Sep 19, 2019
Document
Regional and subregional cooperation in promoting a human rights-based approach to combatting trafficking in persons
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2010
- Document code
- A/HRC/14/32
- Date modified
- Sep 19, 2019
Document
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- From this perspective, the Special Rapporteur believes that it is important to address the lack of regulations and labour rights as one of the key structural factors fostering trafficking in persons, whether for sexual exploitation or labour exploitation. In destination countries, the exploitation of migrant workers often takes place in the context of economic activity that is illegal or informal, or poorly regulated or unregulated, or in sectors in which it is difficult to enforce regulatory controls and profit margins are extremely low (CTOC/COP/WG.4/2010/3/para. 15). Indeed, studies show that the demand for exploitative labour or services is almost completely absent where workers are well unionized and labour standards are routinely monitored and enforced. Therefore, it is imperative to address the demand for cheap and exploitable labour and services through the framework of labour rights protection and migration management. A good example of regulation in sectors where trafficked persons are found is the introduction by the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland of the Gangmasters (Licensing) Act in 2004, which created a compulsory licensing system for all employment agents supplying workers for agricultural activities, gathering shellfish and related processing and packaging activities, supervised by a special licensing authority. Thus, reforming employment laws to check abuses in sectors that have formerly gone unpoliced, such as domestic work in private houses or training and deploying labour inspectors or other officials to check the contracts and working conditions of migrant workers is imperative for preventing trafficking for exploitative labour.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Feb 13, 2020
Paragraph
The issue of trafficking in persons for the removal of organs 2013, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- As has been noted previously, characterizing practices such as organ commercialization or transplant tourism as trafficking in persons for the removal of organs has a substantial effect on the nature of State obligations and on individual rights that arise as a result of those obligations. For example, States parties to the Trafficking in Persons Protocol are, pursuant to article 5, under a clear international legal obligation to criminalize trafficking in persons for the purpose of removal of organs as well as attempting, participating in, organizing and directing other persons in the commission of trafficking in persons for the purpose of removal of organs. They are also required to establish liability in respect of both natural persons and legal persons, thereby extending the reach of criminal and civil law to the medical and other establishments that are so often involved in trafficking in persons for the removal of organs.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 13, 2020
Paragraph
The issue of trafficking in persons for the removal of organs 2013, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- All States, in particular countries of "demand", should ensure that funding of, or reimbursement for, the costs of transplant tourism (whether by private health insurers, public health funds or travel insurers) is prohibited.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 13, 2020
Paragraph
Agenda setting of the work of the Special Rapporteur 2015, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- In the age of globalization, trafficking in persons cannot be examined in isolation from the broader socioeconomic realities that drive it, nor should it be tackled only from a criminal perspective. Factors such as poverty and inequality, lack of educational opportunity and access to health care, gender discrimination, including gender-based violence, racial inequality and migration are some of the underlying factors that cause/contribute to trafficking in persons.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Gender
- Health
- Movement
- Poverty
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2015
- Date modified
- Feb 13, 2020
Paragraph
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- The analysis of different aspects of prevention programmes described above highlights the cross-cutting importance of collecting accurate data when designing the programmes, as well as monitoring and evaluation to ensure their effectiveness.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Feb 13, 2020
Paragraph
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 30d
- Paragraph text
- [Demand for the services of trafficked persons or for commodities they have been involved in producing may come from a variety of sources, including:] Businesses that buy services or products from other companies (i.e., a "supply chain").
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Feb 13, 2020
Paragraph
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- In examining what the "prevention" of trafficking in persons entails, it is useful to revisit the legal framework and standards on combating such trafficking. One of the fundamental objectives of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Palermo Protocol) is to prevent and combat trafficking in persons, paying particular attention to women and children. To that end, States parties are obliged to undertake measures such as research, information and mass media campaigns and social and economic initiatives to prevent and combat trafficking in persons. Article 9 of the Palermo Protocol further provides that States parties shall adopt or strengthen various measures to alleviate the factors that make persons, especially women and children, vulnerable to trafficking, such as poverty, underdevelopment and lack of equal opportunity and to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, that leads to trafficking.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Women
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Feb 13, 2020
Paragraph
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- Women are recognized as the group particularly affected by such failure. In this regard, it is timely and important to recall the States' commitments towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, particularly goal 1 (eradicate extreme poverty and hunger), goal 2 (achieve universal primary education), and goal 3 (promote gender equality and empower women). While the overall poverty rate has been reduced somewhat, some regions, such as sub-Saharan Africa, Western Asia and parts of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, still need to make progress to meet the 2015 targets on poverty eradication. Sex discrimination still persists, and poverty puts girls at a distinct disadvantage in terms of education. Furthermore, women are still largely relegated to temporary or informal employment with little or no social security or benefits. This failure to provide equal and just opportunities for women to education and work encourages the feminization of poverty. This, in turn, compels women to leave their homes in search of better opportunities, resulting in the feminization of migration.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Feb 13, 2020
Paragraph
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- In developing effective strategies to combat trafficking in persons, the Special Rapporteur has consistently advocated for basing such strategies on "5P's" (protection, prosecution, punishment, prevention and promotion of international cooperation) and "3R's" (redress, rehabilitation/recovery and reintegration of victims to assume a constructive role in the society) (A/HRC/10/16 and Corr.1). The role of prevention is critical in ensuring that the crime of trafficking does not occur in the first place. Despite its importance, the efforts to combat trafficking have been largely centred on a "symptom-specific" approach in that solutions are sought only after particular problems occur. It follows that resources and efforts are often concentrated on prosecuting traffickers or developing assistance programmes for survivors of trafficking but neglect the development and implementation of comprehensive and systematic prevention measures.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Feb 13, 2020
Paragraph
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- Strategies aimed at preventing trafficking in persons must address underlying factors that render people vulnerable to trafficking, such as poverty, lack of employment opportunities, sex discrimination and inequality, restrictive immigration laws and policies, war and conflict. The root causes of trafficking and migration overlap to a great extent; it is thus important to understand the motivations behind people's decisions to leave their homes. In many cases, people leave their homes in search of protection and opportunity. Evidence suggests that more than three quarters of international migrants move to a country with a higher level of human development than their country of origin in order to improve their livelihoods. Millions of people also leave their places of origin either internally or across an international border owing to insecurity and conflict. This signals that in a significant number of situations, the root causes of migration and trafficking can be attributed to the failure of States to guarantee the fundamental human rights of all individuals within their jurisdiction.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Poverty
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Feb 13, 2020
Paragraph
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 18a
- Paragraph text
- [Those provisions make clear that prevention measures should address both the supply and demand factors leading to trafficking in persons. In that regard, guideline 7 of the Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking, issued by OHCHR in July 2002 (E/2002/68/Add.1), provides further guidance. The main prevention measures recommended by guideline 7 may be categorized as follows:] Addressing the root causes of trafficking, including poverty, lack of education and discrimination against women and other traditionally disadvantaged groups, with a view to reducing their vulnerability;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Poverty
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Women
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Feb 13, 2020
Paragraph
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- The present report does not focus on the prosecution of traffickers as a method of prevention, although the Special Rapporteur acknowledges that it is an integral element of the fight against trafficking and may play an important role in preventing trafficking through deterrence. There are, however, increasing reports that the overzealous focus on prosecution and law enforcement may adversely affect the human rights of trafficked persons, as observed in some States where trafficking is addressed through the criminalization or prohibition of prostitution. For instance, as a result of the law prohibiting the recruitment of persons for the purpose of prostitution, women and girls who have been trafficked for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation are often arrested and charged with soliciting prostitution. One non-governmental organization documented several cases in the United States of America where victims of "domestic minor sex trafficking" were arrested by law enforcement officers, prosecuted, criminalized and revictimized by the justice system. In one of the cases, police in Las Vegas arrested a 12-year-old girl who had been picked up by a man in a truck for sexual services, while the police failed to locate and arrest the man. It must also be acknowledged that there is a limit to the deterrent effects of prosecution, owing to the complex nature of the crime, which makes it difficult to successfully prosecute and convict traffickers. For those reasons, the law enforcement approach should not be exclusively relied upon as a prevention method. In the view of the Special Rapporteur, measures to prevent trafficking will not be effective or sustainable unless the underlying social, economic and political factors that create an environment conducive to trafficking are addressed. Through this lens, the report sheds light on prevention measures to address the powerful and complex factors, along a supply/demand continuum, that increase vulnerability to trafficking.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Feb 13, 2020
Paragraph
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- Second, it is important to recognize that awareness-raising is never enough in itself to prevent trafficking and needs to be complemented by programmes that reduce the vulnerability of potential victims and provide them with viable alternatives. Awareness-raising campaigns implemented alone as a preventive measure are based on the assumption that increased awareness of trafficking issues will encourage people to make alternative decisions that minimize their risk of being trafficked. While this may work well in some circumstances, it disregards the dynamic "push" factors that compel people to leave home despite their knowledge of the risks. The anti-child trafficking project implemented by an international non governmental organization for children from the Egyptian community in Albania is a good example of how the provision of information was combined with efforts to reduce the vulnerability of children who are particularly at risk of being trafficked. After finding that there was a correlation between children dropping out of school and their risk of being trafficked, the organization strategically provided advice and material support to families with children at risk.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Feb 13, 2020
Paragraph
Regional and subregional cooperation in promoting a human rights-based approach to combatting trafficking in persons 2010, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- African States have started taking coordinated action both at the regional and subregional levels. At the level of the AU, the Ouagadougou Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, Especially Women and Children, was adopted by Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Migration and Development from Africa and the EU in November 2006, at the Africa-EU Ministerial Conference on Migration and Development, held in Tripoli in the framework of the Africa-EU Strategic Partnership. The Action Plan provides specific recommendations to be implemented by Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and member States based on a three-pronged strategy: prevention of trafficking, protection of victims of trafficking and prosecution of those involved in the crime of trafficking.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Feb 13, 2020
Paragraph
Regional and subregional cooperation in promoting a human rights-based approach to combatting trafficking in persons 2010, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- OAS is strongly engaged in combating human trafficking on the American continent. At the political level, the OAS General Assembly has adopted resolutions that express the commitment of member States in this regard. At the level of the secretariat, the OAS Anti-Trafficking in Persons Unit provides specialized training and assistance to member countries to implement the Palermo Protocol and the recommendations stemming from the OAS Meetings of National Authorities on Trafficking in Persons. The secretariat primarily focuses on awareness-raising, provision of training, dissemination of international legal frameworks and the sharing of good practices to enable States to combat trafficking more effectively, taking both a human-rights and a gender perspective.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Feb 13, 2020
Paragraph