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Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) 2012, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- The need to ensure equality of opportunity and to pay particular attention to marginalized groups is emphasized by article 2 of the UNESCO Convention on Technical and Vocational Education. Article 2, paragraphs (3) and (4), establishes that "States shall work towards the right to equal access to technical and vocational education and towards equality of opportunity to study throughout the educational process"; and that "States shall pay attention to the special needs of the handicapped and other disadvantaged groups and take appropriate measures to enable these groups to benefit from technical and vocational education". Similarly, article 5 (h) of ILO Recommendation No. 195 concerning Human Resources Development: Education, Training and Lifelong Learning (2004) establishes the responsibility of States to "promote access to education, training and lifelong learning for people with nationally identified special needs, such as youth, low-skilled people, people with disabilities, migrants, older workers, indigenous people, ethnic minority groups and the socially excluded; and for workers in small and medium-sized enterprises, in the informal economy, in the rural sector and in self-employment".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Persons with disabilities
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) 2012, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- According to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the right to technical and vocational education includes the following aspects: "(a) It enables students to acquire knowledge and skills which contribute to their personal development, self-reliance and employability and enhances the productivity of their families and communities, including the State party's economic and social development; (b) It takes account of the educational, cultural and social background of the population concerned; the skills, knowledge and levels of qualification needed in the various sectors of the economy; and occupational health, safety and welfare; (c) It provides retraining for adults whose current knowledge and skills have become obsolete owing to technological, economic, employment, social or other changes; (d) It consists of programmes which give students, especially those from developing countries, the opportunity to receive TVE in other States, with a view to the appropriate transfer and adaptation of technology; and (e) It consists, in the context of the Covenant's non-discrimination and equality provisions, of programmes which promote the TVE of women, girls, out-of-school youth, unemployed youth, the children of migrant workers, refugees, persons with disabilities and other disadvantaged groups".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Financing education and update on education in emergencies 2011, para. 88
- Paragraph text
- The provision of learning achievement certification is another concern related to the quality of education in emergency contexts, in particular for students in refugee schools. Specific strategies are required to ensure that, even in times of crisis, students have their achievements adequately monitored, documented and recognized.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- The legal and normative framework discussed above has led to the increased reduction of education to compulsory primary and secondary schooling in developed countries and compulsory primary schooling in the developing world. Yet, paradoxically, there is a parallel and broadening policy consensus on the value of “lifelong learning”. The Special Rapporteur welcomes this focus because of the possibilities it offers to the notion of collective learning, while aware that critics also point to the narrowing of this ideal to economic instrumentalism and a focus upon credentials rather than learning competences. If migrant, refugee and asylum-seeker populations are excluded from opportunities for learning over their lifetime, this might add a cumulative process of marginalization. If learning is viewed in terms of formal credentials and not competences that reflect prior learning, then considerable pools of knowledge are ignored, talent is wasted and opportunities for social inclusion are jeopardized. Unless lifelong learning programmes can focus on the emancipatory potential of learning and collective learning, then they risk leaving significant populations behind. Low socio-economic status, migration, disability and gender are key characteristics for those at risk of exclusion from lifelong learning.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- Equally, inadequate attention to the quality and impact of mutual recognition systems risks further discrimination and disadvantage of already precarious, marginalized populations. For instance, the requirement for presentation of national documentation directly discriminates against refugees (who may have fled their homes) and irregular migrants when they seek opportunities for education and training.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- Related to the lack of adequate education are the low expectations of teachers and the stereotypes held about a minority cultural group which often leads to discrimination. According to an education workers’ union, in segregationist school systems such misjudgement may discourage and push migrant and refugee children illegitimately into special needs schools.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- In the case of refugees in camps, although the desirable language and curricula is noted as “ideally” that of origin, education providers should engage in broad consultation and act to ensure that the most appropriate curriculum is followed.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur notes the invisibility of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers with disabilities. They are neither visible in current research, nor were they a focus of attention in the replies to the questionnaire. In the relevant comment that does exist, there is little recognition of their specific, in many cases discriminatory, experiences, let alone steps that might be taken to address them.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Persons with disabilities
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- Many of these factors combine and are reflected in low socio-economic status, class-based residential patterns and consequent school composition. Research suggests that a concentration of non-native students in any one school can be detrimental to education outcomes. Many low-income families and migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers do not have access to good-quality education.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Equality of opportunity in education 2011, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- Other groups vulnerable to limited opportunities in education and requiring targeted support include persons with disabilities, children living in the street or without parental care, migrant workers and their families, refugees, internally displaced persons and those affected by natural disasters or conflict. Moreover, nomad populations, including pastoral populations who remain deprived of equal opportunities in education, deserve special attention, especially in Africa.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Persons with disabilities
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- The value of such programmes, particularly if appropriately funded, sustained, monitored and evaluated, is widely recognized. Nonetheless, such non-formal education programmes are not a legal right and are often geographically and temporally limited, with more remote refugee camp settings being particularly underserved. This suggests that universally accessible, State and intergovernmental agency-provided, non-formal (adult) education programmes (including vocational training) are necessary.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- Irregular migrants may be barred from access to formal and non-formal education, as they may face the same registration requirements as nationals or even additional ones, such as having to present authentic birth certificates or evidence of legal residence status. Legislative, policy and practical barriers, such as to community inclusion and participation in education, teach individuals that they are unwelcome and, moreover, ought to survive without inclusion.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- Many national school systems are resistant to, or are making slow progress in, adapting teaching and learning methods to the needs of migrant, refugee and asylum-seeking students. There are also structural impediments, making national coordination difficult. Many teacher education and training programmes are decentralized, while universities seek to exercise their autonomy. Such structural impediments make concerted, coordinated national or subnational curricular and pedagogical initiatives difficult to implement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- Teachers and schools (meso-level) are positioned at the intersection of national and subnational policy directives and programmes (macro-level), on the one hand, and the expectations of households (micro-level) in the delivery of education, on the other. The Special Rapporteur recognizes that the meso-level processes linking the individual and society matter tremendously for student performance, and thus the right to education for migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur highlights the issues facing families in conflict-affected areas, especially those on precarious incomes. Pertinent is the comment of a refugee who stated that: “shortage of food forces parents to use their children to work”; and another who stated that: “an empty stomach does not have ears”. In such contexts, food and shelter are prioritized over payment of education fees (where imposed) and indirect costs to quality education.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- However, there continue to be tensions between national and migrant, refugee and asylum-seeker communities. These tensions often reach levels of xenophobia, as both experience unfamiliar languages, cultural practices and expectations. These can be exacerbated when finite resources are perceived to be focused upon one community at the expense of the other. One contributor from Liberia noted: “if education is not equitably distributed ... there are bound to be pockets of dissatisfaction and escalation of crime”.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- Prominent among the questionnaire responses was the perception that the cultural diversity which follows as a result of migration ought to be valued as a resource, rather than being conceived as an instrument of division. The Special Rapporteur found the repeated statement that the migrant, refugee and asylum-seekers’ presence in national education systems could be drawn upon more systematically to enrich and enhance non-formal and formal learning environments, and thus the learning experience of all students.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 68
- Paragraph text
- Of concern, however, is the inconsistency of policy and provision, most notably in refugee camps, the result of a lack of funding in quality and quantity of early childhood education programmes. This inconsistency contributes directly and indirectly to lifelong marginalization.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Justiciability of the right to education 2013, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- A number of international human rights conventions establish the right to education. This right is covered comprehensively in UNESCO’s Convention against Discrimination in Education (1960) and in articles 13 and 14 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966). Several other human rights conventions recognize the right to education for specific groups of individuals. These include (a) the Convention on the Rights of the Child, articles 28–30; (b) the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, article 10; (c) the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, articles 12 and 30; (d) the Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, article 5(e); and (e) the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, article 24.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Equality of opportunity in education 2011, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- Administrative tribunals and national human rights institutions also reinforce judicial and quasi-judicial mechanisms to safeguard the equality of opportunities in education and right to education. In another case relating to schools dedicated to Roma children, the Equal Treatment Authority of Hungary concluded that not only were authorities responsible for the local system that segregated students, in violation of the principle of equal treatment, but those who tolerated or assisted the maintenance of existing segregation schemes also violated the law. National human rights institutions also have an important role to play. In Mauritius, for example, the ombudsperson has the authority to investigate any type of educational discrimination. The Equality and Anti-Discrimination Ombudsman, in Norway, and the Equal Opportunities Ombudsman, in Sweden, also have such competence.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Equality of opportunity in education 2011, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- Regional human rights systems have also adopted decisions relevant for the protection of equal opportunities in education. The European Court of Human Rights recently held that the right to education was violated by the placement of a Croatian national of Roma origin in Roma-only classes, rather than ethnically ‘mixed’ classes. Even the applicant had attended ‘Roma-only’ schools at other times. The Court noted that there was a lack of a systemic and structured approach to the integration of Roma children into mainstream classes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Equality of opportunity in education 2011, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- The lack of education in mother-tongue or native languages is often a source of exclusion. This is particularly relevant for minorities and migrants. Estimates indicate that around 221 million children speak a different language at home from the language of instruction in school, limiting their ability to develop foundations for later learning. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, establishes in article 4(3) that States should take appropriate measures so that, wherever possible, persons belonging to minorities may have adequate opportunities to learn their mother tongue or to have instruction in their mother tongue. Moreover, available experience shows that a child learns better in his or her mother tongue in the formative stages and initial period of education.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Equality of opportunity in education 2011, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- The International Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families also protects the right to education on a basis of equality. Specifically, article 30 states that “each child of a migrant worker shall have the basic right of access to education on the basis of equality of treatment with nationals of the State concerned.” Articles 43 and 45 further emphasize equality of treatment for migrant workers and members of their families in relation to access to educational institutions, as well as vocational training.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Financing education and update on education in emergencies 2011, para. 92
- Paragraph text
- The Global Education Cluster developed a Joint Education Needs Assessment Toolkit in 2010, as well as a Short Guide for Rapid Needs Assessments to provide guidance on data collection in emergency situations. The need for further improving monitoring capacities through the definition of a core set of indicators, including estimated numbers of children and youth to be reached, age and gender profiles, patterns of displacement, education materials, teacher and infrastructure requirements needed to guide the estimation of financing requirements has been underlined.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Youth
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Financing education and update on education in emergencies 2011, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- Refugees and internally displaced persons continue to face great obstacles when seeking education outside their communities of origin. Data collected by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees within official camps indicated limited and uneven access to education across camps; the overall primary school participation rate of refugee children in camps was 69 per cent and at the secondary level only 30 per cent. Several countries maintain administrative barriers to the enrolment of both refugee and internally displaced children, despite human rights obligations to provide education without discrimination of any kind to all children living in their territories and the relevant provisions of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. Short-term financing of projects in situations of prolonged displacement threatens the education, and progression, of many thousands of refugee and internally displaced children; gaps in the financing of education in such situations must be addressed as a matter of priority because of the long-lasting impact of the denial of education to these populations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Financing education and update on education in emergencies 2011, para. 67
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur underlines that emergencies do not relieve States from their obligation to take all appropriate measures to ensure the realization of the right to education of all persons in their territories, including non-nationals, refugees or internally displaced groups. Ensuring financial support for primary education in order to guarantee that it continues to be available during emergencies, making secondary education available without discrimination and promoting access to higher education on the basis of capacity are nothing more than the fulfilment of a human rights obligation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Financing education and update on education in emergencies 2011, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- Specific resources must be ensured to address the root causes of the exclusion from education of girls, those living in poverty or with disabilities, ethnic and linguistic minorities, migrants, and other marginalized and disadvantaged groups. Specific measures targeting important obstacles to education must be considered, including the abolition of school fees and the provision of subsidies for other costs, such as textbooks, uniforms and transportation. Temporary special measures to provide financial support to such groups through affirmative action have a normative basis in international human rights treaties. Particular attention must be paid to the principles of transparency and accountability in the management of education budgets.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Persons with disabilities
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- Systemic and individual barriers to post-primary and tertiary education contribute to the perpetuation and consolidation of disadvantage in education generally, in post-primary and tertiary education specifically and of course in life. Correlated with this is the increasing perception that good quality post-primary and tertiary education for migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers in post-conflict States, and those who are particularly fragile, is fundamental to recovery from the aftermath of conflict and longer-term, more stable development.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- The normative and related investment focus on primary education, directly and negatively, impacts upon the quality, accessibility and availability of post-primary and tertiary education. Two contrasting examples illustrate this point. First, and markedly visible in refugee camps dependent upon international cooperation and investment, is a lack of appropriate infrastructure, learning materials and qualified specialized teachers for post-primary education. Second, and a recurrent individual perspective offered by questionnaire respondents seeking post-primary and tertiary education, were the almost insurmountable barriers to, or lack of, individual support.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- It has already been noted that lifelong learning is understood in different ways. However, when considered holistically, there are relatively few established models or traditions for implementing socially inclusive forms of lifelong learning, particularly when viewed through the lens of migration. Such learning is perceived by the Special Rapporteur, however, as having the potential to address the individual’s capacity for learning for and through life and an imperative to inclusion and social cohesion at a time of economic recession. It must be comprised of a balance of interlocking and mutually supportive opportunities for vocational, social and individual learning.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph