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Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- Many kinds of media are used: live shows, photographs, films, compact discs (CDs), digital images recorded or distributed over the Internet or on mobile phones, social networks, as well as cartoons. The development of new technologies, which exponentially increases the opportunities to obtain, disseminate and sell this criminal material, has fostered worldwide growth in child pornography. These new technologies considerably broaden the scope of predators' activities by allowing them to stalk, recruit and exploit children all over the world. In chat rooms and blogs, child pornographers take advantage of their anonymity in order to solicit children for sexual purposes (grooming by means of information technology).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- Despite their clear definitions, concepts often overlap. There are many links between the sale of children, trafficking in children, forced labour, child prostitution, sex tourism and child pornography. The exploitation of children for economic purposes often goes hand in hand with their exploitation for sexual purposes. The development of sex tourism almost invariably entails the development of child prostitution and child pornography (some abusers film their victims). In conflict zones, the recruitment of children for armed conflict is very often accompanied by the sexual exploitation of children, especially girls.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Girls
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 16b
- Paragraph text
- [The Convention of the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocol are fundamental tools for strengthening the protection of children and punishing offenders. They provide extremely useful definitions, thus allowing all stakeholders to share a common understanding and interpretation of the following terms:] The "sale of children" is defined as "any act or transaction whereby a child is transferred by any person or group of persons to another for remuneration or any other consideration". The sale of children can occur for the following purposes: sexual exploitation, forced labour, the transfer of organs and illegal adoption;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 16c
- Paragraph text
- [The Convention of the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocol are fundamental tools for strengthening the protection of children and punishing offenders. They provide extremely useful definitions, thus allowing all stakeholders to share a common understanding and interpretation of the following terms:] Child prostitution is defined as "the use of a child in sexual activities for remuneration or any other form of consideration". This includes offering, obtaining, procuring or providing a child for child prostitution. The phrase "any other form of consideration" means that child prostitution is taking place even when a child is being used in sexual activities in exchange for goods, services or favours such as food, lodging or drugs, not only in exchange for money;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 67b
- Paragraph text
- [Furthermore, monitoring institutions must:] Review the activities and impact of corporate social responsibility initiatives;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 72
- Paragraph text
- To that end, in June 2010 the United Nations Children's Fund, the United Nations Global Compact and Save the Children launched a process to develop a set of principles that would outline the full range of actions that businesses could take to respect and support children's rights, promote government engagement with businesses regarding children's rights, offer a unifying framework for existing and future initiatives, promote collaboration among businesses and between businesses and other stakeholders, and raise awareness of the positive and negative impact that businesses have on children. The principles, to be finalized in November 2011, will also be a call to action with regard to the issue of business and children.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 68
- Paragraph text
- In Iceland and Sweden, Barnahus ("Children's Houses") have been established to provide children with assistance while also obtaining evidence that can be used in legal proceedings. Interviews with child victims of violence are held in a child-friendly environment, avoiding multiple interviews, enhancing the value of the evidence obtained and providing therapy and support. The model was adapted from the United States, where some 600 Children's Advocacy Centers exist. With specially trained psychologists and social workers, the centres operate under a board composed of representatives of the relevant agencies, including the police, local hospital and social work authority. A 2008 evaluation of Swedish Barnahus found that "the position of the child in the legal process was bolstered and the child's perspective is considered in a higher degree than before. An increasing number of interviews and medical examinations took place and the children have been given better treatment and care in the acute crisis."
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- Recognizing the invisibility of cases of violence and sexual violence against children, and the critical difficulties faced by victims in accessing justice, the Supreme Court of Argentina established in 2008 an Office of Domestic Violence. The Office operates 24 hours per day, 365 days per year. Cases reported, including 28 per cent by children, involved incidents of physical violence (67 per cent), sexual violence (13 per cent) and psychological violence (90 per cent). Children are received in a child-friendly room, and interviews are videotaped and conducted by a multidisciplinary team. Cases may be referred to criminal or civil authorities and/or to public health services. The establishment of the Office has drastically reduced delays in the consideration of these cases.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- In Pakistan, Lawyers for Human Rights and Legal Aid established a centre (Madadgaar) that provides shelter, medical and psychological counselling and legal services to child victims of violence. The Society for the Protection of the Rights of the Child established Child Rights Committees at the district level, staffed by professional social workers who provide counselling and assist victims to make complaints to the competent authorities. The Pakistan Pediatric Association, together with Pakistani NGOs, participates in the implementation of the National Plan of Action against Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- An inter-agency study was undertaken regarding global evidence on community-based child-protection groups and their impact. It found that community-based child-protection groups played a role in raising awareness about risks to children's protection and well-being; in mobilizing communities to respond to and prevent those risks, helping to develop local solutions to problems and referring difficult cases; and in organizing psychosocial support for children. Illustrating the importance of partnership with public services, most groups networked with elements in the formal child protection system, such as police, magistrates, district- and national-level committees, and social services and education officials. Many also networked with elements in non-formal systems, such as traditional justice mechanisms.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 76
- Paragraph text
- Lessons identified in other studies include the need to secure the sustainability of these efforts by encouraging community "ownership", and to avoid interventions that may inadvertently stigmatize victims. Cooperation between community-based organizations and governmental agencies, in the form of training, clear definition of roles, coaching, case review and monitoring, can help reduce the risk of inappropriate interventions. Community-based organizations can help monitor complaint mechanisms, to ensure that they are child-sensitive and effective. The participation of children themselves can help ensure that services, in particular outreach to make victims aware of complaints mechanisms and services, are more effective.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 41f
- Paragraph text
- [Many norms and recommendations have been adopted on the sensitivity of proceedings concerning children affected by violence. They often focus on investigations and legal proceedings, although less on the receipt and handling of complaints, which are a critical initial stage of a legal or administrative process. In this regard, some principles should be respected:] The child's right to be promptly provided with necessary information in an accessible language, including possible options and consequences of the complaint, procedures involved, and available protective measures and support services;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- Important community-based mechanisms have been established to address situations of violence against children, and to support women and children in their efforts to gain access to justice. The Paralegal Committees in Nepal work to prevent and address violence, including abuse and exploitation, and discrimination suffered by women and children. They promote awareness-raising activities, early detection and prevention, and case facilitation and reconciliation, as well as monitoring and reporting. They act as watch groups and as a bridge between communities and service providers, and help promote change in social attitudes that condone violence and hamper children's rights.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Women
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 112b
- Paragraph text
- [Where mechanisms exist, it is critical to secure their availability to and accessibility by all children, without discrimination, and to ensure that they act in an ethical, effective and child-sensitive manner and pursue the best interests of the child at all times. To this end:] An institutional, coordinated and integrated response should be pursued across relevant sectors, including justice, law enforcement, social welfare, education and health. This effort should be supported by: (i) initiatives to enhance staff capacity in child-sensitive case management; (ii) putting in place an effective system of referral of complaints to appropriate authorities, with obligations to investigate where a child may be at risk, and enabling relevant authorities to intervene to protect children in danger; and (iii) child-sensitive judicial proceedings;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 112c
- Paragraph text
- [Where mechanisms exist, it is critical to secure their availability to and accessibility by all children, without discrimination, and to ensure that they act in an ethical, effective and child-sensitive manner and pursue the best interests of the child at all times. To this end:] National human rights institutions should be established in all countries by 2013 to safeguard children's freedom from violence; they should provide for, inter alia, child-sensitive counselling, reporting and complaint mechanisms; independent monitoring of measures to address violence; and effective remedies and redress, including the possibility of seeking advice and filing complaints before these institutions;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 49e
- Paragraph text
- [Preventive measures must include steps to promote sustainable education and awareness-raising, including by:] Undertaking partnerships with print and electronic media and the private sector (particularly in the areas of tourism and information technology) to disseminate information and launch campaigns designed to raise awareness about the rights of children, laws that prohibit and seek to combat all forms of violations, the increased risks faced by many children and certain behaviours that may indicate predatory activity taking place in a community or online. Information and communications technologies, including social networking tools, should be utilized fully to reach as many children as possible.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- However, whether reporting is mandatory or not, its effectiveness depends on the quality of services that are available if the report, on examination, is found to be grounded. Requiring suspected abuse to be reported serves little purpose if the child protection system is weak, or if there is excessive reliance on institutionalization. The introduction of mandatory reporting has sometimes led to an increase in the number of reported cases that, following investigation, were not substantiated. Legislation that leads to overreporting increases the burden on the child welfare system, reducing its capacity to provide assistance.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- The third Mekong Youth Forum on Human Trafficking and Migration was held in Bangkok in October 2010, organized with the support of the Government of Thailand, Save the Children UK, World Vision International, the International Labour Organization and the United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking. It included children from Cambodia, China, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Thailand and Viet Nam, some of whom were survivors of commercial sexual exploitation. Under the auspices of the Forum, the children participated in national and regional consultations organized to evaluate existing activities focused on combating human trafficking and made recommendations for policy improvements, including in relation to the participation of young people and accountability of policymakers. The recommendations of the Forum were presented at an international meeting to review the progress of the third World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents, organized by ECPAT International and held in Bangkok in October 2010.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- In accordance with article 17 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, a child has the right to gain access to appropriate information and material. Gaining access to information is often the first step in the participation process, given that it allows an informed child to voice his or her opinion. In the context of the sale and sexual exploitation of children, this information is often delicate and must therefore take into consideration, and sometimes challenge, cultural and context-specific sensitivities. It is equally important, targeting the children who are most at risk and hard to reach, to ensure the broad geographical and linguistic reach of information tools and mechanisms. Consideration must also be given to the particular communication needs of children with disabilities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons with disabilities
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- Education programmes have been developed in schools and represent a wide-reaching and potentially sustainable method of informing children. From 2008 to 2011, Barnardo's, a charity founded in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1866 to care for vulnerable children and young people, delivered a preventative education programme on child sexual exploitation intended to improve awareness and understanding of and response to sexual exploitation and to strengthen the confidence and ability of children and young people to resist unwanted sexual experiences. The programme, which included training and awareness-raising sessions, targeted local safeguarding children boards, schools and residential units from 25 London boroughs. In total, it involved 4,723 young people and 820 professionals. According to the final evaluation, published in 2011, half of the children involved demonstrated progress in identifying risk factors and safety strategies.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- Children at the Nzeve Deaf Children's Centre in Mutare, Zimbabwe, found that an existing manual on sexual and reproductive health education was not particularly user-friendly for hearing-impaired children and did not deal with some of their specific vulnerabilities. Accordingly, the centre worked in collaboration with the children to adapt the manual specifically to their use. After incorporating the changes suggested by the children, the centre took the revised materials back to the children for further feedback. This step was important because the children could see that their suggestions had been incorporated, giving them a sense of ownership of the document and encouraging them to provide further ideas and recommendations. Meanwhile, the process of reviewing the document multiple times helped the children to absorb and retain important information on sexual and reproductive health education.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- In the Czech Republic, for example, the Ecumenical Network for Youth Action is a partnership of churches, related associations and networks that runs a programme to tackle trafficking, forced prostitution and sexual abuse of children and young people in Eastern and Central Europe. It includes interactive training seminars, prevention programmes and strategies for the establishment of independent homes for young people that are co-managed with children living on the street. The network has also developed specialized peer leadership programmes to promote the full inclusion of young people in efforts to combat commercial sexual exploitation of children. These have been successful in providing an opportunity for young people to become involved, take responsibility and seek alternative lifestyles and opportunities to improve their lives.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 89
- Paragraph text
- While States retain primary responsibility for the protection of children in a natural disaster, fulfilment of these obligations are frequently challenged as a result of absent or incapacitated institutional and legal structures. Despite the many actors and stakeholders providing emergency response services in natural disasters, children continue to face significant risk, both within and without the protection perimeter. The absence of a comprehensive framework for the coordination and allocation of roles and responsibilities of multiple international and local responders frequently leads to confusion, unnecessary duplication of efforts and substantial protection gaps. This is complicated by limitations or overlaps in organizational mandates - many of which do not address the issue of child protection - and a near absence of quantitative and qualitative data that would clarify the extent of risks faced by children in natural disasters.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- The "What works for us" project in the United Kingdom is a joint initiative by ECPAT UK, the National Working Group for Sexually Exploited Children and Young People and Barnardo's that was launched in January 2010. It brings together young people from around the country to participate in national consultations involving leading organizations, such as the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (a national law enforcement agency that focuses on tackling the sexual abuse of children), to assess and discuss programmes, policies and services regarding the prevention of and protection of children from sexual exploitation and to help to inform the development of relevant practice and policy. The young people involved have become recognized as a high-level advisory group and have participated actively in the development of relevant practice and policy. They attended a meeting in Parliament in June 2011 to highlight gaps in response to sexual exploitation and presented research findings to the Children's Commissioner for England in September 2011.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- In South Asia, a peer support programme, part of the Youth Partnership Programme, is run entirely by youth motivators and peer supporters and is self-sustaining. The main objective is to promote awareness of the dangers of commercial sexual exploitation of children and to use direct motivational support to build life and social skills for children most at risk or survivors of sexual exploitation. Peer supporters need to have a positive and empathetic attitude, skills that can benefit the programme and consistent school attendance. Their training and activities include providing direct support to the survivors of sexual abuse and exploitation by building children's confidence, motivation, creativity and life skills to overcome trauma. Educational support on topics such as commercial sexual exploitation of children, trafficking and early marriage is also provided. It is an innovative programme that has proven to be powerful and life-changing, both for the peer supporters themselves and for the children to whom they provide support.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 82
- Paragraph text
- There remain significant disparities between countries regarding the involvement of children and young people in online safety programmes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- Most child parliaments are led by adults and often involve young people on an ad hoc or token basis. In some cases, they are composed only of children from privileged backgrounds.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 87
- Paragraph text
- Most research continues to be initiated and led by adults, involving children as providers of information but only rarely as researchers owing to a range of practical and ethical issues.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- In Ethiopia, the Forum for Sustainable Child Empowerment (www.fsc-e.org) runs a rehabilitation and reintegration programme for abused and exploited children. Interventions have included the establishment of child protection units and rescue centres for victims of sexual abuse and exploitation and trafficking, training of police officers, prosecutors and judges, the establishment of child-friendly courts (including setting up closed-circuit television systems for child victims) and the start-up of a coalition of non-governmental organizations and Government departments intended to function as a referral mechanism.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- Child advocacy centres funded by the Government of Canada provide a coordinated approach to meeting the needs of child victims of or witnesses to crimes. Such centres are intended to minimize system-induced trauma by providing a single, child-friendly setting for children and their families. A child advocacy centre is a community-based programme, with a multidisciplinary team providing comprehensive and child-rights-focused support to victims, including forensic interviewing (a fact-finding mission, performed by someone who is specially trained in the many dynamics of child abuse, to determine whether a child has been abused and to find out the child's reality about what happened to them, using non-leading and age-appropriate questions).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 101m
- Paragraph text
- [A mapping and assessment of child participation must be carried out, in accordance with the relevant principles and standards, with a view to identifying the remaining achievements and gaps. The mapping process must involve all the principal stakeholders in child protection (public and private sectors, national human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations), including children and communities, with a view to ensuring effective and sustainable child participation. If necessary, legislative changes should be introduced to protect and promote child participation rights in order:] To provide appropriate and sustainable support to child-led organizations and peer initiatives;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 67
- Paragraph text
- The Thuthuzela Care Centres (TCCs) were introduced as part of a strategy by South Africa to address sexual violence against women and children. A TCC is a one-stop shop where victims are provided with comprehensive services such as counselling, interviews, medical examination, court preparation and investigation in a holistic, integrated and victim-friendly manner. Through ongoing coordination with relevant stakeholders, including police, health-care professionals, prosecutors, social workers and NGOs, the ultimate goal of the TCC is to address the social and medical needs of the victim, reduce secondary victimization, improve conviction rates and reduce the lead time for the finalization of cases. The Thuthuzela Information Management System enables TCCs to become proactive, to test emerging models for efficiency and effectiveness, to develop corrective and rehabilitative offender programmes and to strive for integration rather than only punishment.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Women
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- Children living in difficult conditions are likely to be tempted by the prospect of living independently, in a bigger city, and earning money and sending money home. Especially for older children, the search for a better life and economic opportunities can prompt risky choices. They may be more prone to accepting solicitations by brokers and potential employers or to migrating on their own, all of which expose them to trafficking and exploitative situations. Some children may also engage in risky behaviours, such as the consumption of drugs and alcohol and involvement in criminal gangs. Vulnerability is primarily relational. It is highly dependent on the child's situation in a given context, namely, environment, social norms and a variety of possible shocks. An individual child's characteristics only become a source of vulnerability if the child's environment fails to provide a protective framework or contributes to exposing the child to risk.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Older persons
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- The reasons are multiple. Parents or other primary caregivers may be absent owing to illness and death, a decision to migrate and leave children behind, work obligations, a divorce or separation, or because they have abandoned the child. They may struggle with difficult conditions and be unable to ensure protection for children and meet their basic needs. Poverty, unemployment, disease, disability and difficulty in accessing social services as a result of discrimination and exclusion affect the ability of parents to care for their children. Families may feel powerless to deal with the problems faced by their children. Communication may be hampered by a lack of intergenerational understanding. Other dysfunctions, such as mental or behavioural disorders, conflict, substance addiction and domestic violence, weaken the capacity of families to provide a harmonious and protective environment and make children more likely to engage in risky behaviours in order to escape an unwelcoming context. Often, the same family experiences multiple strains simultaneously.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- Access to quality education represents a significant preventive measure. As highlighted by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in its General Comment No. 13, education plays a vital role in safeguarding children from exploitative and hazardous labour and sexual exploitation. Children in school are in a protected environment. Socialization and the presence of adults make them part of a protective network, where vulnerable children can be identified and the absence of children noticed and reported. Yet, lack of awareness of what constitutes abuse and a lack of available remedies can pose major limitations. For this reason, teachers need to be trained to identify vulnerabilities and take action to prevent and report abuse. For the education system to retain children, schools must be accessible, and the education provided must be of high quality and geared towards building relevant skills for future employment.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Approach, vision and work methods 2014, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur will pay particular attention to the follow-up of her various activities, in particular country visits and communications, on the basis of information gathered from Governments, local partners, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and the business sector regarding the effective implementation of her and her predecessors' recommendations. For this purpose, as stated above, she will develop sustained partnerships with all stakeholders through exchanges of information, preparation of country visits, contributions to thematic reports and organization of workshops and seminars, provided that her mandate is supported with adequate resources.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Approach, vision and work methods 2014, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur will promote, facilitate and organize awareness-raising and advocacy activities on thematic priorities and issues of concern in relation to her mandate in order to enhance knowledge and visibility around them and call for the eradication and prevention of sale and sexual exploitation of children. The aforementioned thematic priorities and advocacy issues will guide the participation and support of the Special Rapporteur in various seminars, conferences and other events, which she will use to exchange information on relevant developments, identify and share good practices and successful initiatives and create synergies for advocacy purposes. The Special Rapporteur will also issue press statements on the occasion of relevant international days, including jointly with other special procedures mandate holders and child protection mechanisms and bodies, to alert stakeholders concerned of the need to address specific human rights issues relating to her mandate.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Approach, vision and work methods 2014, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur will maximize awareness-raising opportunities offered by two commemorative dates in 2015, namely the twenty-fifth anniversary of the creation of the mandate on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and the fifteenth anniversary of the adoption of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography by the General Assembly in its resolution 54/263. The Special Rapporteur will organize awareness-raising activities around those anniversaries to call for the ratification and effective implementation of international instruments aimed at stopping the sale and sexual exploitation of children. In addition, 2016 will mark the twentieth anniversary of the first World Congress against Sexual Exploitation of Children, and the Special Rapporteur intends to support relevant advocacy activities calling for the implementation of the political commitments adopted at that and subsequent world congresses.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Approach, vision and work methods 2014, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- The year 2015 marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of the establishment of the mandate on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. Its continuous renewal underscores the need for the international community to step up efforts to combat the increasing phenomena of sexual abuse and exploitation of children. To properly discharge her functions and ensure the effective implementation of her mandate, stronger support, through the allocation of sufficient means and resources, will be key in the coming years, in particular to ensure appropriate follow-up to her recommendations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 123
- Paragraph text
- [This approach will make it possible to:] better understand and grasp the multidimensional nature of these phenomena and the vulnerabilities of certain groups of children;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- Most initiatives still seem to be time-bound, without processes in place to guarantee their sustainability. The involvement of children in the production and delivery of information needs to be institutionalized to enable them to influence and bring about change in the long term, in line with the evolving technology.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- The Optional Protocol also outlines the obligation of States parties to provide support services to child victims throughout the legal process (art. 8.1 (d)); to ensure appropriate training for the persons who work with child victims of sexual exploitation (art. 8.4); and to ensure that child victims have access to adequate procedures to seek compensation (art. 9.4). The Optional Protocol further imposes an obligation on States parties to adopt measures to prevent the sale and sexual exploitation of children, giving particular attention to vulnerable children (art. 9.1), and to encourage the participation of children in information and education programmes about the measures to prevent and the harmful effects of the offences of sale and sexual exploitation (art. 9.2).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- States have a duty to provide for care, recovery and reintegration of child victims. The Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its general comment No. 13 (2011) on the right of the child to freedom from all forms of violence, infers the responsibility of the State to "ensure the protection of child victims and witnesses and effective access to redress and reparation" (para. 41 (f)). Moreover, in its general comment No. 5 (2003) on general measures of implementation of the Convention, the Committee noted that for rights to have meaning there must be effective remedies that redress violations (para. 23).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- Regional instruments also refer to the right to care, recovery and reintegration, notably the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (Lanzarote Convention) (arts. 11 and 14), the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (arts. 12-14), the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (arts. 20-26), the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution (art. IX) and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (art. 16).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Women
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- The first step in the recovery process is to ensure that procedures and mechanisms are in place for the rapid identification of child victims so that they can access timely and appropriate assistance. Once rescued, and after a comprehensive assessment of the individual case, the child should be either returned to his or her family or provided with emergency shelter as well as with care, protection and follow-up services. Rescue operations should ensure that children are returned to a safe environment, whether with their families or in alternative arrangements, with special care taken when victims must be repatriated from another country.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- The present study analyses the impact of sale and sexual exploitation on children who experience these abhorrent crimes. It further provides details of examples of care, recovery and reintegration services, policies and programmes available at the local and national levels for child victims. Building on the work of previous mandate holders (see A/HRC/7/8 and A/66/228), the aim of the study is to provide clarity on the right to care, recovery and reintegration of child victims; address their specific needs and wishes; and propose comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes as part of effective national child protection systems.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- Every child has a right under international law to receive care, recovery and reintegration services for the harm suffered as a victim of sexual exploitation. Major international human rights instruments confer this obligation on States as primary duty bearers. Article 39 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child obliges States to take all appropriate measures to promote physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child victim of exploitation, abuse or neglect, among other violations, in an environment which fosters the health, self-respect and dignity of the child. Article 9.3 of the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography adds that States parties shall take all feasible measures with the aim of ensuring all appropriate assistance to victims of sale and sexual exploitation, including their full social reintegration and their full physical and psychological recovery.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- Article 3, paragraph 1 (c), of the Optional Protocol requires States to criminalize producing, distributing, disseminating, importing, exporting, offering, selling or possessing child pornography. A previous mandate holder called for the criminalization of all steps in the child pornography process (E/CN.4/2005/78, para. 123), including simple possession, as done by the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (art. 20, para. 1). However, new technologies have transformed what is meant by possession, since the growth in Internet speeds means that it is no longer necessary to download images because they can be viewed online. Some regional instruments require the intentional accessing of child pornography, and that model has been followed by some countries.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 88d (viii)
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur invites all States:] To establish comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes, with a gender perspective, through a full range of laws, policies and services that will: Establish interdisciplinary agencies for the coordination of integrated care, recovery and reintegration programmes, with clear roles and responsibilities in the delivery of support services, and establish independent monitoring and assessment mechanisms to inform, evaluate and guide care, recovery and reintegration programmes;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- Care and treatment need to be provided through an interdisciplinary approach and with due diligence as well as coordination between the different services. Partnerships and cooperation in the development of programmes are essential to ensure that children receive the necessary services and are fully supported. For instance, ECPAT Thailand has obtained significant results with projects involving law enforcement in recovery and reintegration through recreational activities. Such partnerships show that it is possible to change perceptions and break down some of the prejudice and mistrust that exists between police and child victims of sexual exploitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- Research shows that girls account for the majority of documented victims of sexual exploitation. However, the fact that boys are also victims cannot be disregarded. Similarly, children who identify as transgender are extremely vulnerable to sexual exploitation. In the United States of America, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex youth are disproportionately represented in runaway and homeless youth programmes and child welfare systems and 42 per cent of them have been sexually exploited. A 2006 study in Cambodia found that 80 per cent of interviewed victims of street-based sexual exploitation were male. In Taiwan Province of China, the number of boys being prostituted discovered through social networking sites peaked in 2008. In Ethiopia, a study revealed that male children are specifically targeted for prostitution on the basis of the belief that anal intercourse is less likely to transmit HIV/AIDS. A recent study in the United Kingdom found that one third of children accessing specialist sexual exploitation services were male.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Gender
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- LGBTQI+
- Youth
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- A number of risk factors increase children's vulnerability and place them at higher risk of being sold and trafficked to meet the demand for sex with children. They include being female, aged between 12 and 18, belonging to an ethnic minority, living in a rural area, lacking education, having a disability, inadequate family protection, living in extreme poverty and having migrated. The general trends and patterns of sale, trafficking and sexual exploitation of children include increased control of trafficking routes and destinations by criminal organizations, which benefit from increased migration movements; the enhanced role of new technologies in marketing children for sexual exploitation, including through new forms of exploitation such as the online streaming of sexual exploitation (A/HRC/28/56, paras. 42-43); the normalization of prostitution as a legitimate business in tourism and entertainment; and the wide-scale migration of women and girls for domestic and entertainment work.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- Gender-based discrimination and inequalities also play a large role in the propagation of sexual exploitation of children, in particular girls and children who identify as transgender. Sexual exploitation of girls is often rooted in patriarchal structures that promote male sexual domination and do not condemn the commercialization of girls and women. Culturally imposed feminine gender stereotypes also contribute to sexual exploitation of women and girls by placing them in the role of serving males, negating their ability to make decisions regarding their own sexual and reproductive life and making them prime targets for sexual violence.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Girls
- LGBTQI+
- Women
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- The sale of children for the purpose of forced labour in domestic work is a widespread phenomenon. Domestic work can amount to a form of forced labour, depending on the nature of the employment relationship, which can make children heavily dependent on their employer. That type of employment relationship leads to ambiguous informal arrangements and a lack of clear contractual conditions, which paves the way for dependency, abuse and harmful working conditions. Among child domestic workers, live-in workers are the most exploited. Over 17 million children are engaged in domestic work, of which almost two thirds are estimated to be in child labour, either because they are below the legal minimum working age or working in conditions which represent the worst forms of child labour. Most of them are girls.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Girls
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- While data remains scarce, ILO has concluded that there are significant numbers of children in debt bondage, child victims of trafficking and children in situations of servitude. The ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations has defined numerous situations of domestic work as amounting to child labour and, in several instances, forced labour. Children can be forced into domestic work under the guise of adoption, in conditions similar to bonded labour. Children may also be sold for the purpose of forced domestic work because their families are in bonded labour. A UNICEF study has highlighted the multiple ways in which children are recruited for domestic work. In some cases, intermediaries earn money from the child's placement and/or by taking a significant share of children's wages.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- According to article 2 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, "sale of children means any act or transaction whereby a child is transferred by any person or group of persons to another for remuneration or any other consideration". That definition includes any benefit, financial or of another nature that can be obtained in the transaction. Article 3, paragraph 1 (a) (i) c., of the Optional Protocol obliges States parties to criminalize the action of "offering, delivering or accepting, by whatever means, a child for the purpose of engagement of the child in forced labour." The sale of children therefore implies at least two parties, one that offers or delivers the child and one that accepts the child. Consent, or any form of agency on the part of the child, is considered irrelevant.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- The phenomenon of "voluntourism" deserves particular attention: this is "a term used to describe short-term volunteering placement by tourists as part of their overall vacation or travel in a country". "Orphanage voluntourism" is one such practice, which has fed a system leading to the sale of children for the purpose of labour exploitation. Research has provided evidence of systems in which the owners of orphanages use intermediaries to get children who look poor to orphanages, in order to satisfy a fee-based volunteering demand, generating significant profits. Traffickers lure poverty-stricken families into giving away their children, under promises of good living conditions and education. Children are then often left in poor conditions, in order to prompt foreign charity, and forced to perform activities to please foreign volunteers.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Poverty
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- Combating the crime of sale of children for the purpose of forced labour requires multidimensional interventions at all levels to address the systemic aspects lying behind the phenomenon and its multiple manifestations. The child rights framework, set by the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other relevant international instruments, offers a basis for the design and implementation of such interventions. In particular, approaches need to take into consideration children's evolving capacities to make decisions about their lives and the possibility to contribute by working, while respecting international standards related to minimum working ages.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- A review of global estimates of trafficking in human beings makes it possible to highlight a number of common features characterizing the sale of children for the purpose of forced labour. First, the share of children trafficked for the purpose of forced labour is increasing and the share of children involved in forced labour is particularly high. Second, while in Europe and Central Asia children may be sold for the purpose of forced begging and petty crime, in the rest of Asia and in the Americas a high proportion of child victims may be sold for economic exploitation. Lastly, there are significant regional disparities and a lack of common definitions affects the reliability of estimates, most likely leading to underestimates.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 94
- Paragraph text
- Social policy measures that ensure a minimum standard of living and protect families in case of shocks have been found to be particularly effective in preventing labour exploitation and trafficking. An ILO report which focused on social protection as an instrument to eliminate child labour, found that cash transfers were more effective among children from poorer backgrounds and when coupled with other interventions, such as the provision of health and education services. Similarly, health insurance and pension and unemployment benefits can help families cope with a shock which renders a family member unable to work and avoid them resorting to child labour to compensate for loss of income or to pay for treatment. Interventions aimed at supporting parents, such as a public employment programme, may also have a positive effect as long as they do not result in children simply taking the place of their parents in their former jobs.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- Initiatives seeking to strengthen corporate social responsibility have developed considerably, building concurrently on the private sector's voluntary efforts to take action. Industry has a long tradition of working with key child protection partners. Those partners make considerable financial contributions to combating child exploitation and provide technical expertise to supplement law enforcement. In coming years, efforts should focus on the consolidation of successful initiatives and good practices which are compliant with international standards, including the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (contained in A/HRC/17/31, annex).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- Financial institutions have adopted more coordinated approaches. In 2006, the Financial Coalition against Child Pornography was established in the United States, which is a coalition of the major banks and financial clearing houses. They were brought together by the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children and the International Centre for Missing and Exploited Children with a shared commitment to fight child pornography by blocking the commercial element. It currently covers 90 per cent of the United States financial industry. Since its inception there has been a 50 per cent reduction in commercial websites reported to the National Center, demonstrating significant impact.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 90
- Paragraph text
- The adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals has given a renewed impetus to international cooperation in combating the exploitation of children. The need to foster multi-stakeholders partnerships across countries to address the phenomenon has led to the development of an alliance around Goal 8.7, which aims to eliminate forced labour, modern slavery, human trafficking and all forms of child labour. Alliance 8.7 seeks to gather a range of actors, from Governments, civil society, international organizations, academia, representatives of employers and employees and the private sector, towards the realization of Goal 8.7.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 92
- Paragraph text
- Transnational cooperation in the management of cases is essential, yet limited. Research on children engaged in forced begging has highlighted the importance of transnational cooperation, as criminal groups transport children from one country to another. In Europe, for example, no joint database exists to inform various countries that a child is a trafficking victim, implying that children may be identified as victims in one country, but then treated as criminals in another, as they are moved by traffickers. A study on transnational referral mechanisms in South-Eastern Europe has found that the development of common legislation and an implementing framework, and in particular standard operating procedures, have helped to improve transnational cooperation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Tackling the demand for the sexual exploitation of children 2016, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur highlights the importance of enhancing corporate social responsibility, particularly with regard to the servicing of demand. Existing guidelines, such as the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism and the Code of Conduct for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation in Travel and Tourism, should be universally followed by members of the private sector and mainstreamed in all their activities and across the supply chain. Compliance with those guidelines should be enforced and monitored.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- Initiatives aimed at enhancing engagement with industry in its wider form, including not only Internet service providers and Internet content providers, but also application developers, should be encouraged. As mobile devices become increasingly popular the development of applications offer real opportunities but also threats. Applications can be used to facilitate the reporting of abuse, the understanding of exploitation and awareness-raising. However, applications can also pose harms and allow, for example, the swapping of illegal contacts and content. Initiatives must be put in place to involve not only Internet providers, but most importantly, application developers and hosts, to ensure that they do not produce or distribute applications that facilitate the exploitation of children.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- The underlying push and pull factors that affect illegal adoptions and the sale of children are multidimensional and linked to the political, legal, socioeconomic, cultural and environmental context, at both the national and transnational levels. Situations of poverty and economic hardship, the lack of birth registration and discrimination, including gender-based discrimination and violence, are prominent root causes of and risk factors for illegal adoption, abandonments and relinquishments. An overarching enabling factor for illegal adoptions is weak or inexistent child protection systems at the national and local levels.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- The 1993 Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption develops the principles set out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, including the principle of subsidiarity. According to article 4 (b) of the 1993 Hague Convention, an adoption shall take place only if the competent authorities of the State of origin have determined, after possibilities for placement of the child within the State of origin have been given due consideration, that an intercountry adoption is in the child's best interests. Even though article 24 (b) of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child explicitly requires intercountry adoption to be a measure of last resort, it has been interpreted as meaning that intercountry adoption is generally subsidiary to other alternative means of care. Therefore, all appropriate national alternative care solutions must be given due consideration before resorting to intercountry adoption.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Tackling the demand for the sexual exploitation of children 2016, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- A fundamental precondition in order for the laws to have an impact on the demand is consequently the effective implementation of provisions and penalties. An interesting indication of conviction rates worldwide comes from the 2015 Trafficking in Persons Report, which compiles law enforcement data provided by contributing States. Out of 10,051 prosecutions in 2014, only 4,443 led to convictions. Those statistics are estimates and relate to trafficking in persons in general, yet the cases include instances of child sexual exploitation. Moreover, the Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2014 concluded that among the detected victims of trafficking, 33 per cent were children and 53 per cent had been trafficked for sexual exploitation. The total number of victims identified in the Trafficking in Persons Report was 44,462 in 2014 which, combined with the above-mentioned figures, underlines the very significant gap between the extent of the crimes and the perpetrators involved and the law enforcement response worldwide.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Tackling the demand for the sexual exploitation of children 2016, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- Prosecution must also be ensured in cases of crimes committed abroad. This is the particular focus of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, which can be considered as a legal basis for extradition when there is no extradition treaty. Articles 6 and 7 also emphasize the duty of States parties to cooperate and assist with investigations, confiscations and extraditions relevant to those offences. There has consequently been a strong emphasis on extraterritorial legislation to prevent offenders from escaping prosecution. It should nonetheless be noted that judging the crime in the country of the offender, when he or she has been removed from the crime scene and the victim, is not always in the best interest of the child and of the investigation. Unfortunately, the principle of double criminality is often a stumbling block for the prosecution of offences committed abroad. The Committee on the Rights of the Child has thus consistently called for the waving of that principle in the context of child sexual exploitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Tackling the demand for the sexual exploitation of children 2016, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- In the specific case of military and peacekeeping troops and personnel, there is a lack of accountability in instances of sexual exploitation of children. Concrete measures are needed to ensure that those offenders are also prosecuted and convicted either at the international or national level. As far as United Nations peacekeeping troops and personnel are concerned, the Secretary-General has outlined a series of measures to ensure the investigation of those crimes and the prosecution of the perpetrators through the creation of immediate response teams, the imposition of strong sanctions, the repatriation of contingents and the referral to judicial authorities of host countries and contributing countries. He has also established an external independent review panel to assess the response of the United Nations to allegations of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse and other serious crimes by members of foreign military forces not under United Nations command in the Central African Republic. The Special Rapporteur looks forward to the panel's findings and hopes they will improve accountability.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Tackling the demand for the sexual exploitation of children 2016, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- The experience of child victims and their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the outcome of the trials in their cases needs to be taken into consideration. To ensure the prosecution and conviction of offenders, it is crucial to adopt child-sensitive justice procedures that facilitate the provision of testimony. In that regard, there has been a substantial amount of work and standard setting achieved, notably resulting in 2005 in the Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime of 2005. As has been outlined above, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography also places emphasis on the need for adequate procedures to seek compensation for damages from those legally responsible and the Committee on the Rights of the Child has continuously called on States to take all the measures necessary to implement the right to reparation. The Committee has similarly asked States to establish a fund for the compensation of victims for cases in which compensation cannot be obtained from the perpetrator.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- Private and independent adoptions are initiated and processed without the oversight of competent authorities, and therefore often involve illicit practices. They are incompatible with the 1993 Hague Convention. Many such adoptions, however, occur in countries of origin that are not parties to the Convention, where procedures and systems may fall below international standards. Some receiving States also permit private and independent adoptions when they are carried out from countries of origin that are not parties to the Convention. This may spur those determined to adopt at any cost to turn to non-States parties to the Convention.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- The above-mentioned motivations for carrying out illegal adoptions often overlapped, as was notably the case in Spain throughout the Franco regime and during the first decades of democracy. Indeed, the practice of illegally adopting children for ideological and religious reasons soon morphed into a profit-driven criminal activity. Thousands of newborn babies were reportedly abducted from their parents by criminal networks involved in large-scale illegal adoptions. Medical personnel and clergy members actively participated in the abduction of children. Newborn babies were abducted from hospitals and subsequently told that their parents had died. The children were then given to other parents following the falsification of documents and, in certain cases, payments.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Infants
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- Guatemala presents one of the few examples of investigation and prosecution efforts having been made with the aim of dismantling criminal structures. In 2011, with the support of the United Nations-backed International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala, the Public Prosecutor's Office proved the existence of a criminal structure involved in trafficking in children for the purpose of illegal intercountry adoptions operated by owners of residential facilities with the complicity of lawyers, registrars and judges. Despite the convictions, the case illustrated the difficulties in balancing the conflicting needs and desires of those involved in adoptions (adoptees, adoptive parents and biological parents) and the interests of justice.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 86
- Paragraph text
- Various countries emerging from conflict or an authoritarian regime have been confronted with allegations of systematic illegal adoptions as part of past large-scale abuses. Few countries have responded to victims' calls for truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence, however, and none have done so in a comprehensive manner. Argentina has pioneered such responses, in particular in relation to enforced disappearances, through truth-seeking and accountability. Genetic tracing and the establishment of a national genetic database have played a key role in identifying disappeared children who were subjected to illegal adoption and in efforts to seek judicial accountability. Moreover, the "disappeared" children, now adults, are stepping forward to uncover their biological origins and some are playing a role in the prosecution of their adoptive parents.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- International commercial surrogacy is a growing phenomenon quickly overtaking the number of intercountry adoptions. The international regulatory vacuum that persists in relation to international commercial surrogacy arrangements leaves children born through this method vulnerable to breaches of their rights, and the practice often amounts to the sale of children and may lead to illegal adoption. Indeed, several countries do not recognize such arrangements and, in order to establish a parent-child relationship, national laws often require parents to legally adopt the child born through international commercial surrogacy. However, if the international commercial surrogacy arrangement is found to amount to the sale of a child, the adoption too will consequently be illegal under international standards. Such a situation underscores the need for States to ensure that they are not inadvertently legitimizing the sale of children born through international commercial surrogacy by granting adoption orders.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Harmful Practices
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- In the face of poverty, inaccessibility to basic social services and lack of opportunity, families find themselves unable to ensure the development and safety of their children. They adopt survival strategies that may endanger their children. Some parents emigrate in search of a better future, leaving their children behind, while some children emigrate on their own initiative or at their family's urging, and are handed over, for a fee, to exploiting individuals who push them into work. These children are more vulnerable to all forms of exploitation and abuse.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- It must not be forgotten that boys are also victims of abuse and sexual exploitation. Poverty, lack of opportunities and the development of sex tourism are the main causes. Where the latter is concerned, some foreign predators, both men and women, are interested solely in sexual relations with boys. There is still a strong taboo surrounding the subject of prostitution of boys, especially where homosexual relations are concerned. In some countries where homosexuality is an offence, a sexually exploited boy under 18 may be punished by law for homosexual relations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Boys
- Men
- Women
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- Conflicts affect the safety and well-being of the most vulnerable populations, particularly children as they negatively impact on living conditions by exacerbating economic crises, destroy infrastructure and cause massive displacements of people both internally and beyond national borders outside the country. The lack of a family environment, the destruction of social safety-nets, instability and a culture of impunity mean that children are more likely to be subjected to forced labour, sale and trafficking, recruitment into armed forces and armed groups, early marriage or sexual exploitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 104
- Paragraph text
- Numerous national, regional and international efforts to prevent and combat these phenomena have unquestionably achieved some successes in providing protection for children. These include ratifications of conventions and protocols, legislative reforms, action plans, awareness activities and campaigns, the participation of children, child assistance and protection services, dismantling of criminal networks, involvement of the private sector within the context of corporate social responsibility, and regional and international cooperation efforts.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 107
- Paragraph text
- Numerous legislative reforms have been undertaken. However, despite these efforts, legal gaps persist in many countries. Some national legislation does not clearly define the concept of the sale of children or the legal age of marriage, criminalize all forms of sexual exploitation of children (taking into account the age of sexual consent), provide for free forensic assistance for children and protection and compensation for child victims, and/or establish extraterritorial jurisdiction with respect to all crimes involving the sexual exploitation of children.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 118
- Paragraph text
- Numerous transnational actions are being undertaken, including cooperation among police forces to facilitate the exchange of information and expertise and the provision of technical and financial support to developing countries. These mechanisms and/or processes that facilitate coordination at the national, regional and international levels should be enhanced and expanded, particularly given that, owing to the development of information technologies, trafficking networks, tourism and migration, the sale and sexual exploitation of children transcend national boundaries.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- To that end, there must be a shift away from the fragmented child protection responses we frequently see towards the proactive development of comprehensive, sustainable and context-specific child protection systems. Concerted efforts must be made to establish a coordinated set of social norms, laws, policies, regulations and services, capacities and monitoring and oversight activities across all social sectors - especially social welfare, education, health, security and justice - to prevent and respond to child protection-related issues and risks (see figure below).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 97
- Paragraph text
- Compared with the judicial system, IHRICs are generally more accessible as their complaint system is free of charge, does not require a lawyer, and is less formal and simpler to use. Accessibility is enhanced through local offices for the identification and transmission of cases. Some IHRICs proactively reach out to children, including by visiting schools, detention and care centres and other places where children spend time, including in remote areas. Most IHRICs can carry out investigations on their own initiative. Confidentiality is a critical element of this process.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 93
- Paragraph text
- During humanitarian crises following natural disasters or climate-related catastrophes, child-friendly and safe spaces should be established in temporary shelters or camps where every child can rest and play with a sense of normalcy and receive care and support under the supervision of trained professionals and appropriate security. Temporary shelter arrangements and the delivery of basic services should be established with a view to avoiding the accidental separation of children from their families.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 101a
- Paragraph text
- [Corporate social responsibility has received increased attention in recognition of the business sector's role in upholding and promoting human rights. In that context, the Children's Rights and Business Principles (2012) developed by UNICEF, the United Nations Global Compact and Save the Children, highlight the double nature of the role of the business sector with regards to children's rights:] The corporate responsibility to respect the human rights of others, including children, by avoiding infringements and addressing the human rights impact of business activities;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- Implementing a framework to coordinate and allocate the roles, responsibilities and resources of all actors on the ground is difficult in a natural disaster situation. Vast differences in organization mandates, resources and capacities tend to complicate a chaotic situation, which is further exacerbated by the absence of an effectively functioning legal and institutional framework of the State. An absence of information on the existence and location of children further compounds this problem, while gathered information is often incomplete.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 111
- Paragraph text
- In order to address the root causes of the sale and sexual exploitation of children, evidence on the extent of the phenomenon, its drivers, including the profiles of victims and abusers, and the effectiveness of responses, need to inform preventive measures. This requires solid data collection systems. However, the hidden nature and limited reporting of violations make it difficult to collect reliable information through official systems. Therefore, data also needs to be gathered through primary, qualitative research that seeks to reveal the dynamics at stake in a given context.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- Following the passage of Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar in 2008, the United Nations initiated a Protection of Women and Children Cluster that was jointly chaired by UNICEF and Save the Children. The cluster served as a forum for coordination and planning between the United Nations and NGOs to respond to the needs of child survivors who had lost families and other basic necessities. The response from all agencies was informed and coordinated, resulting in more efficient and effective programmes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Women
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- In addition, as the lack of human resources and technical expertise, possible lack of political will and sometimes corruption - in many destination countries - jeopardizes prosecution processes against travelling child sex offenders, NGOs are often critical partners of law enforcement officers. NGOs like APLE in Cambodia or the International Justice Mission in several countries, for instance, continue to provide support in reporting, investigating and prosecuting cases where security forces do not currently have the necessary capacity.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- Access to safety and medical and psychosocial support is of primary importance. Children need individualized support that takes into consideration their particular circumstances. Children have been known to run away from shelters back to brothels, as they had not believed the "rescue mission" to really be a rescue or were scared to testify against the perpetrator. Currently, as the Special Rapporteur has noted throughout her various country missions, victim support services are mostly provided by NGOs. Very few care and rehabilitation centres are run by States.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- It is important to note that the Code has been assessed and evaluated on a periodic base throughout the initiative to ensure and strengthen its impact. A 2011 independent evaluation by UNICEF identified the Code's strengths, weaknesses, gaps and lessons learned. A key strength highlighted by the report was the positive impact on staff of the training provided on the Code. Challenges, on the other hand, included members' limited progress in implementing a clause with suppliers, providing information to key local persons at destinations and prioritizing reporting their activities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 82
- Paragraph text
- With a view to sharing information and providing legal support, memoranda of understanding and bilateral agreements have been drafted between different countries. In July 2012, for example, the Austrian Federal Minister of the Interior concluded a police cooperation agreement with Thailand, which facilitates the cooperation between the two countries inter alia in the fight against human trafficking, child pornography and sex tourism. Since 2011, a police attaché to the Austrian Embassy in Bangkok has been assisting in the investigation and prosecution of alleged perpetrators.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 88
- Paragraph text
- Great attention has been given to the problem of child sex tourism by the United States Department of State's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, especially in its 2006 edition of the Trafficking in Persons Report. References to origin and destination countries in the report indicate that the Office is evaluating foreign Governments' efforts against child sex tourism as part of its reporting mechanism, thereby sending a string message to countries on the issue. The Office also works to combat the problem of child sex tourism via its grant-making initiatives.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Approach, vision and work methods 2014, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur will strive to ensure coordination and complementarity with relevant special procedures mandates and other United Nations mechanisms and bodies. She will make every effort to mainstream the protection and promotion of children's rights within the special procedures system, and will advocate human rights-based approaches in the work of United Nations agencies, funds and programmes that address child protection issues. She will also seek to enhance cooperation with regional mechanisms on children's rights.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- Illegal adoption is also an extremely hidden phenomenon. However, a review of the situation of intercountry adoption points to heightened risks of illegal adoption due to the conjunction of various factors. Existing records suggest that there has been an increase in intercountry adoptions worldwide between 2000 and 2004, followed by a significant decrease. Demand for adoption has continued to increase, while supply decreases, creating the conditions for abuse, corruption, excessive fees amounting to the sale of children, and the illegal adoption of children.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Harmful Practices
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- The importance of gathering the right evidence cannot be overstated. Pictures and videos, victim and witness testimonies, items of clothing, medical examinations and written and online communications or records all need to be considered. In most cases, however, collecting this kind of evidence requires specific expertise, particularly when it needs to meet the standards required by the countries of origin. Many countries do have, however, law enforcement agents in their embassies who can play a determining role in this process.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 92
- Paragraph text
- Prevention is the key to an effective, rights-based child protection system. It aims to avoid harm or mitigate its effects, including by avoiding revictimization. Primary prevention involves the universal provision of quality social services in order to prevent problems from arising. Secondary prevention concentrates on specific at-risk groups by providing additional targeted support. Tertiary prevention targets perpetrators and/or victims to limit the effects of the violation and prevent it from reoccurring.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 114
- Paragraph text
- When possible, children should be evacuated from their place of residence with adult family members. Separation should be undertaken as a last resort, on a temporary basis, and only where it has been determined that protection and assistance cannot be provided in that location and when evacuation of the entire family is not possible or feasible. Evacuations should be kept to a location as close as possible to the child's home and family and undertaken with the informed and written consent of the parents and in the best interests of the child.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- An important area for partnership between civil society and governments concerns the provision of safe mechanisms for particularly vulnerable children, who are often hard to reach through government services. Marginalized children include those lacking parental care, those placed in institutional settings or in detention, those living and working in the streets, those with disabilities, those in extreme poverty, those trapped in child labour, or those on the move, including as migrants or asylum-seekers, as well as children in situations of armed conflict.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Persons with disabilities
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- The most successful empowerment programmes work on the regional and community levels, as they ensure that people in neighbouring countries and locations are able to identify the same behaviour. RedNATIC is a grouping of charities from 10 Latin American countries dedicated to offering resources to children to safeguard them from abuse and exploitation. Such regional groupings are better placed to work with schools and communities to ensure the message gets through at the local level and that the message is seen by children.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- Article 10 of the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography requires States to strengthen cooperation by multilateral, regional and bilateral arrangements. Article 6 further requires States to cooperate in the investigation, extradition or criminal proceedings brought in respect of the abuse or exploitation of children. The issue of mutual legal assistance is crucial in combating child exploitation. Extraterritorial jurisdiction for those crimes could have a deterrent effect, but requires effective international cooperation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- As noted above, the role of INTERPOL in the field of combating child exploitation has become prominent. The European Police Office (Europol) also has established expertise in that field, including through the provision of training and advice. North American law enforcement - most notably the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the United States Postal Inspection Service and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police - have also adopted the approach of facilitating the investigation of those crimes through the provision of mutual legal assistance and training.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- In any case, there appears to be further room for international cooperation among governments in that regard, for instance, through the establishment of a permanent global task force to combat sexual exploitation of children, including online. The task force would be in charge of conducting peer review of policies, legislation and practices (which would allow good practices and gaps to be identified), and mentoring other countries developing legislation, policy and strategies to combat online sexual exploitation of children.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- The success of the Financial Coalition led to Europe creating its own financial coalition. The European Financial Coalition against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children Online was established in 2009 and consists of some of the major online payment providers but with fewer banks. Other regions have also developed their own versions, the latest being the Asia Pacific Financial Coalition. Each region should establish a coalition to make it increasingly difficult for people to exploit children for financial benefit.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 67
- Paragraph text
- Due to the control their employers exercise over them, children sold for the purpose of forced labour are particularly vulnerable to violence and abuse. For example, child labour in domestic work makes children vulnerable to sexual violence and abuse, as well as beatings and degrading treatment. Children, in particular girls, involved in forced labour in manufacturing, such as the garment industry, are often victims of sexual violence. In armed conflict, systematic sexual violence and enslavement is often a daily reality for girls (see A/HRC/32/CRP.2).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Girls
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- Children are among those who are most familiar with information and communication technologies. While new technologies offer a myriad of opportunities for children, they also present new risks and threats. Criminal behaviour facilitated by new technologies includes online child abuse material and online sexual exploitation of children. Moreover, information and communication technologies facilitate new forms of criminal behaviour, such as the live streaming of child abuse and the online solicitation of children.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 98
- Paragraph text
- The present study has shown that when harmful practices are socially accepted, protective factors are low and pull factors strong, a child can be sold and exploited in forced labour conditions. Addressing the issue therefore requires comprehensive approaches that take into account the demand factor as well as the specific vulnerabilities of children being sold for the purpose of forced labour, while recognizing children as rights holders, entitled to protection but also to recognition of their agency in function of their evolving capacities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- Lack of a protective environment in production countries, combined with high levels of demand in high-income countries, provides fertile ground for labour exploitation. A study on the situation of children in cocoa farms has highlighted how their families and children themselves are lured by intermediaries into following them to find work, only to be engaged in forced labour without the possibility of leaving. The fishing industry has also involved a number of children in forced labour, as a result of various forms of sale, including bonded labour.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 119
- Paragraph text
- Despite many efforts undertaken at different levels by various actors, much remains to be done to prevent scores of children from being sold and sexually exploited, and child abuse materials from being produced, used and disseminated. Each day, more children become the victims of such crimes and have their childhood stolen. There is an urgent need to accelerate the development of effective and sustainable prevention measures.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 122a (ii)
- Paragraph text
- [To that end, the Special Rapporteur recommends the following actions:] Improve the knowledge and understanding of the complex, multidimensional and evolving aspects of the sale and sexual exploitation of children, through:Analysing the issue of the demand: information on the motivations of offenders and the rationale for reoffending would be essential in order to ensure that preventive measures targeting demand are relevant;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 80
- Paragraph text
- The implementation of child protection systems requires a global mapping and assessment to be carried out, in accordance with the relevant principles and components, with a view to identifying the main issues relating to child protection and examining the scope and capacity of existing child protection laws, policies, strategies and programmes, including informal child protection mechanisms (that rely, for example, on traditional and custom-based authority or community-based organizations).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 82c
- Paragraph text
- [The mapping and assessment will contribute to enabling all actors involved in child protection, including children and communities, to outline a future national policy that complies with children's rights instruments and standards by doing the following:] Establishing a centralized, standardized and reliable information system, thus enabling a better analysis of data and of emerging and long-term trends and information-sharing between relevant entities at the national level;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 86
- Paragraph text
- In the Rio de Janeiro Declaration and Call for Action to Prevent and Stop Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents it was recommended that a comprehensive framework be established by 2013 to harmonize and facilitate coordination and cooperation at the national, regional and international levels among all relevant stakeholders, including child-led organizations, to enable and support concrete actions to prevent and stop the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 108
- Paragraph text
- These mechanisms are a core component of the national child protection system, and should be anchored in child-rights laws and policies, supported by integrated services for children, and pursued with initiatives to change social norms, attitudes, behaviours and practices that condone violence. It is critical to address the root causes of tolerance of violence against children, reasons for underreporting, and barriers for accessing available services.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 96d
- Paragraph text
- [At the national level] [At the national level] [Specifically in respect of intercountry adoptions:] In dealing with States not parties to the 1993 Hague Convention, receiving countries that are parties to the Convention should apply as far as practicable the standards and safeguards of the Convention, prevent their nationals and agencies from creating a situation where illegal adoptions are bound to occur and assist authorities in States not parties to the Convention in stemming the flow;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 99
- Paragraph text
- [At the international level] The Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women should request States parties to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography to provide information about concerns related to illegal adoptions and international commercial surrogacy arrangements, notably in preparation for the Committee's consideration of periodic reports.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Women
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 29a
- Paragraph text
- [With regard to reporting, comprehensive legal frameworks should:] Ensure that it is mandatory for professionals working with children to report instances where there is a suspicion or a risk of children being sold or sexually exploited. The obligation to report should be included in the codes of conduct and regulations of professional associations and in all institutions and agencies that regularly work with children at risk, including schools, residential and institutional facilities, medical services and law enforcement bodies;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 104
- Paragraph text
- In response to risks, various strategies have been adopted for prevention, including hotlines established by States, non-governmental organizations and Internet service providers. Some have an international scope, such as the Association of Internet Hotline Providers, a network of 44 hotlines in 38 countries, where the public can report child sexual abuse. Several websites used by children have also added abuse alert buttons for children to report illicit content or sexual solicitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- First brought to the world's attention in the early 1990s, CST has been an evolving and mobile issue. While it has been recorded as a persistent problem in several locations around the world since those days, it has also been identified as an emerging trend in numerous other destinations. As child protection laws, mechanisms and prevention efforts are strengthened by States, civil society and the tourism industry in some countries, neighbouring countries become obvious alternative destinations for travelling sex offenders.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- Other main international legal instruments providing a legal basis to combat child sexual exploitation include the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and International Labour Organization Convention No. 105 (1957) concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour and Convention No. 182 (1999) concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Women
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- In some African countries, village committees have been established to monitor, report and follow up on child rights violations, including sexual exploitation. However, the connection between informal reporting structures in schools, religious organizations and communities and formal reporting systems is often tenuous. Although codes of conduct have been developed to prevent and monitor child exploitation, they frequently lack mechanisms to monitor and enforce their implementation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- Numerous countries have established child-friendly reporting and complaint mechanisms such as telephone hotline services for reporting children at risk or experiencing exploitation. The Colombian Institute of Family Welfare created a special telephone line operated by forensic psychologists and social workers for reporting cases of child victims of sexual violence that allows victims to be referred to the appropriate services for psychological first aid and counselling by relevant entities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Tackling the demand for the sexual exploitation of children 2016, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- Organized crime groups, which usually fulfil the role of facilitators to service the demand for child sexual exploitation, can also include contact offenders. The perpetrators may be preferential or situational offenders and will sexually abuse the child directly as part of the enslavement or grooming process. In general, the involvement of organized crime and the subsequent sexual exploitation of children is motivated by the vulnerability of the child rather than a specific sexual interest in children.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 41b
- Paragraph text
- [Many norms and recommendations have been adopted on the sensitivity of proceedings concerning children affected by violence. They often focus on investigations and legal proceedings, although less on the receipt and handling of complaints, which are a critical initial stage of a legal or administrative process. In this regard, some principles should be respected:] The child's right to privacy and to participation in meetings or interviews in a secure and reassuring environment;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 41d
- Paragraph text
- [Many norms and recommendations have been adopted on the sensitivity of proceedings concerning children affected by violence. They often focus on investigations and legal proceedings, although less on the receipt and handling of complaints, which are a critical initial stage of a legal or administrative process. In this regard, some principles should be respected:] The child's right to protection from discrimination and to be treated in accordance with the principle of equality;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 88
- Paragraph text
- The highly transnational nature of the sale and sexual exploitation of children, which frequently entails children being transferred from one country to another and often involves transnational criminal networks, calls for coordinated preventive measures across countries, in particular neighbouring countries. Compliance with international standards plays an important role in ensuring a common understanding of the nature of the crimes and fosters cooperation among countries.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Tackling the demand for the sexual exploitation of children 2016, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- Another noteworthy project was the collaboration between ECPAT France and Air France, as well as the sports newspaper L'Equipe, among others, in the context of the FIFA World Cup in 2014 to prevent the sexual exploitation of children on the fringes of such a major sporting event. The campaign from ECPAT France entitled "Don't look away" was disseminated by the two private sector partners in an attempt to ensure that potential offenders understood that the sexual exploitation of children abroad would still be prosecuted.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- Increased attention has also been paid to the need for due diligence, a process whereby private companies are called upon to ensure respect for human rights standards and to set up adequate mechanisms to that end. The European Commission has devoted specific attention to the situation of employment and recruitment agencies in that context, issuing a guidebook inviting such agencies to consider the impact of their practices on human rights, including in countries with weak legal and institutional frameworks.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 25b
- Paragraph text
- [Several international and regional instruments on the rights of children contain provisions and detailed standards that prohibit, prevent and respond to all forms of sale and sexual exploitation of children:] The Optional Protocol requires States parties to prohibit the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, adapt legal and investigative procedures to the special needs of child victims, including as witnesses, provide support services, inform children of their rights, their role and the scope, timing and progress of proceedings, avoid unnecessary delay, allow the views, needs and concerns of children to be presented and considered, uphold their right to privacy and protect them against intimidation and retaliation. In addition, the Optional Protocol provides for the best interests of the child to be a primary consideration in the treatment of victims in the criminal justice system and for the persons who work with victims to receive appropriate training;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- The definition of "child" in article 1 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child also applies to the Optional Protocol. Some countries define a child as an individual under the age of 18, but others take into account the age of criminal responsibility or the age of consent to sexual activity, which may vary between 13 and 16. In countries where prostitution is legal, the sexual exploitation of children who have reached the age of consent is not considered an offence and therefore such children are not identified as victims. In countries where prostitution is illegal, children who have reached the age of criminal responsibility and who are not found to have been the victims of pimps or traffickers are treated as offenders.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- There is no sharp conceptual distinction between complaints and reports. Complaints result from the failure to prevent violence and ensure the effective protection of victims. In the present report, the term "complaint" is used to refer to communications about violence made by victims or those acting on their behalf to some competent authority in the expectation of receiving protection, assistance or redress, including the investigation of incidents of violence and the imposition of sanctions against those found responsible. The term "reporting" is used here to refer to communications on incidents of violence made to the competent authorities by someone, be it a child or an adult, other than the victim.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- Second, complaints and reporting on violence against children are intimately related to the larger issues of criminal and child protection proceedings. Whether complaints and reports lead to appropriate legal or other relevant action is a key indicator of their effectiveness. Unfortunately, many challenges prevail with a persisting lack of information on the outcome of child protection and criminal proceedings involving child victims, on the gap between incidents reported and cases handled by the courts and other competent authorities, and on the impact of such proceedings on the children concerned.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- States have a leading responsibility in safeguarding children's protection from violence, through counselling, complaint and reporting mechanisms. Many other actors promote this goal, including national human rights institutions, civil-society organizations, in particular NGOs and community-based organizations, professional associations, religious groups, foundations and the private sector. Moreover, child participation is vital to break the invisibility of violence and inform child-sensitive approaches, including the development of safe and effective counselling, reporting and complaint mechanisms.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- Children's views and recommendations helped shape the United Nations study and remain essential for its follow-up; they were also highly relevant in the special session of the General Assembly on children (8-10 May 2002) and in the three World Congresses against sexual exploitation of children and adolescents. Some of children's key recommendations include: increased access to information on the rights of the child and accessibility to child-friendly services, including telephone helplines with free access; establishment of child protection agencies in local communities to protect vulnerable children; and the creation of an ombudsman's office in each country.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- During field missions and consultations held with children by the Special Representative and the Special Rapporteur, children complained about the lack or insufficient availability of such mechanisms and their inability to provide support in a safe, child-sensitive and effective manner. They recognized that mechanisms are insufficiently known by children, who have limited access to information, particularly in rural or remote areas; mechanisms are largely inaccessible to vulnerable children, including those with disabilities or belonging to minorities. Children voiced their lack of confidence in existing services and the fear that these may disclose children's privacy and put them at risk of further harassment and reprisals.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons with disabilities
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- In many countries important initiatives have been undertaken to raise public awareness about the need to protect children from violence, to promote non-violent and positive child-rearing and parenting skills, and to encourage child rights training for relevant professionals. Children's skills in violence prevention are enhanced through child clubs and debates in school settings and peer-to-peer initiatives, such as trainings and awareness-raising offered by youth for young people in community spaces. These valuable initiatives enhance the understanding of what child victims may endure, and encourage those at risk to feel confident in seeking help and reporting incidents of violence.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- This Protocol supplements the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which is the key international instrument for the protection of the rights of children, and in particular the right to be protected from all forms of abuse, violence, abandonment and exploitation (see in particular, article 34 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which recognizes the right of children to be protected from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse and that all exploited children are rights-holders under the Convention on the Rights of the Child, especially with regard to recovery and reintegration under article 39).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 111
- Paragraph text
- Where mechanisms do not exist, States should establish by law, and promote and implement safe, child-sensitive counselling, complaint and reporting mechanisms in compliance with the guiding principles and requirements mentioned above, as a core dimension of a well-functioning and well-resourced national child protection system, which is universally available to and accessible by all children without discrimination of any kind. Such mechanisms should be grounded in a solid legal framework framed by international standards, prohibiting all forms of violence against children, and safeguarding the rights of child victims and witnesses, and should be provided with the necessary financial means and well-trained human resources to act in a timely, ethical, child-sensitive and effective manner.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 90
- Paragraph text
- Research data is limited, but some evidence indicates that children with disabilities may be up to five times more likely to experience physical, psychological, or sexual violence, less likely to be addressed by prevention programmes or to attract targeted protection services, and less able to challenge or protect themselves from incidents of violence. This explains, inter alia, the special barriers in accessing justice and being accepted as credible witnesses, and the pervasive impunity of abusers. The universal ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities will be an essential step to secure the protection of these children from violence.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons with disabilities
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- Extreme global weather conditions have a disproportionately negative impact on the world's poorest and most vulnerable people. It is known that the most vulnerable populations face different levels of risk and have different capacities to recover. A huge proportion of those at risk are children, many of whom are living in low-income countries. Save the Children estimates that over the next ten years, up to 175 million children are likely to be affected by natural disasters each year. Multiple interacting political and socio-economic factors increase children's vulnerability to sale and exploitation, and humanitarian crises, such as natural disasters, further increase this vulnerability.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 49d
- Paragraph text
- [Preventive measures must include steps to promote sustainable education and awareness-raising, including by:] Making available in schools sex education programmes that provide information on healthy sexual development, safe sex and reproduction, and emphasize gender equality, self-respect, empowerment and respect for others. In the absence of such programmes, the proliferation of images and videos through information and communications technologies may shape children's first ideas about sexuality and sexual behaviour, increasing the risk that they will reproduce while still young or become victims of abusive behaviour;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 112d
- Paragraph text
- [Where mechanisms exist, it is critical to secure their availability to and accessibility by all children, without discrimination, and to ensure that they act in an ethical, effective and child-sensitive manner and pursue the best interests of the child at all times. To this end:] Capacity-building and training initiatives should be developed to ensure that those working with and for children have the necessary knowledge and skills, and abide by child rights principles and ethical standards when providing children with counselling when interviewing or supporting them in reporting and complaint proceedings or in relevant recovery and reintegration programmes. These efforts should promote a collaborative and integrated approach among relevant professionals, including in the medical, legal, social and educational areas. Where not available, mental health systems for children and adolescents should be developed;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 112e
- Paragraph text
- [Where mechanisms exist, it is critical to secure their availability to and accessibility by all children, without discrimination, and to ensure that they act in an ethical, effective and child-sensitive manner and pursue the best interests of the child at all times. To this end:] Awareness-raising efforts should be promoted to inform children and their families about children's rights, and information on effective remedies to address incidents of violence and on available services for assistance and support should be well publicized. Information should be made available on where to benefit from confidential advice, and on how and where to report incidents and lodge complaints. Information and services that are age- and language-appropriate and gender- and disability-sensitive should be put in place to enable access and ensure support to all children without discrimination of any kind;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- Various guiding principles and standards have been developed by United Nations agencies and other international organizations, such as the Practice Standards in Children's Participation produced by Save the Children in 2005 and the Minimum Standards for Consulting with Children developed by the Inter-Agency Working Group on Children's Participation (comprising ECPAT International, Knowing Children, Plan, Save the Children, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Regional Office for East Asia and the Pacific, and World Vision Asia Pacific) in 2007. The latter were developed to improve the quality of consultations, maintain consistency and minimize potential abuse and exploitation during participation. They were designed to be applicable in various contexts and to describe the minimum expectations of behaviour by adults and children at consultation events.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- Numerous initiatives have been launched by stakeholders throughout the world to secure child participation in preventing and combating the sale and sexual exploitation of children. In the present section, the Special Rapporteur provides a brief overview of practices that have led to specific changes in ways of working with children as partners. Preference was given to documented practices relating specifically to the subject of the present report, bearing in mind geographical representation. Although these examples are not exhaustive and may need to be adapted to suit particular contexts, many are worth replicating.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- Children have been involved in the development and execution of projects to prevent and combat the sale and sexual exploitation of children around the world.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- Helplines have been set up as a safety net for children in many countries and should be an essential component of any information-sharing and reporting strategy on violence against and abuse and exploitation of children. These toll-free numbers provide children with information and immediate confidential support and link them with appropriate services. According to data provided by Child Helpline International, more than 14.5 million children (or adults on behalf of children) contacted helplines around the world in 2008. With the continuously expanding use of information and communications technology, including mobile telephony, text messaging, instant messaging and the Internet, some barriers preventing children from making use of existing helplines are being overcome.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 101
- Paragraph text
- A comprehensive overview is needed to review mandate issues as well as the effective coordination between relevant stakeholders. All organizations and sectoral services should review their delivery processes in emergency situations to ensure that their systems and practices do not, even inadvertently, heighten risks faced by children. They must also ensure that their policy and programmatic activities are in full compliance with the guidelines and standards established by international organizations and inter-agency initiatives in relation to child protection in natural disasters.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 109
- Paragraph text
- Efforts should be undertaken to accurately record the basic details of a child's identity, including the name of the child and her/his parents, details of their residence and community, the date of evacuation, and to whom the child was entrusted for care. Each child should receive a copy of his/her file which should stay on their person and should include travel documents. Each child should have a name tag pinned to his/her clothing which also indicates the name of the child's community of origin. When possible, a photograph of the child should be taken and included in the files. Copies of files should be given to parents, national authorities, the organization responsible for evacuation (if necessary) and a neutral monitoring agency, such as the ICRC's Central Tracing Agency.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- While the Convention on the Rights of the Child does not explicitly include a right to participation, it contains a cluster of articles considered to be "participation articles". The term "participation" has been adopted by the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the wider child rights community to describe the realization of the rights enshrined in those articles. Article 12 of the Convention states that every child capable of forming views has the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting him or her and that those views must be given due weight in accordance with the child's age and maturity. This is not only a fundamental right, but also a guiding principle of the Convention. Article 5 points out that, when providing direction and guidance in the exercise by children of their rights, parents and other guardians must take into consideration the evolving capacities of children. Articles 13 to 17 further address the child's right to freedom of expression, thought, conscience, religion, association, peaceful assembly, protection of privacy and access to information and material.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- Premised on the understanding that separation is preventable, the Inter-agency guiding principles on unaccompanied and separated children outline specific actions to be taken at the policy and field levels, and address prevention, family tracing and reunification, interim care and long-term solutions. The document also outlines three complementary types of action that are needed to help unaccompanied and separated children, namely, responsive action to prevent, stop and/or alleviate the immediate effects of a specific pattern of abuse; remedial action to restore dignified living conditions through rehabilitation, restitution and reparation; and environment building to create and/or consolidate an environment (political, institutional, legal, social, cultural and economic) that enables full respect for the rights of the child.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- The Global Youth Partnership Project against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children is aimed at improving the lives of affected children by empowering survivors and those at risk to advocate their own right to be protected. Through leadership training sessions led by young people, peer support programmes, microprojects led by young people and improvements in shelter care services, children learn how to better protect themselves and others while actively lobbying Governments to uphold their commitments to combating the commercial sexual exploitation of children. The psychosocial impact of the initiative is manifested in the participating children's increased resilience, confidence, creativity, self-esteem and social and life skills.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- The Children's House in Iceland is a specialized institution, operating under the auspices of the Government Agency for Child Protection, which offers a comprehensive set of services in response to actual or potential cases of child sexual abuse, including facilities for child-friendly interviews of children involved in criminal justice processes. It offers multidisciplinary services provided through an integrated approach that prevents repeated interviews and ensures prompt and comprehensive referral of child victims to all relevant services. This has led to an increase in the number of complaints, prosecutions and convictions for acts of sexual violence against children. The Children's House served more than 2,000 children within its first 10 years of operation and its success has led to children's houses being set up in Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 88
- Paragraph text
- The recommendations and results of child-led research are not systematically taken into consideration and followed up on by the relevant institutions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 92
- Paragraph text
- The provision of accessible and child-friendly feedback to children on their participation is not institutionalized.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 95
- Paragraph text
- Child participation is critical to the development of any national strategy based on child rights that is designed to prevent the sale and sexual exploitation of children and ensure their protection, recovery and reintegration. Child participation helps to widen the outreach of advocacy and awareness-raising initiatives and empowers children to gain confidence and trust and promote peer education about the harm caused by sale and sexual exploitation. Children's perspectives and experiences contribute to consolidating effective child protection systems and upholding a culture of respect for children's rights. Children's views and recommendations enrich the design of policies and the enactment of legislation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- A gender perspective highlights the fact that boys and girls face different types of risks. Girls often face discrimination in accessing social services. In many societies, the right of girls to education is compromised owing to their unequal status, depriving them of an important protective element. Gender-based violence is a common feature across societies and is exacerbated in times of conflict and crisis. The sexual exploitation of girls has become a weapon of war, making victims subject to stigmatization and marginalization within their own communities. Boys are not immune to abuse. The exploitation of boys, including for prostitution, is often taboo, especially where homosexual relations are concerned, making prevention strategies even more difficult.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Boys
- Girls
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 108
- Paragraph text
- The Financial Coalition against Child Pornography in the United States of America, for example, is an alliance between the public sector and leading banks, credit card companies, electronic payment networks, third party payments companies and Internet service companies, which together representing nearly 90 per cent of the payment industry in the country, aiming to combat child pornography. The model has expanded worldwide. A similar coalition was created in the Asia and Pacific region. In 2012, the European Financial Coalition against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children Online was launched, with support from the European Commission.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 101d
- Paragraph text
- [A mapping and assessment of child participation must be carried out, in accordance with the relevant principles and standards, with a view to identifying the remaining achievements and gaps. The mapping process must involve all the principal stakeholders in child protection (public and private sectors, national human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations), including children and communities, with a view to ensuring effective and sustainable child participation. If necessary, legislative changes should be introduced to protect and promote child participation rights in order:] To ensure the availability of and access to child-sensitive and appropriate information (in local languages and various formats) that is suitable for children with disabilities and children of diverse ages and at various stages of maturity, including the very young, and to involve children in producing and delivering such material;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons with disabilities
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 101e
- Paragraph text
- [A mapping and assessment of child participation must be carried out, in accordance with the relevant principles and standards, with a view to identifying the remaining achievements and gaps. The mapping process must involve all the principal stakeholders in child protection (public and private sectors, national human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations), including children and communities, with a view to ensuring effective and sustainable child participation. If necessary, legislative changes should be introduced to protect and promote child participation rights in order:] To establish and maintain a child-friendly and enabling environment that ensures protection and safety, and to design and implement awareness-raising programmes targeting adults (parents, caregivers, professionals and policymakers) with a view to changing social perceptions and promoting child participation in families, schools, institutions, communities and policymaking spaces;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 101f
- Paragraph text
- [A mapping and assessment of child participation must be carried out, in accordance with the relevant principles and standards, with a view to identifying the remaining achievements and gaps. The mapping process must involve all the principal stakeholders in child protection (public and private sectors, national human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations), including children and communities, with a view to ensuring effective and sustainable child participation. If necessary, legislative changes should be introduced to protect and promote child participation rights in order:] To provide active and sustainable support to children, including sufficient resources, qualified and confident staff and efficient training and support, so as to ensure their full participation and understanding;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 101g
- Paragraph text
- [A mapping and assessment of child participation must be carried out, in accordance with the relevant principles and standards, with a view to identifying the remaining achievements and gaps. The mapping process must involve all the principal stakeholders in child protection (public and private sectors, national human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations), including children and communities, with a view to ensuring effective and sustainable child participation. If necessary, legislative changes should be introduced to protect and promote child participation rights in order:] To ensure the enhanced recovery and skill development of victims who are part of the child participation process;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 101h
- Paragraph text
- [A mapping and assessment of child participation must be carried out, in accordance with the relevant principles and standards, with a view to identifying the remaining achievements and gaps. The mapping process must involve all the principal stakeholders in child protection (public and private sectors, national human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations), including children and communities, with a view to ensuring effective and sustainable child participation. If necessary, legislative changes should be introduced to protect and promote child participation rights in order:] To ensure that there are well-trained professionals, whose skills are regularly updated, who are willing and able to support and listen to children;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 87
- Paragraph text
- Given extreme complexity of crimes of child sex tourism, Interpol works closely with other agencies and NGOs in this area. Project Childhood for example brought together Interpol, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and World Vision to address and combat the issue of sexual exploitation and trafficking in the Greater Mekong region. The Project takes a dual approach to fighting the sources of child exploitation in the travel and tourism sectors, working both on prevention and protection by: providing capacity-building of law enforcement agencies, technical assistance responding to key legislative, training and cooperation gaps and needs, raising awareness, promoting tourism alternatives that do not exploit children and supporting victims.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 90
- Paragraph text
- While many efforts have been made at global and national levels to set standards and develop policies and laws in view of preventing and combating child sexual exploitation in travel and tourism, challenges still remain due to: the lack of available data; the legal gaps persisting in many countries and legal disparities between countries; insufficient awareness-raising and training; the weakness of child-sensitive complaint mechanism, care and protection services owing partly to scarce resources and duly trained staff; the weak consideration of children's inputs and participation; the insufficiency of transnational cooperation facilitating the sharing of information and technical expertise; the lack of prosecution of offenders and of extraterritorial jurisdiction; and the lack of cooperation from some business operators.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 94a
- Paragraph text
- [Comprehensive legal frameworks should be established or strengthened to address all forms of children sexual exploitation, including in travel and tourism, encompassing prevention, protection of victims and prosecution of offenders:] National legislation must be harmonized with the ratified instruments and therefore comply with international legal standards. In this process, a standardized legislative framework should be developed to be adopted by all countries, containing common definitions (age of the child, offences and guaranteeing the best interest of the child);
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Approach, vision and work methods 2014, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur will continue to apply a broad interpretation of the scope of her mandate on the basis of the aforementioned resolutions, which require her, among other things, to consider matters relating to the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and to make recommendations on the promotion and protection of the human rights of children who are actual or potential victims. Consequently, in line with the work of her predecessors, the Special Rapporteur will continue to address issues relating to the sexual abuse of, violence against and exploitation of children, with the ultimate goal of promoting a greater level of protection by the stakeholders concerned, in particular Member States. She intends to remain alert to emerging trends and specific aspects of the phenomena and to study the threats and risk factors that enhance the vulnerability of children to them, with the aim of proposing and promoting comprehensive strategies and good practices to combat the sale and sexual exploitation of children effectively.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- With regard to awareness-raising, tour operators, travel agencies, airlines and other travel and tourism companies have developed information materials to inform their customers that CST is a problem which not only does exist in multiple tourist destinations, but is also illegal and has dire consequences for children. Information materials include travel brochures, ticket-holders, luggage tags, video clips and public service announcements. Recognizing the importance of having informed and skilled human resources to implement prevention and protection initiatives, both travel/tourism companies and law enforcement agencies have also developed specific training programmes on the issue of CST.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Approach, vision and work methods 2014, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- At the regional level, relevant instruments relating to the mandate include the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, the Inter-American Convention on International Traffic in Minors and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Women
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- With the mainstreaming of responsible and sustainable tourism and corporate social responsibility, companies have realized the importance of their role in protecting children from CST. Organizations such as the International Hotel and Restaurant Association or the International Association of Travel and Tourism Professionals have made public declarations condemning sexual exploitation of children in tourism and promoting action by NGOs and travel companies to ensure that tourists are not involved in such exploitation. Additional public declarations have been made by the International Air Transport Association, the Federation of International Youth Travel Organizations and the Group of National Tour Operators' Associations within the European Union.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- Most significant, however, in the area of CSR has been the development of the Code of Conduct for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation in Travel and Tourism, an industry-driven, multi-stakeholder initiative which seeks to increase protection of children from sexual exploitation in travel and tourism. All members of the tourism industry can join the Code and commit themselves to implementing six practical criteria: to establish an ethical policy regarding commercial sexual exploitation of children; to train the personnel in the country of origin and travel destinations; to introduce clauses in contracts with suppliers, stating a common repudiating of sexual exploitation of children; to provide information to travellers by means of awareness materials (catalogues, brochures, in-flight films, ticket-slips, home pages, etc); to provide information to local "key persons" in tourism destinations; and to report annually. The implementation is flexible, depending on the profile, scale of operation, type of company and applicable national legislation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 91
- Paragraph text
- Hearing children's views is a state obligation under the Convention on the Rights of the Child. It is also critical to make prevention effective by identifying the concrete problems children face and designing adequate solutions. It also plays an important role in helping to break taboos, question social acceptance of abuse and influence social norms. Children can play an active role in sensitizing their peers on risky behaviours and the realities of sexual exploitation. By supporting children to exercise of their rights, child participation also contributes to their empowerment, enhancing their ability to resist exploitation, report violations, and builds resilience. In its General Comment No. 13, the Committee on the Rights of the Child has highlighted that children need to be fully involved in prevention strategies for their protection from violence.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- The Child Wise Tourism programme is Child Wise's longest running overseas programme operating across South-East Asia. The goal of the project is to support regional Governments, tourism authorities and police to take the lead in establishing policy and practices which prevent child sex tourism and other forms of child sexual exploitation. It also aims to ensure a protective environment for children in tourism destinations, which assists in preventing child sex tourism. Over the last 12 years, Child Wise has implemented the programme in Thailand, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Cambodia, Viet Nam, Myanmar, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Brunei Darussalam and Indonesia. It has fostered action through a country-specific approach that is grounded in unified regional goals enabling regional level comparison, cooperation and collaboration. Stakeholders have come together in regional education campaigns, forums, meetings and follow-ups to work to ensure the sustainability of programmes to prevent child sex tourism in the region. In October 2010, ECPAT Netherlands, Plan Nederland, the travel agents TUI Netherlands, the Dutch Association of Travel Agents and Tour Operators (ANVR), Fly Brazil, the travel agents Travel Counsellors, Plan Brazil, RESPOSTA and the World Childhood Foundation Brazil embarked on a three-year project offering vocational training to girls, motivating the tourism sector, reminding the Dutch and Brazilian authorities of their duties, raising awareness amongst travellers and providing training for travel professionals. IBCR, in collaboration with Fundación Paniomor and with the support of World Vision Canada, is beginning a new project in Costa Rica, which will aim to improve collaboration and the prosecution of these kinds of crimes against children. Moreover, the project will focus on working directly with children, families and communities of the most affected areas in Costa Rica, providing information, tools and the creation of a support network for the victims of this exploitation. Adolescents will receive information about the mechanisms of self-protection and income-generating alternatives to commercial sexual exploitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Girls
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- In total, some 158 countries have adopted laws prohibiting marriage before the age of 18, although in 146 of them, marriage under the age of 18 can be performed with parental consent. In spite of these measures, early marriage continues to take place worldwide. Although a few countries have made progress, the available data shows that globally, the incidence of early marriage was stable between 2001 and 2010. As many as 61 countries still have a prevalence rate of child marriage of over 20 per cent. According to UNICEF data from 2012, one third of women aged 20 to 24 years old - that is, some 70 million women - were married before the age of 18.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Harmful Practices
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Women
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- An analysis of the core substantive aspects of the Special Rapporteur's mandate points to a worsening of several manifestations of the sale and sexual exploitation of children. However, the real scope is still unknown due to various factors, such as the inadequacy of some legislation, which does not clearly define all the relevant offences, the absence of reliable data on the extent of the violations and their evolution over time and the lack of transnational information sharing. Moreover, the criminal nature of these activities implies that they are generally hidden. Most children and families do not report cases of abuse and exploitation because of stigma, a fear of reprisals and a lack of trust in the authorities. The social tolerance that can exist with respect to these phenomena and the lack of awareness also contribute to under-reporting. Taking these limitations into consideration, the studies and reports that are available nevertheless provide an overall picture of the phenomenon today.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- The Internet has been significantly misused as a tool for the dissemination of child pornography. Estimates indicate that the number of child abuse images online runs into the millions and the number of individual children depicted is most likely in the tens of thousands. The age of victims has tended to decrease and representations are becoming more graphic and violent. Images are increasingly disseminated through peer-to-peer networks, making them more difficult to detect. Data from the Internet Watch Foundation suggest that the number of domains hosting child sexual abuse content halved between 2006 and 2012 and that the 9,550 web pages reported were hosted on 1,561 domains from 38 countries in 2012. However, this does not mean that there has been a decrease in the circulation of child sexual abuse images.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- To prevent and combat the sale and sexual exploitation of children, child participation activities have increased, with children becoming involved in campaigns and lobbying, advocacy, research, peer-to-peer initiatives, child-led organizations, project design and management, policymaking, decisions, evaluations, information, awareness-raising, use of the media (including the Internet) and conference participation. In addition, several norms and recommendations have been adopted and many guidelines and tools developed to strengthen child participation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- CPWG provides practical guidance through its handbooks and toolkits on child protection in emergency situations. A CPWG task force is currently developing a set of minimum standards for child protection in emergencies on issues such as family tracing and reunification, child-friendly spaces and the reintegration of children.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- Illegal "adoptions" or temporary custody obtained by foreigners through bribery of both authorities and the child's family has also provided child sex offenders with a locally acceptable arrangement giving them full access to the child.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- One legislative measure that encourages voluntary reporting is the recognition of the confidentiality of the identity of persons who report violence. It remains a challenge, however, that the law does not necessarily protect persons who make a report (A/HRC/16/56, para. 62).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Approach, vision and work methods 2014, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- In the present report, her first to the General Assembly, the newly appointed Special Rapporteur has endeavoured to provide an outline of her initial reflections on the mandate and the strategic directions that she plans to take during her three-year tenure.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- This phenomenon will require ongoing attention in coming years to ensure that adequate governance frameworks are put in place to prevent and combat illegal adoption.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- The fact is that, to some extent, street children are present in all the world's cities, including the largest and richest cities in the industrialized world.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 114
- Paragraph text
- [Although the participation of children has gained increased visibility, progress must still be made on:] Taking the opinions of child victims into account;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 29c
- Paragraph text
- [With regard to reporting, comprehensive legal frameworks should:] Establish child-sensitive complaint, counselling and reporting mechanisms (see below).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 30g
- Paragraph text
- [With regard to protection, care and child-friendly procedures, comprehensive legal frameworks should:] Ensure prompt responses in the treatment of cases;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- To be effective, preventive measures should form the core component of national child protection systems and be anchored in child-rights laws and policies.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 67f
- Paragraph text
- [Furthermore, monitoring institutions must:] Make independent contributions to the process of reporting on children's rights to the international treaty bodies;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 20h
- Paragraph text
- [Child participation mechanisms must operate in compliance with these international human rights principles and standards and ensure:] Voluntary and informed participation of child representatives;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 88d (i)
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur invites all States:] To establish comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes, with a gender perspective, through a full range of laws, policies and services that will: Enable rapid identification of victims and coordinated referral mechanisms as well as child-friendly reporting and complaint mechanisms to report exploitative behaviour online and offline; provide specialized training to personnel involved in the identification process to enhance their knowledge and understanding; identify and refer cases of sexual exploitation; and provide for awareness-raising and outreach to victims and children in vulnerable situations;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 88d (iii)
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur invites all States:] To establish comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes, with a gender perspective, through a full range of laws, policies and services that will: Ensure that child victims have access to safe and secure housing, medical and psychological care, legal assistance, education, vocational training, life skills and socioeconomic support, sports and leisure activities, religion and cultural practices by means of an individualized plan that is adapted to the child's needs, as part of his or her life project;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- While it has been noted that there are numerous ways in which new technologies can facilitate the commission of the crimes of sale and sexual exploitation of children and other harms, there have been many instances of good practices in trying to combat that exploitative behaviour. The Special Rapporteur advocates a holistic approach towards effectively combating the sale and sexual exploitation of children facilitated through new technologies. That involves promoting the design and implementation of comprehensive child protection strategies which encompass adequate legislation, detection and reporting, prosecution of offenders (including their treatment to avoid recidivism), rehabilitation and reintegration of victims, prevention and protection programmes with the involvement and empowerment of children, international cooperation and engagement of the business sector.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- States need to adopt adequate national legislation to effectively combat the sale and sexual exploitation of children which is committed or facilitated through new technologies. States should criminalize those activities through the ratification and domestication of relevant international instruments, in particular the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography; the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing it; the International Labour Organization Convention No. 182 (1999) concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour; and the Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in respect of Intercountry Adoption.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Women
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- At the regional level, some instruments, such as the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, offer additional protection through the criminalization of activities not specifically covered by international instruments. National laws should ensure the protection of children from new threats and criminalize new forms facilitated by new technologies. In that context, States should criminalize child pornography, including its visual and non-visual depiction, possession, offering, facilitation and accessing. Unfortunately, there are still national and regional gaps and differences in legislation which make it difficult to effectively combat, including through transnational cooperation, the sale and sexual exploitation of children online. Similarly, national laws should ensure that a person who either uploads or downloads child abuse material from another jurisdiction, or who makes it available to those within a jurisdiction, can be prosecuted for an appropriate offence.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- Helplines are invaluable in detecting and reporting abuse but also helping meet the right of the child to be heard and express his or her concerns. Child Helpline International is a global network of 179 child helplines in 143 countries covering all regions of the world. It is contacted approximately 14 million times by children each year. Europe accounted for most calls, which reflects knowledge of the helplines, the ability of children to easily access technology and the readiness of society to discuss those issues publicly. The Childline service developed by Childline India Foundation is another good example of child helplines. Globally, most calls came from girls, which shows that girls are more likely to be victims of exploitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Girls
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- Hotlines allow the reporting of exploitative practices, often starting the law enforcement process. Two particular good examples are the INHOPE network and the Virtual Global Taskforce. INHOPE is a network of 51 hotlines covering 45 countries, principally in Europe and North America but it also includes hotlines in South America, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Its sister organization, the INHOPE Foundation, provides assistance to countries to develop hotlines and comply with INHOPE standards. Four hotlines have so far been established by the Foundation in Colombia, Kazakhstan, Peru and Thailand.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- The INHOPE network is dedicated to the eradication of child pornography. Each hotline receives reports of child pornography being hosted on the Internet. The hotline determines whether the pornography is hosted within the territory which it covers and, if so, the case is passed to law enforcement and Internet companies for them to remove the material from the web. If the case is not within the territory of the hotline, it is logged in the INHOPE Report Management System. The report is analysed to determine the likely host of the material and sent to the relevant authorities of the country concerned.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- The Virtual Global Taskforce is an alliance of law enforcement agencies, non-governmental organizations and the private sector, which has developed a reporting button. That button is common to all its members, and Internet platforms are encouraged to include it. Upon the reception of a report, the location of the reported material is identified and the case is referred to the relevant partner to follow up with investigation. If the user of the material does come under the jurisdiction of a member of the Taskforce, the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) helps refer the information to the national authority concerned.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- In recent years, considerable work has been undertaken on image analysis, in particular on analysing child pornography collections to identify victims or perpetrators. Law enforcement has stepped up efforts to engage in victim identification, as identification allows children to be rescued from abusive situations. Several national police forces developed image databases which amalgamated into a single international database operated by INTERPOL. Known as the International Child Sexual Exploitation image database, police in over 40 countries can access it and upload images to it. By cross-referencing, it can identify duplicates and provide comparable images. INTERPOL has also established the Victim Identification Laboratory, a mobile platform that allows images to be displayed at conferences to identify children or information that can lead to their identification. The success of victim identification is difficult to quantify. INTERPOL has identified in excess of 3,000 victims, which is believed to be a small fraction of the total number of victims.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- Countries must also take appropriate steps to tackle criminal behaviour that transcends borders thanks to the Internet. Article 4 of the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography requires States to consider adopting the principle of extraterritoriality to combat the sale and sexual exploitation of children. That is particularly important to combating criminal activities such as the trade in organs and child sex tourism, where the offender is likely to travel to another country for a relatively short time. As the abuse may not be detected until the offender has returned to his country of origin, it is essential that countries have the capability to prosecute them. However, the Internet poses new challenges to territoriality. An offender can be in one country watching the live streaming of a child who is being abused in another country. National laws should prohibit those who watch the abuse of children wherever in the world it occurs.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- The international framework also comprises International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 138 of 1973 on the Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, which sets the minimum age for admission to employment at 15 (article 2.3), with the option of setting it at 14 as a transitional measure (article 2.4). Light work may be allowed for children aged 13 to 15 (article 7.1) or 12 to 14 for States having used the transitional measure (article 7.4). Child labour can be defined as work which is harmful and interferes with schooling. Relevant standards also comprise ILO Conventions No. 182 of 1999 on the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, which requires States parties to "take immediate and effective measures to secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour as a matter of urgency" (article 1), and No. 29 of 1930 on Forced or Compulsory Labour.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- Reports on the garment industry have also demonstrated the extensive use of forced labour involving children in factories, amounting to slavery-like practices. Child labour is facilitated by the close relationship between employers and parents, who often come from the same village. A system of work in spinning mills was found to involve young women and girls, who are only paid at the end of their three-year contract. They do not get paid if they leave, a situation amounting to forced labour and debt bondage. Products made from such labour feed the global retail market, driven by multinational companies in search of lower prices to respond to consumer demand.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Girls
- Women
- Youth
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- ILO has defined begging as "a range of activities whereby an individual asks a stranger for money on the basis of being poor or needing charitable donations for health or religious reasons. Beggars may also sell small items, such as dusters or flowers, in return for money that may have little to do with the value of the item for sale". Exploiting children through begging is a form of forced labour for which a child's consent cannot be considered valid, and could amount to a practice similar to slavery. Research has documented cases in which a child has been sold or trafficked for the purposes of forced begging or is in debt bondage. Children in a street situation are particularly vulnerable to the practice, given their lack of a protective environment.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. (b)
- Paragraph text
- Through the sale, the person receiving the child holds control over the child and the child loses his or her freedom and the possibility of leaving the situation. Consent, of the child or of his or her parent(s) or legal guardian, is irrelevant. The impossibility of leaving the situation may be the result of coercion. The threat may affect the child him or herself, or a third party. Forms of coercion concerning children can be much lighter than those considered for adults and can sometimes be simply the result of dependency, given children's limited agency, greater vulnerability to being influenced and sensitivity to threats;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- Article 3 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography requires States parties to criminalize the sale of children for the purpose of forced labour in their legislation, including when committed by legal persons (for example, companies). Overlap with other similar yet different crimes (such as trafficking) means that legislation is likely to criminalize acts relating to slightly different situations, while overlooking the specificities of the crime of the sale of children for the purpose of forced labour, which results in impunity. Moreover, the limited implementation of legislation, in particular the difficulty of providing sufficient evidence to prove the offence in court, may lead to few convictions and low penalties for perpetrators. A clear legal framework should also guide a solid data collection system based on primary quantitative and qualitative research into the phenomenon.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- The rights of child victims of sale for the purpose of forced labour to care, recovery and reintegration are recognized in article 39 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and article 9.3 of its Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. However, in many instances, child victims may be treated as perpetrators, or may not be sufficiently recognized as victims in legislation in order to benefit from targeted measures. For example, children engaged in forced begging may be perceived as committing an offence rather than referred to support services. Similarly, children forced to engage in criminal activities may be considered as criminals instead of victims.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 79
- Paragraph text
- However, ensuring effective remedy for rights violations involving the private sector requires adequate laws and policies. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has issued guidance on improving accountability and access to remedy for victims of business-related human rights abuse. It underlines the role of solid legal frameworks, which make it possible to hold companies criminally accountable for their actions, including when committed by third parties but with their contribution, through adequate procedures and deterring sanctions, effective enforcement mechanisms, coherent policy packages and support for victims in accessing remedies (see A/HRC/32/19).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 80
- Paragraph text
- Awareness of the important role of intermediaries has given rise to various initiatives to try and regulate their practices. Social partners for the temporary agency sector signed a memorandum of understanding in 2008 to avoid the negative effects of competition in the labour market on workers' rights and conditions. In 2015, the International Confederation of Private Employment Services adopted a new code of conduct for its members, which reiterates the prohibition on charging fees to jobseekers and provides for a complaint mechanism if a member breaks the rule. While those are positive steps, codes of conduct are not legally binding.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Sale of children for the purpose of forced labour 2016, para. 97
- Paragraph text
- The sale of children for the purpose of forced labour is a multifaceted phenomenon with diverse root causes, risk factors, manifestations and effects. Families may use the sale of children for the purpose of forced labour as a coping strategy for survival. Children, whether sold or entrusted to a third party, may fall into the hands of traffickers, who will in turn sell them for forced labour. They may also end up under the control of criminal organized groups. Demand for products with competitive prices is also a pull factor for the sale of children for forced labour and labour exploitation. In conflict situations, lawlessness and social, economic and institutional breakdown, as well as deliberate conflict strategies, may lead children to be abducted and sold for the purpose of forced labour.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Tackling the demand for the sexual exploitation of children 2016, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- Individual offenders and criminal networks use financial services to either pay for the sexual exploitation of children or transfer the proceeds from such crimes. This has pushed the financial sector to act and the Financial Coalition Against Child Pornography was launched in 2006 in the United States. Similarly, the European Financial Coalition against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children Online and the Asia-Pacific Financial Coalition Against Child Pornography were created. Those initiatives have shown a commitment from some banks and financial service providers to stop being indirect intermediaries in the demand for the sexual exploitation of children. Other financial service providers, such as those trading in bitcoins, are yet to take comparable measures, even though it has been emphasized that virtual currencies are extremely hard to trace and thus ideal for illegal transactions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Tackling the demand for the sexual exploitation of children 2016, para. 79
- Paragraph text
- A definitive understanding of offenders still needs to be achieved. The existing profiles, such as the distinction between preferential and situational offenders, remains open to debate. There is also scarce and conflicting information about online offenders and female offenders. Further research is consequently necessary with clear parameters to ensure comprehensive and evidence-based results. The inconclusive results of rehabilitation programmes are also linked to the incomplete knowledge about the different types of offenders. The effectiveness of the programmes will thus be improved once those gaps have been filled.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Women
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Tackling the demand for the sexual exploitation of children 2016, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- Rapid and sudden societal or technological changes have also facilitated demand and it is crucial to ensure that such radical revolutions are better managed in order to prevent child sexual exploitation. This applies particularly to the growth of tourism and of the Internet. There have been positive initiatives, such as the Child Safe Tourism campaign developed by World Vision and the International Tourism Partnership in collaboration with Governments from South-East Asia, which targets both potential offenders and intermediaries. Similarly, there are numerous initiatives concerning the Internet, such as the British "Stop it Now!" prevention campaign, which has launched several videos to deter potential offenders.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- The fact that intercountry adoptions are mediated by private agencies means that they too can enable illegal practices. This is particularly true in respect of private agencies that are not authorized to work as adoption accredited bodies. Such agencies usually finance their operations by charging fees to prospective adoptive parents. As those fees will not be forthcoming unless the agency secures children for adoption, some agencies employ methods or accept conditions that encourage the commission of illegal acts and illicit practices. In some instances, the demand for adoptable children creates an unhealthy competition among agencies. Adoption agencies often claim that they lack knowledge of illicit practices or that they lack control over intermediaries in countries of origin. However, the financial gain behind the illicit practices, which is often linked to money-laundering, often puts such claims into question.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Harmful Practices
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 80
- Paragraph text
- Illegal adoptions are rarely investigated and perpetrators are rarely prosecuted, in part because there is a lack of comprehensive legislation criminalizing such illicit practices as illegal adoptions. Many of the illegal acts involved in illegal adoptions are criminalized individually as minor offences (e.g. falsification of documents) and sanctions rarely reflect the gravity of the crime. Moreover, illegal adoptions are usually not investigated ex officio but require ex parte complaints. Criminal investigation and prosecution strategies targeted at criminal structures involved in the sale of and trafficking in children and illegal adoptions are also absent. Consequently, few individuals and criminal networks are ever prosecuted for illicit activities in connection with adoptions, which results in impunity.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- The various parties involved in illegal adoptions are reluctant to report or denounce suspected illegalities because of the possible implications. The birth parents are the notable exception, at least those whose children have been abducted or placed for adoption without their informed consent; unfortunately, they are the least likely to file a complaint, as many of them fear the consequences or lack the appropriate knowledge and access to remedies. Most adoptive parents do not know with certainty whether the adoption process involved illicit or criminal practices, although they may come to suspect as much during or after the adoption process. The responses of prospective or adoptive parents to such suspicions will depend on a number of factors, including the extent to which they feel they were directly implicated and their assessment of the likely consequences of notifying the competent authorities. Complaints filed and collaboration extended by adoptive parents increase the chances of success of criminal investigations and prosecutions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Study on illegal adoptions 2017, para. 76
- Paragraph text
- It is the joint responsibility of countries of origin and receiving countries to regulate the number of adoption accredited bodies wanting to engage in intercountry adoptions, as a means of limiting the number of adoptions to the number of legally adoptable children. When the Government of a country of origin authorizes too many agencies to operate within its borders, such agencies must compete to identify and secure "adoptable" children, which in turn makes it difficult to monitor their activities effectively. When adoption bodies in one country partner with agencies in other countries, the resulting web of agency activities is all the more difficult to monitor effectively.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 39f
- Paragraph text
- [It is equally imperative that all children have easy and facilitated access to independent, child-sensitive, timely and effective complaints and reporting mechanisms (see also A/HRC/16/56). Such mechanisms should meet the following criteria:] Enable very young children and marginalized groups of children (unaccompanied or separated children, street children, children who do not speak the language of the dominant culture, children with disabilities etc.), who are more vulnerable, to have the same opportunities to communicate about actual or potential violations;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons with disabilities
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 39g
- Paragraph text
- [It is equally imperative that all children have easy and facilitated access to independent, child-sensitive, timely and effective complaints and reporting mechanisms (see also A/HRC/16/56). Such mechanisms should meet the following criteria:] Be accessible throughout the country through an easy-to-remember three-digit, toll-free, 24-hour hotline. Hotlines should provide practical aid and support to child victims in all the local languages and the languages of neighbouring countries and be connected with and able to contact relevant authorities when necessary;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 42g
- Paragraph text
- [The most effective responses are multidisciplinary and take into account the various types of short-, mid- and long-term care and assistance that child victims require for their full recovery and reintegration. True efficacy requires that responses be:] Staffed by professionals who are well trained, employ a collaborative and integrated approach, have the requisite knowledge and skills and are guided by child rights standards and ethical principles in counselling and support (including in relation to reporting and complaint mechanisms and to recovery and reintegration programmes);
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- Natural disasters refer to events or forces of nature which have a catastrophic effect on human populations and habitats, including geographical, infrastructural and material damage, physical and psycho-social trauma, displacement, insecurity and death. Natural disasters typically include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, hurricanes, floods and tornadoes. However, health pandemics, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and influenza virus strains, may also be considered natural disasters.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- Climate-related catastrophes are caused by extreme weather events that may trigger or exacerbate natural disasters, such as tropical storms and windstorms. These events may include extreme temperature highs - such as heat waves - and lack of precipitation that can lead to drought, wild fires and famine, or extremely high levels of precipitation that can cause flooding, landslides and mudslides. Climate change may also create or exacerbate conditions in which health pandemics are more rapidly transmitted.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- Programmatic approaches differ between countries so that organizations and field practitioners are left to improvise responses. Programmes, policies and guidelines for child protection are complex and despite explicit references to child protection in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, their implementation has been the slowest in humanitarian crises. The vast majority of child protection responses remain reactive, disorganized and severely underfunded. Consequently, there is a critical need for specific management of children's vulnerability.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- Some factors affecting vulnerability are related to specific characteristics of the child or group of children. Nevertheless, such characteristics become risk factors when they are embedded in a broader pattern of discrimination and exclusion within society. The exposure of children to risk is a function of the way a child's specific characteristics play out in a given social and institutional environment. The broader environment may put children in specific situations that expose them to increase risk.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- Complaints mechanisms serve various purposes, including ensuring the protection of victims and the prevention of renewed acts of violence. Some mechanisms are designed to impose criminal sanctions on the offender. Others, including within school, social-welfare, law-enforcement and correctional systems, impose administrative responsibility in order to deter future acts of violence, or are designed to compensate the victim for damages suffered. Providing the victim with assistance is not the main purpose of complaint mechanisms, although it may be part of the response to complaints.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- Some countries have established specialized administrative procedures for children in specific contexts. In Slovenia, there is a procedure to investigate complaints regarding treatment of children by the police. The Costa Rican Children's and Adolescents' Code recognizes the right of students to make complaints of physical, sexual or emotional abuse in schools. According to the UNICEF survey, complaints procedures are available for law enforcement agencies, and also for the child welfare and school systems.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 41g
- Paragraph text
- [Many norms and recommendations have been adopted on the sensitivity of proceedings concerning children affected by violence. They often focus on investigations and legal proceedings, although less on the receipt and handling of complaints, which are a critical initial stage of a legal or administrative process. In this regard, some principles should be respected:] Provision of appropriate professional or paraprofessional support to the child, including in overcoming the adverse physical, psychological and social consequences of the incident addressed by the complaint;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- The establishment and effective implementation of monitoring and accountability systems is integral to the promotion of child protection in emergency response activities. Although a number of States provide a means for monitoring the placement of children in alternative care arrangements through various Government ministries, very few States have developed a comprehensive system to review the progress and challenges faced by a community - and children in particular - after a natural disaster.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 122h
- Paragraph text
- [To that end, the Special Rapporteur recommends the following actions:] Enhance transnational cooperation by establishing a comprehensive and global legal framework, preventing, prohibiting and protecting children from sale and sexual exploitation; sharing and updating information related to child victims and offenders, establishing a global list of offenders and websites displaying child pornography, which would be constantly updated; harmonizing practices and procedures; and sharing expertise and scaling up good practices;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- CST destinations evolve quickly and frequently, as a result of the development of new tourism destinations and economic, social and political developments. As soon as prevention and protection efforts are intensified in a particular country, sex tourists seeking children seem to move on to a neighbouring country. Cambodia and Viet Nam, for instance, seem to have suffered an influx of abusers as a result of increased efforts in Thailand to combat CST. Countries such as Mongolia have also witnessed a growth in the abuse of children by tourists.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- The process will depend on the length of the stay, the type of accommodation that the abuser is using, the local context and the situation in which the child is at that time. When the abuser is a foreign resident or long-term visitor, he can engage directly in a long grooming process to befriend a child, thereby obtaining his or her trust before exploiting the child sexually. The grooming process can include the family, whereby the abuser either gains their trust or negotiates a mutually agreeable arrangement, whereby the parents may either sell or rent their child.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- Most countries, however, have not taken such measures and the few existing laws to combat child sex tourism still contain inconsistencies and some difficulties have been encountered in their implementation. The differences between national legislation still represent a considerable challenge in combating of CST, i.e., a cross-border crime. The proper harmonization of national legislation with international standards will increase the effective protection of children from commercial sexual exploitation and the chances of prosecutions taking place in cases of CST.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 82
- Paragraph text
- Care for victims is an essential aspect of the fight against the sale and sexual exploitation of children. It should seek to rehabilitate victims and avoid revictimization by addressing the factors that made them vulnerable. Adequate care involves a continuum of actions, from identification of victims and children at risk, to care centres, justice and social measures. Many countries have created centres providing comprehensive care for victims towards their recovery and reintegration.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- The current patterns of the sale and sexual exploitation of children are explained by a number of critical aspects of the protective environment around children, and unfold in a context in which those aspects are affected. Vulnerability is a function of a child's exposure to risk and his or her resilience; it depends on the situation of the child, but most importantly on the child's immediate environment and the broader context. All these elements are interdependent.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 88d (ix)
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur invites all States:] To establish comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes, with a gender perspective, through a full range of laws, policies and services that will: Allocate consistent funding and adequate resources to provide continuous, comprehensive, high-quality assistance and ensure the sustainability of support services to child victims in the short, medium and long term;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 122
- Paragraph text
- Owing to the multidimensional nature of the sale and sexual exploitation of children and its intersection with a number of connected phenomena, including migration, the expansion of the Internet and related concepts such as various forms of child abuse and exploitation, close cooperation with the other existing human rights mechanisms is crucial, as well as with the private sector, particularly Internet service providers and the telecommunications, tourism and travel industries.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 72
- Paragraph text
- Awareness-raising and education programmes must be designed and implemented for professionals who deal with child victims, including law enforcement and care providers, and combined with child-friendly reporting and complaint mechanisms to ensure that allegations or complaints made by victims of sexual exploitation are not disregarded, overlooked or not acted upon and that child victims are not denied care and support. Moreover, the specific vulnerability of child victims requires specialized training of the professionals involved throughout the programmes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- According to research conducted by the non-governmental organization Home: The Child Recovery and Reintegration Network, the following areas are important for children in the recovery and reintegration phase: (a) promoting a sense of safety for children; (b) developing a trusting relationship; (c) ensuring that children have a caring adult in their lives; (d) establishing a sense of belonging in children; (e) promoting a sense of self-worth and success; (f) promoting agency; (g) developing hope, aspirations and a positive outlook for the future; and (h) gaining respect and acceptance.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- There are also barriers that prevent children from accessing care and support upon their resettlement or return to their family and communities, such as the unwillingness of children to return home and reintegrate; stress factors that compromise the psychological health of children (e.g. legal proceedings, immigration and asylum procedures, stigma and discrimination associated with their exploitation); and prolonged residential care. In response to the latter, Canada has set up child advocacy centres that concentrate on collaborative and coordinated services to prevent system-induced trauma.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Comprehensive, rights-based and child-centred care, recovery and reintegration programmes 2015, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- The present study aims to address the care, recovery and reintegration needs of child victims affected by sexual exploitation, including prostitution and pornography, as defined in articles 2 and 3 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, and related trafficking. Other forms of exploitation covered by the mandate are not the focus of the present report (e.g. sale for the purpose of transfer of organs, forced labour and illegal adoptions).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Information and communication technologies and the sale and sexual exploitation of children 2015, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- By 2013, the number of Internet users worldwide had risen to 2.8 billion, meaning that nearly 40 per cent of the world's population had access to the Internet. However, there are significant regional variations in Internet penetration. Europe has a penetration rate of nearly 70 per cent and North America of nearly 85 per cent. Africa has a penetration rate of 21 per cent and Asia of 32 per cent. Those figures reflect trends at regional levels but they mask penetration differences within each region.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Tackling the demand for the sexual exploitation of children 2016, para. 82c
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur invites all States to:] Ensure that criminal proceedings against offenders can always be initiated ex officio;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Tackling the demand for the sexual exploitation of children 2016, para. 82f
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur invites all States to:] Ensure that national legislation does not criminalize child victims of sexual abuse and exploitation and ensure that children are not placed on sex offender registers;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 135
- Paragraph text
- The design and layout of emergency shelters and camps should be thoroughly reviewed and revised to determine and address the potential risks for the security of children. The design of interventions, including for work, food and supply distribution programmes, should be investigated to determine their intended and unintended impacts on the rights of the child, including their possible abandonment while parents seek work.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 138
- Paragraph text
- Prior to disasters, organizations responsible for the care and protection of children should collaboratively develop a centralized, coordinated and rational data collection system that can be used to register basic personal information for every child who needs to be evacuated in a natural disaster. All relevant stakeholders, including first responders, should receive training regarding the use of this system.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- To coordinate care and support for children and their families, the International Rescue Committee, Save the Children and UNICEF have developed and promoted the use of a standard inter-agency child protection information management system (CPIMS). Although originally designed to facilitate family tracing and reunification, the system was re-designed in 2009 to support all thematic areas of child protection. To date, it has been used in 17 countries.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 82
- Paragraph text
- Prior to and following a natural disaster, awareness-raising campaigns are critical to ensuring that communities, children and their families are aware of the dangers of a natural disaster as well as the violence, abuse and exploitation that children may experience in such a situation. They must consequently be aware of how they can prevent, report and respond to such violations, including through the protective legal framework and related child protective services.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- In Guatemala, peer educators at the Education Programme for Working Children and Adolescents, an institution of some 1,800 students providing education to working children, created a mural to raise awareness. The aim of this microproject was to ensure that young people and adolescents were aware of the dangers of commercial sexual exploitation of children. It provided a fun and interactive way to discuss the sensitive issues of commercial sexual exploitation of children, trafficking of children and HIV/AIDS with the most at-risk young people.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Education
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- In several instances, the Special Rapporteur has voiced her concern at the culture of impunity that prevails in numerous contexts. In order to address impunity, including the implicit norms that undermine necessary actions against offenders, governance systems need to be strengthened. Links between governance systems and development have received increased attention lately, particularly in the context of the formulation of a post-2015 development agenda.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- Data from the Trafficking in Persons Report 2013 indicate that instances of child sex tourism are reported in 55 countries out of the 188 covered by the report, with offenders originating from 18 countries and travelling to 30 countries (7 are countries of both origin and destination). However, the criminal nature of the activity and the negative impact in terms of a country's image for tourism development mean that the large majority of cases are never reported.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Health
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Poverty exacerbates vulnerability when combined with other risk factors. When poverty is combined with one or several negative events, such as drought, loss of employment or death or illness of a family member, it places significant stress on families. When State institutions and social services are not able to provide adequate support for families in their child-rearing responsibilities and to offer adequate protection to children, poverty becomes a risk factor.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Reflection on a 6-year tenure as Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography 2014, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- Similarly, the expansion of the Internet and social networking has had an impact on children's social norms. The exposure of children to child pornography inspires and influences their sexual practices and affects their behaviour. Prevailing standards and peer pressure has led adolescents to share sexualized images of themselves, making them vulnerable to abuse and potentially redefining some of the social limits of acceptability of child pornography.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Harmful Practices
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- The obligations of States parties contained in the Optional Protocol also concern the suppression of these crimes, covering questions such as extraterritorial jurisdiction, extradition and mutual legal assistance, as well as seizure and confiscation of proceeds and goods (articles 4 to 7). Article 8 concerns the protection of victims, article 9 has to do with prevention and article 10 with international cooperation. Implementation of the Optional Protocol must take into account the general principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, that is, the right to non-discrimination (article 2); the best interests of the child (article 3); the right to survival and development (article 6); and the right of the child to express his or her own views freely in all matters affecting the child and to have due weight given to those views (article 12).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- The scope of application of the Optional Protocol is not always properly interpreted, and, as a result, neither are its concepts.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 98
- Paragraph text
- Children of minorities have less access to basic social services and protections, and are more vulnerable to sale, trafficking and sexual exploitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Ethnic minorities
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- This includes the "forced or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict" (pursuant to Convention No. 182 of the International Labour Organization (ILO) on the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour). The Committee on the Rights of the Child has found that the sale of children for use in armed conflict is covered by this provision of the Optional Protocol. The Committee has also found that the sale of children for use in camel racing can be considered to fall under the prohibition of the sale of children for their engagement in forced labour.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- Sex tourism involving children (the sexual exploitation of children by one or more persons travelling within their own country or to another, usually less developed, country in order to engage in sexual activities with children), while not clearly identified as an offence under article 3 of the Optional Protocol, is mentioned in the preamble and in article 10 on international cooperation. Sex tourism is directly linked to the offences covered by the Optional Protocol because it often involves child prostitution and child pornography (pimps often film children performing services) and may also involve the sale of children.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- [The relatively few statements and reports filed does not reflect the actual extent of these offences and can be explained by the following:] Failure to have recourse systematically to the police and the justice system owing to: lack of proper physical and human resources; the slow pace and cost of judicial proceedings; lack of awareness of the laws among children, families and communities; in some cases, lack of confidence in the justice system; the impunity of some offenders; fear of retaliation, stigma or social exclusion; lingering forms of cultural resistance; recourse to amicable settlement in some rural areas.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 31b
- Paragraph text
- [With regard to prevention, comprehensive legal frameworks should:] Develop and implement strict international and national adoption laws foreseeing: (i) adoption as a last resort; (ii) the identification of suitable measures, which include the placement of children with their biological or extended family; (iii) preference for national adoption over international adoption; and (iv) the obligation to conduct compatibility studies between the adoptive family and a child given up for adoption, keeping in mind the best interests of the child, with a view to avoiding the sale of children for illegal adoption;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- [Child victims of sexual exploitation do not see prevention of HIV/AIDS as a priority because:] Having a regular clientele gives them reassurance.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Comprehensive child protection systems 2011, para. 77c
- Paragraph text
- [In order to ensure sustainable and efficient international cooperation to effectively prevent and combat the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, it is necessary to do the following:] Support and contribute to the international child abuse images database of the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) and nominate a national focal point (person or unit) to collect and promptly update national data on the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents. Information should be shared systematically with INTERPOL to encourage cross-border law enforcement action, strengthen the effectiveness of such action and adopt multilateral agreements, especially for investigative work carried out by police forces;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Effective Implementation of the OPSC 2010, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- Particular attention was paid to follow-up to the recommendations made by the above-mentioned mechanisms as well as to those of the United Nations study on violence against children, the Millennium Development Goals and the Rio de Janeiro Declaration and Call for Action to Prevent and Stop Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents of World Congress III against the Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents, held in Rio de Janeiro, November 2008, which commits Governments to pursue a set of specific, time-bound goals to prevent the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents, to put an end to the practice and to protect exploited children.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- Most countries that contributed information to the present report indicated that dedicated arrangements for children were in place for counselling, reporting and complaints on incidents of violence against children. In some countries, ministries responsible for children and family affairs provide counselling services, including but not always specifically for children, and offer services such as emotional support, information, referrals and practical assistance. Several countries offer special counselling programmes for victims of crime, such as youth welfare offices and children's shelters with specialized professionals (for example, psychologists, social workers, lawyers), and provide multidisciplinary child protection teams in paediatric hospitals.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Youth
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 26b
- Paragraph text
- [The analysis conducted for the present report highlighted important lessons which should inform work in this area:] Counselling should be provided to the child and the family, as other members may also be victims; those who have not suffered violence in person may well suffer fear, guilt or anxiety. If the perpetrator of violence is a family member, he or she also should be offered therapy, at least until such time as the competent authorities may decide to take other action; although children have the right to be protected from all violence, whether or not protection requires removal of the offender from the home depends on the circumstances. Finally, the ultimate reason the family should be offered counselling is that "helping the family will often help the child".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- Ensuring that all children, including those who have experienced violence, have access to child-sensitive and effective counselling is a daunting, long-term challenge. This neglected area should be strengthened, including through the promotion of sensitization and social-mobilization campaigns, the adoption of relevant legal, educational, and social measures, the training of relevant professionals, and the support of mental health services for children and adolescents. The empowerment and involvement of young people in the design and evaluation of these actions remains critical for their effectiveness.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 91
- Paragraph text
- Children on the move, including children who migrate, who are refugees or asylum-seekers are also at special risk of enduring violence without benefiting from counselling or having access to reporting or complaint mechanisms. According to the World Bank, approximately one third of migrants from developing countries are between the ages of 12 and 24. At times on their own, unable to speak the language and lacking information about existing child protection services, they are often afraid of approaching the authorities and of being deported, especially when undocumented. As a result, they may place themselves at further risk of violence and exploitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 95
- Paragraph text
- Independent human rights institutions for children (IHRICs) have a comprehensive child rights mandate, conducting research and awareness-raising campaigns, promoting law and policy reforms, and assisting child victims. Those with a mandate to receive individual complaints address violence against children committed by professionals working with children, including teachers, staff of children's homes, police officers and other public servants. These mechanisms are non-adversarial, based on dialogue and mediation, and seek to find negotiated solutions guided by the child's best interests. Currently, only some IHRICs have the power to consider individual complaints and petitions and carry out investigations, including those submitted on behalf of or directly by children.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 105
- Paragraph text
- At the national level, significant efforts have been undertaken, both by Governments, which have the leading responsibility for child protection, and by other key stakeholders, including independent human rights institutions for children, civil society and community-based organizations. Yet, these efforts remain fragmented and insufficient to secure children's protection from violence. Urgent steps are needed to establish and strengthen these mechanisms in conformity with relevant international human rights instruments and political commitments undertaken by States in this area. These measures are critical to develop robust child protection systems in which violence is effectively addressed, and children's dignity and fundamental rights are respected.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- The Stockholm Declaration and Agenda for Action against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, adopted at the first World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, held in Stockholm from 27 to 31 August 1996, included a significant commitment to the participation of children and young people. While this commitment was reaffirmed at the second World Congress, held in Yokohama, Japan, from 17 to 20 December 2001, the third World Congress, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 25 to 28 November 2008, promoted an even broader agenda on children's civil rights and children's active role as citizens. Child participation was also an essential component of the report of the independent expert for the United Nations study on violence against children (A/61/299) and constitutes one of its overarching recommendations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 112f
- Paragraph text
- [Where mechanisms exist, it is critical to secure their availability to and accessibility by all children, without discrimination, and to ensure that they act in an ethical, effective and child-sensitive manner and pursue the best interests of the child at all times. To this end:] Safety and confidentiality should be safeguarded to protect children and their representatives from any risk of reprisal when complaints are lodged or incidents of violence reported, and to ensure that all actions are carried out in the best interest of the child and with children's involvement and informed consent. Children must be confident that no information will be shared without their consent and their confidentiality will not be breached, unless there is a well-founded belief that doing so would be necessary to protect them or others from serious harm;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 112g
- Paragraph text
- [Where mechanisms exist, it is critical to secure their availability to and accessibility by all children, without discrimination, and to ensure that they act in an ethical, effective and child-sensitive manner and pursue the best interests of the child at all times. To this end:] Access by children and those acting on their behalf to international and regional mechanisms should be supported when domestic legal remedies fail to protect children; the drafting of the new optional protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the establishment of a communications procedure provides an essential avenue for addressing incidents of violence through safe and child-sensitive proceedings;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Joint report with SRSG Violence against Children on child-sensitive complaint mechanisms 2011, para. 112h
- Paragraph text
- [Where mechanisms exist, it is critical to secure their availability to and accessibility by all children, without discrimination, and to ensure that they act in an ethical, effective and child-sensitive manner and pursue the best interests of the child at all times. To this end:] Data and research should be strengthened to overcome the invisibility of violence and the persistent lack of information on the outcome of violence-related cases and to evaluate the impact of relevant initiatives on the children concerned. Children's views and experience should inform this process;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Protection of children from sale and sexual exploitation following humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters 2012, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- Natural disasters destroy or disrupt the normal conditions of life and the care of children and can, in turn, disrupt, deny and delay the realization of their rights. In such situations, children are more likely to be unidentified, hastily fostered, adopted or placed in long-term care institutions, without the possibility of tracing their families, reunification or safe return. Their vulnerability increases their risk to sale, sexual and other forms of exploitation as they may be inappropriately and/or illegally removed from their communities - sometimes by well-meaning individuals who wish to ensure their safety, or by those seeking to profit from the chaos.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- In Kenya, the Africa representative of the ECPAT International Child and Youth Advisory Committee, in collaboration with other young people, coordinated a campaign entitled "Make-IT-safe", intended to protect children from pornography. The campaign, aimed at raising awareness about violence in cyberspace, involved a petition-signing day that included online signing and distribution of T-shirts and stickers. This stimulated public interest in learning more about the issue and in setting up systems encouraging cybercafe owners to monitor content accessed by children and to ban the viewing of pornography on their premises. The campaign also attracted the attention of police and Government representatives. Following this initial success, young people brought the campaign to other parts of the country, working with cybercafe owners to set up monitoring systems and raising awareness of safe use of the Internet in schools and universities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- The "Safer Internet centres" initiative, part of a European Commission programme, works in partnership with panels of young people (children aged from 14 to 17 years) on campaigns, awareness-raising materials and Internet safety. In the Netherlands, for example, Digiraad (http://dedigiraad.nl) is an advisory committee comprising young people who advise the Ministry of Economic Affairs about issues pertaining to Internet safety. They also test information materials to ensure that, as the main target group for these materials, their opinion is taken into account. They post their advice on their website, where other young people can also comment through an online forum.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- In Australia, the objective of the Youth Advisory Group on Cybersafety, established under the country's cybersafety plan, is to provide the Government with the perspective of young people on cybersafety issues. Membership of the Group in 2012 is expected to expand to some 3,000 individuals aged between 8 and 17 years, from up to 400 schools nationwide. Among other things, the Group's members cooperate with the police to provide updates on online developments affecting children (such as trends and language) and organize awareness-raising activities in schools. Their advice has resulted in the creation of resources, such as the Cybersafety Help Button, launched in 2010, which is intended to give Internet users, in particular children and young people, easy online access to counselling, reporting and information resources on cybersafety issues. An easy guide to socializing online has also been published, providing cybersafety tips for 26 social media sites, search engines and online games, along with general safety tips for Internet usage.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- In 2009, the International Catholic Child Bureau brought together three of its partners from South and South-East Asia (Reaching the Unreached Trust in India, Aawaaj in Nepal and Community Child Based Organization in Cambodia) to reflect on and learn from their work and experiences in relation to efforts to combat child sexual exploitation. The group met annually and, in 2012, produced a manual drawing on the testimony and experience of children and adult survivors of sexual abuse, along with that of the non-governmental organizations that had supported them. The involvement of children in the project highlighted the best ways to approach survivors of sexual abuse, given that the non-governmental organizations could see which factors had genuinely helped their recovery. The group discovered that relationships of trust, respect and ensuring the dignity of each child were absolutely necessary to improve resilience in survivors of sexual abuse. The participation of children made it possible to understand the best way for that to be achieved.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- The rapid development of the Internet and new technology has provided new channels through which to raise children's awareness of the subject of sale and sexual exploitation of children. These channels may, however, also be abused and increase the risks of exploitation for children using them. In a study on safe habits in the use of smartphones by Spanish children and adolescents carried out by Orange and the National Institute of Communication Technologies in 2011, it was found that 3.8 per cent of children questioned had received telephone calls or text messages from unknown adults wanting to meet them (indicating possible grooming). Of concern was the fact that children were over seven times more worried about excessive expenditure on telephone bills than about being contacted by a stranger.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 101i
- Paragraph text
- [A mapping and assessment of child participation must be carried out, in accordance with the relevant principles and standards, with a view to identifying the remaining achievements and gaps. The mapping process must involve all the principal stakeholders in child protection (public and private sectors, national human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations), including children and communities, with a view to ensuring effective and sustainable child participation. If necessary, legislative changes should be introduced to protect and promote child participation rights in order:] To strengthen the involvement of children and young people in child safety online by providing child-sensitive information and peer-to-peer support with regard to reporting new or recurrent threats of exploitation through the Internet;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 101a
- Paragraph text
- [A mapping and assessment of child participation must be carried out, in accordance with the relevant principles and standards, with a view to identifying the remaining achievements and gaps. The mapping process must involve all the principal stakeholders in child protection (public and private sectors, national human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations), including children and communities, with a view to ensuring effective and sustainable child participation. If necessary, legislative changes should be introduced to protect and promote child participation rights in order:] To establish a legal framework in compliance with international standards: legislation must ensure that children can express their views freely in all matters affecting them, in general terms and in particular settings, such as within the family, education, alternative care, health care, custody and in all judicial and administrative proceedings affecting them;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 101c
- Paragraph text
- [A mapping and assessment of child participation must be carried out, in accordance with the relevant principles and standards, with a view to identifying the remaining achievements and gaps. The mapping process must involve all the principal stakeholders in child protection (public and private sectors, national human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations), including children and communities, with a view to ensuring effective and sustainable child participation. If necessary, legislative changes should be introduced to protect and promote child participation rights in order:] To develop, implement and monitor child participation strategies and mechanisms (see A/66/228);
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 103b
- Paragraph text
- [Because of the transnational and complex dimension of the sale and sexual exploitation of children, strong cooperation and coordination requires the full participation of all stakeholders, including children and young people, at the regional and international levels. This can be brought about by:] Implementing the recommendation of the Rio de Janeiro Declaration and Call for Action to Prevent and Stop Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents regarding the establishment by 2013 of a comprehensive framework to harmonize and facilitate coordination and cooperation at the national, regional and international levels among all relevant stakeholders, including child-led organizations, to enable and support specific actions to prevent and stop the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 103c
- Paragraph text
- [Because of the transnational and complex dimension of the sale and sexual exploitation of children, strong cooperation and coordination requires the full participation of all stakeholders, including children and young people, at the regional and international levels. This can be brought about by:] If necessary, extending technical assistance to States by United Nations agencies and human rights mechanisms, with a view to providing support for child participation as a key and cross-cutting component of comprehensive and rights-based child protection systems.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Child participation 2012, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- Kafa, a local non-governmental organization working on violence and exploitation in Lebanon, carried out research in the aftermath of the July 2006 conflict to assess the prevalence of child sexual abuse, explore knowledge and attitudes and identify barriers to seeking help. More than 1,000 children aged from 9 to 12 years from camps for displaced persons and summer camps participated in the study. In addition, some 250 schoolchildren were involved in five sessions to raise awareness of sexual abuse. Through the Ministry of Social Affairs, the Government indicated its willingness to adopt a national strategy on child sexual abuse - a clear and positive outcome of the project.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- Poverty is not merely a monetary, absolute concept. Relative poverty emphasizes the fact that poverty is defined within a given context. It highlights the disparities that may exist within the same country or area, in particular between urban and rural areas, but also in the same location. Poverty is further defined in terms of the deprivation of basic needs, such as shelter, water, education, sanitation, information, and health. Poverty therefore stems from a lack of access to social services. It is closely correlated with social exclusion and the inability of the State and community to fulfil children's rights.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- Although they provide tremendous positive opportunities, communications technologies, including the Internet and mobile phones, represent major vehicles through which the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography are facilitated. Estimates indicate that millions of images of child abuse circulate on the internet, depicting tens of thousands of individual children, and these images are increasingly shocking. The use of specific instruments, such as peer-to-peer networks, has made it easier to exchange pornographic material. There has also been a significant increase in grooming children on the Internet for sexual purposes through chat rooms, social networking sites and instant messaging. Once online, images can rarely be deleted and keep circulating. It is therefore essential that the wide array of private actors that operate in this field be included in the design and implementation of preventive tools.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- The demand for adoption has augmented concomitantly with a decrease in adoptable children, creating conditions for abuse, corruption, excessive fees amounting to sale, and the illegal adoption of children. Data from European countries shows that there has been a decrease since 2004 in intercountry adoptions, in particular owing to better child health, effective family policies, the strengthening of legal and institutional frameworks and the concerns of countries for their international image. Conversely, demand for adoption has not dropped, creating an environment conducive to abuse and leading to pressure on countries of origin, including through excessive costs by adoption agencies, briberies and corruption.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Harmful Practices
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Comprehensive prevention strategies against sale and sexual exploitation of children 2013, para. 122i
- Paragraph text
- [To that end, the Special Rapporteur recommends the following actions:] Establish regular assessments and monitoring in order to systematically and adequately assess the impact of preventive interventions and ensure that measures effectively contribute to reducing the exposure of children to risk and victimization; ensure that logical frameworks for interventions, linking interventions to outcomes and highlighting causalities, are reviewed and assumptions questioned on an ongoing basis. and constantly refine indicators and data collection and analysis and adapt them to new forms of exploitation and abuse.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- Families most at risk include those living in extreme poverty with no access to health care, education and the labour market, those dependent on seasonal economies or those from minority groups. Push factors within the family may include alcoholism and other addictions, unemployment, illnesses, domestic violence, single parent families, debts and migration from rural to city areas. Families may themselves promote the exploitation of the child, expecting him/her to help provide for the family, while both exploiters and paedophiles may easily deceive them by offering quick money and a supposedly better future for their children. In the worst cases, neighbours, friends and even close relatives consciously sell these children to be exploited.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Health
- Poverty
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- Risk factors linked to the environment include the lack of understanding and respect for human rights (women and children in particular), dependency on international tourism as income source, the high number of vulnerable children and consumerism. These factors create a foundation for this type of abuse. More specific risk factors include the demand (including from locals), existing infrastructure providing sexual services, weakness or insufficiency of national legislation regarding the prohibition and prevention of and the protection of children from all forms of sexual exploitation (including CST). The fact that extraterritoriality is not established, the lack of prosecutions because of corruption and impunity and the low pay and lack of training of police also have a negative impact. The weakness or insufficient regulation and monitoring of travel and tourism, the lack of involvement of tourism and travel services, the fear of HIV/AIDS, weak legal frameworks, implicit social tolerance on the issue and the existence of criminal networks also considerably increase the risks of sexual exploitation of children.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Women
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- Although CST tends to occur more commonly in developing countries, this phenomenon can occur anywhere in the world and no country or tourism destination is exempt. Between the supply generated by low income countries and the demand from industrialized countries, the choice of the destination depends on languages and connections, but also preferences and tastes. While Western Europeans would tend to travel to Eastern Europe to exploit children, 18 out of 50 (36 per cent) American CST cases between 2003 and 2006 involved crimes committed in Mexico. According to ECPAT, as a result of the closer contact with Western European countries and the increase in tourism, Estonia has had to contend with the major problem of human trafficking to the West and the growing issue of sexual exploitation of children in tourism. Child sex tourists are particularly attracted to places where their activities will go unnoticed and their motives unsuspected, like countries or communities in crisis, and where the risk is small.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- Countries of origin of international child sex tourists vary depending on the regions, but the demand is usually recognized as coming from the industrialized countries, including the richer countries of Europe, North America, the Russian Federation, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. Australians, for instance, have been identified as the largest group of sex tourists prosecuted in Thailand (31 per cent of the total). Of the 146 cases investigated by Action Pour Les Enfants (APLE) in Cambodia between 2003 and April 2012, 32 were American, 24 French and 20 Vietnamese. In the coastal regions of Kenya, for example, 30 per cent were residents and 70 per cent of the abusers were foreign: Italians (18 per cent), Germans (14 per cent), Swiss (12 per cent), with tourists coming from Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania fifth and sixth on the list. In Costa Rica, according to available information, between the 1999 and 2005, the Child Exploitation Unit had arrested a total of 74 persons on suspicion of commercial sexual exploitation of children. Of those arrested, 56 were Costa Rican nationals and 18 foreign nationals.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Approach, vision and work methods 2014, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- The scope of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur is determined by the resolutions on the establishment and renewal of the mandate, in particular Commission on Human Rights resolution 1990/68 and Human Rights Council resolution 7/13. Hence, the Special Rapporteur will continue to analyse the root causes of the sale and sexual exploitation of children; address all the contributing factors, including demand; make recommendations on preventing and combating new patterns of the phenomena; identify and promote good practices on measures to combat them; promote comprehensive prevention strategies; and make recommendations on aspects relating to the rehabilitation of child victims.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 95a
- Paragraph text
- [Ministries of Tourism or relevant State departments designated to develop tourism and national tourism associations should be encouraged to prioritize and implement child protection initiatives, such as:] Adopting the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism which defines the principles of ethical, sustainable and responsible tourism, and adapting it into a national regulatory framework for the tourism industry, where the Government is responsible for granting licences and control of the tourism industry (transport, agencies and tour operators, hotels, guesthouses, clubs etc.);
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism 2013, para. 95b
- Paragraph text
- [Ministries of Tourism or relevant State departments designated to develop tourism and national tourism associations should be encouraged to prioritize and implement child protection initiatives, such as:] Make the Code of Conduct for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation in Travel and Tourism a legal obligation. All concerned businesses in the travel and tourism sector should sign up to the Code and strengthen their efforts for its implementation. The travel and tourism industry must play a key role to prevent CST and reduce demand by informing and sensitizing the target groups, protecting children in tourist destinations and reporting to the competent authorities;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Approach, vision and work methods 2014, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur intends to ensure the continuity of the work of her predecessors, maintaining and building on their activities and accomplishments. She will seek to consolidate their efforts and will explore new directions in which to develop the mandate based on her vision, expertise and experience. The Special Rapporteur wishes to pay tribute to her predecessor, Najat Maalla M'jid, for her contribution and commitment to increasing knowledge and awareness of the scourge of the sale and sexual exploitation of children, for her constructive dialogue and action-oriented recommendations during and after country visits and for strengthening cooperation with civil society and non-governmental organizations. She is also to be commended for having consulted children and taken their views into account in her work, with the ultimate goal of making specific changes in their lives.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Approach, vision and work methods 2014, para. 9
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur will continue to take a consultative and participatory approach in the implementation of her mandate, as required by Human Rights Council resolution 7/13. She will engage in constructive dialogue with Member States and strengthen partnerships with United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, international and regional organizations, national human rights institution, civil society, non-governmental organizations, children's rights organizations and institutions, the business sector and academic institutions. Her intention is to act as a facilitator of action-oriented dialogue between key stakeholders at the local, national, regional and international levels. The Special Rapporteur is aware that her mandate is the only one stemming from the Council with an exclusive focus on children, and she intends to fulfil the ensuing responsibility through the development of close ties of cooperation with relevant stakeholders in order to achieve the objectives of the mandate.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Approach, vision and work methods 2014, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur will integrate a gender perspective throughout her work, as mandated by resolution 7/13. She considers that sensitivity to the ways in which the phenomena of the sale and sexual exploitation of children affects boys and girls differently is essential for proposing effective recommendations. In this respect, she will take into consideration the gender dimension of sexual exploitation which, according to available data, disproportionately affects girls. The Special Rapporteur will take into account the different needs and opportunities of boys and girls through, among other things, the collection and analysis of disaggregated data and propose gender-specific recommendations for their care and recovery.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Gender
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Approach, vision and work methods 2014, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur is aware of the various bodies and mechanisms within the United Nations system dealing with situations and violations affecting children. As required by resolution 7/13, she intends to work in close coordination with them in order to ensure complementarity and avoid unnecessary duplication. In respect of the special procedures mandate holders who address cross-cutting issues and concerns relating to her mandate, such as the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, the Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and in practice, the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants and the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons, she intends to discuss and develop with them joint methods of work, such as the presentation of joint thematic reports, the conducting of coordinated country visits, the issuance of joint communications and the organization of joint awareness-raising activities. The Special Rapporteur will also deploy efforts to mainstream the protection and promotion of children's rights within the special procedures system, while according priority to certain issues and concerns that need to be tackled in a coordinated manner in order to enhance their impact when bringing particular situations to the attention of Governments and other stakeholders concerned. Her ultimate goal is to ensure that all mandate holders take a common approach towards addressing the impact of legislative and policy measures on children and their rights.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph