A/79/334 disenfranchisement, including the loss or destruction of property and forced displacement due to armed conflict, development aggression and poverty. 38 The Commission for the Clarification of Truth, Co-existence and Non-Repetition in Colombia carried out a geospatial analysis of the geography of forced displacement during the country’s internal armed conflict to identify which communities were most affected by displacement. 39 47. Although many harms suffered by internally displaced persons during conflicts might appear irreparable, a comprehensive approach to reparations and restitution focused on enabling durable solutions can help victims of human rights violations to begin rebuilding their lives. Reparations can take material and symbolic forms and may be provided both on an individual basis or collectively. Reparations can also emphasize restitution, or the restoration of victims to their situation prior to displacement. The Special Rapporteur’s predecessors have emphasized the importance of a robust understanding of reparations to both achieving durable solutions and promoting accountability, noting that reparations can not only help to facilitate reintegration through economic recovery, access to land, the re-establishment of livelihoods and the provision of educational assistance, but can also have an important psychological impact through recognition of the suffering that victims have endured and contributions to the restoration of their dignity, to the extent feasible. 40 48. However, implementing reparations and restitution programmes can be challenging in terms of resources, capacity and the selection of recipients. In situations of large-scale displacement, providing financial compensation to hundreds of thousands of internally displaced persons may not be feasible given resource constraints, in particular for States emerging from crisis. Determining whet her to issue reparations collectively or individually can be a politically charged process, and it is equally challenging to identify who might qualify as a victim of forced displacement and potential beneficiary of reparations, in particular in instances where there is no formal registry of internally displaced persons. Victims of arbitrary displacement may also have been subjected to other crimes, such as the dispossession of their lands and properties. Such crimes may involve the participation of non -State actors, including armed groups and civilian third parties, which can make reparations claims processes more complex. In international conflicts, States may also owe reparation to each other’s citizens, creating additional complications. 49. Reparations programmes related to internal displacement have been implemented in some post-conflict contexts. In Colombia, internal displacement has been recognized as a human rights violation that merits reparations since the adoption , in 2011, of the Victims and Land Restitution Act, the provisions of which have been strengthened by subsequent legislative measures and judicial rulings. That has led to the restitution or compensation for land and property, as well as the provision of cash compensation to several victims and specific recognition for their displacement alone. 41 Those measures were complemented by development plans, with a territorial approach aimed at reducing rural inequalities, and by measures for durable solutions in resettlement or collective return processes, as established in the country’s national development plan. 42 50. More commonly, reparations programmes have focused on restitution for housing, land and property issues. 43 The Council of Europe Development Bank, an __________________ 38 39 40 41 42 43 14/24 Report of the Transitional Justice and Reconciliation Commission (2016), sect. 2.1.1 and endnote 48. See www.comisiondelaverdad.co/violacion-derechos-humanos-y-derecho-internacionalhumanitario/desplazamiento-forzado. A/73/173, paras. 42 and 64. Submission by the Constitutional Court of Colombia. Submission by the National Planning Department of Colombia (2024). See A/HRC/47/37. 24-15773